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2nd Anatomy test Flashcards
Bone articulations and Derivatives of Axial musculature
246
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
03/28/2012

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Cards

Term
Pectoral girdle 
Definition
clavicle with scapula
Term
Pelvic Girdle 
Definition

(Does not include sacrum)

Os coxa = innominate – ilium, ischium and pubis

Term

Female Pelvis 

General Appearance

Definition

General Appearance

Less massive; gracile processes, less prominent muscle markings

Term
Female Pelvis General Width
Definition

General Width

Hips are wider, more flared

Term
Female Pelvis Acetabulum
Definition

Acetabulum

Smaller, directed more laterally

Term
Female Pelvis Obturator Foramen
Definition

Obturator Foramen

Smaller and triangular

Term
Female Pelvis Subpubic Angle
Definition

Subpubic Angle

Broader, more convex, usually greater than 100 degrees

Term
Male Pelvis General Pelvis
Definition
More massive more robust processes, more prominent muscle markings
Term
Male Pelvis General Width
Definition

Hips are narrower and more vertically oriented, less flared

Term
Male Pelvis Obturator Foramen
Definition

Larger and oval

Term
Male Pelvis Subpubic Angle
Definition

Narrow, V-shaped, usually less than 90 degrees

Term
Thigh
Definition
Femur + patella
Term
leg
Definition
Tibia + Fibula
Term
"Hip" fracture
Definition
Usually break of femur, not os coxae
Term
Intertrochanteric Fracture
Definition
usually due to trauma and is a fracture of the femure in the area between the greater and lesser trochanters
Term
Subcapital (intracapsular) fracture
Definition
More common in the elderly and it usually cuts off blood supply.  Often, it leads to avascular necrosis.  Also called a femoral neck fracture.
Term
Brachium
Definition
Contains humerus
Term
Antebrachium (forearm)
Definition
Contains ulna and radius
Term
Wrist
Definition
Contains carpals
Term
Manus (hand)
Definition
Contains metacarpals and phalanges
Term
Ulna (olecranon process)
Definition
Fits into the olecranon fossa when arm is extended
Term
Ulna (Trochlear/ semilunar notch)
Definition
Slides over the trochlear fossa
Term
Ulna (Coronoid process)
Definition
Fits into the coronoid fossa of humerus when the antebrachium is flexed
Term
Head of radius
Definition
Articulates with the capitulum
Term
Proximal carpals (lateral to medial)
Definition
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
Term
Distal carpals (lateral to medial)
Definition
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Term
Regions of long bones
Definition

Epiphysis

Diaphysis

Metaphysis

Term
Epiphysis
Definition
rounded end on both ends of long bone
Term
physis
Definition
process or growth region
Term
Diaphysis
Definition

long midsection of the long bone (shaft)

Term
Metaphysis
Definition
(between the two) contains the epiphyseal plate (wider portion of long bone adjacent to the epiphyseal plate)
Term
What is likely to break if you extend your hand in a fall?
Definition

1.       Head of radius jammed into captiulum causing radial head or neck to break (proximal end of radius)

2.       Colles’ fracture when distal end of radius breaks

Term

1.       Most common break of bone in wrist?

Definition

a.       Scaphoid = 70% of carpal injuries

The scaphoid primarily receives its blood from the distal end. Failure to heal of the fracture ( non union ) will lead to post traumatic osteoarthritisof the carpus. Healing of the fracture with a non anatomic deformity ( frequently a volar flexed "humpback" ) can also lead to post traumatic arthritis . Non unions can result in loss of blood supply to the proximal pole which can result in avascular necrosis of the proximal segment.

Term
Patella
Definition

develops within the quadriceps tendon.  

a sesamoid bone because it is a bone that develops within a tendon.

Patellar “ligament” attaches to tibial tuberosity


 

 

 

 

 

 

Term
Fibula
Definition

Runs laterally and does not articulate with femur and is not a part of the knee joint

The distal end contains a lateral malleolus that stabilizes the ankle.

The knobs on either side of the talus are malleoli

Term
Pott’s fracture
Definition

Breaks occur at malleoli due to over eversion

common in skiers

Term
Arches of the foot 
Definition
medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal and the transverse
Term
Talipes equinovarus
Definition
club foot- inversion of foot (sole faces inward) at birth, treated surgically if severe
Term
Bunion
Definition
a deformity characterized by lateral deviation of the hallux
Term
Pes planus
Definition
a condition in which the arch of the foot callapses, with the entire sole of the foot coming into contact with the ground
Term
Pes cavus
Definition

a human foot type in which the sole of the foot is distinctly hollow when bearing weight.

Term
Arthrology
Definition
is the study of joints
Term
Kinesiology
Definition
is the study of movements.  How joints, muscles, nerves and bones work together
Term
Arthroscopy
Definition
is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which an examination and sometimes treatment of damage of the interior of a joint is performed using an arthroscope, a type of endoscope that is inserted into the joint through a small incision
Term
Joints
Definition
articulations between two bones.  Often classified by function and structure (mobility)
Term
Functional classification-
Definition

1.       Synarthrosis “Together joint”- immobile: e.g. sutures or cranium

2.       Amphiarthrosison both sides joint”- slightly movable: e.g. between centra of vertebrae or pubic symphysis

3.       Diarthrosis “double joint” – freely movable: e.g. knee joint

Term

Joints classified by structure:

Definition

1.       Fibrous joints

2.       Cartilaginous joints

3.       Synovial joints

Term
Fibrous- 3 types
Definition

1.       Sutures- bind bones of cranium

2.       Sydesmoses- ligaments bind bones lying side by side(tibia to fibula, radius to ulna)Interosseus membrane is articulation b/w radius and ulna.  Head of radius and ulna is freely moving joint.

Gomphoses- periodontal ligament attaches tooth in alveolus. (peri = around)

Term
Cartilaginous joints- two types
Definition

1.       Synchondroses- an articulation in which bones are joined by hyaline cartilage.

a.       Epiphyseal plate of long bones in children

b.      Costochondral articulations

2.       Symphyses- bones separated by pad of cartilage

Pubic and intervertebral symphyses

Term
Synovial joints- 6 types (all of these are also diarthroses)
Definition

1.       Gliding/ planar

2.       hinge

3.       Pivot

4.       Condyloid

5.       Saddle

6.       Ball and socket

Term
Gliding
Definition

1.       Gliding- articulating surfaces nearly flat (move in one plane)

a.       Between carpals and tarsals

b.      Zygapophyseal( inf to sup vertebral processes)

Term

1.       Hinge- 

Definition

convex fits into concave and bend in only one plane

a.       Knee, elbow and phalanges

Term

1.       Pivot

Definition

rotation around central axis

a.       Atlas and axis

b.      Proximal radius and ulna

Term

1.       Condyloid

Definition

oval convex fits into elliptical concave

allows for 2 directional movement

a.       Metacarpal to proximal phalanx

b.      Radiocarpal in wrist

Term

1.       Saddle

Definition

- modified condyloid

Opposable thumb (trapezium with 1st metacarpal) – more flexile

Term

1.       Ball and socket- 

Definition

round convex fits into cup

(greatest range of movement- circumduction)

a.       Hip, shoulder

Term

Synovial joints-


Definition
Fibrous capsule (extracapsular ligaments) + synovial membrane.  Function of synovial membrane is to secrete fluid into joint
Term

Inside the capsule: 

Definition

Articular cartilage- hyaline

Term

Joint cavity

Definition

Intrinsic ligaments (intra capsular)- ligament holding femur into acetabulum

Term

Joint may also include:

Definition

Bursae— sacs of synovial membrane

Menisci (cartilage discs)

Fat pads- shock absorption

Tendon sheaths- synovial membranes that wrap tendons for padding and lubricationRun outside joints and surround ligaments

Retinacula (flexor and extensor)- band of connective tissue wrapping tendons of ankles and wrists (covers tendonsheaths).  Helps hold tendons in place

Term
Inversion vs. eversion
Definition

(sole inward or outward)

Term
Dorsiflexion vs. plantar flexion
Definition
(on heel vs. tiptoe)
Term
Opposition
Definition

(“opposable” thumb)

Term
Protraction vs. retraction
Definition
(ant. To post. In horizontal plane). Jut out jaw, shoulders forward= protract
Term
Elevation vs. depression
Definition
Depress mandible, lift shoulders
Term
Flexion
Definition
reduces the angle= bend elbow, bend over
Term
Extension
Definition
increase the angle
Term
Hyperextension
Definition
extend beyond anatomical position.  Tilt head back
Term
Abduction
Definition

“take away”- lateral movement away from midline

Term
Adduction
Definition
“add to”- bring back to midline (finger on hand)
Term
Circular movements
Definition

Circumduction- full range of motion shoulder, hip, wrist, metacarpophalangeal

Rotation- turn on own axis

Term
Special type of rotation: supination vs. pronation
Definition
Supine = “hold a bowl of soup”
Term
Popping knuckles
Definition

When you stretch or bend your finger to pop the knuckle, you’re causing the bones of the joint to pull apart.  As they do, the connective tissue capsule that surrounds the joint is stretched.  By stretching this capsule, the volume of the joint cavity is increased and pressure is decreased.  The gases dissolved in the fluid become less soluble, forming bubbles through a process called cavitation.  When the joint is stretched far enough, the pressure in the capsule drops so low that theses bubbles burst, producing the pop that we associate with knuckle cracking.  This does not cause arthritis.

Term
Which joint in the skull is most easily dislocated?
Definition

The mandibular joint in the skull is most easily dislocated.

Term
bunions
Definition

The tendons of the hallux have an off-centre pull with the first metatarsal moving away from the second for bunions.

Term
Radial dislocation (subluxation) 
Definition

Radial dislocation (subluxation) may be caused by a sudden pull on a child’s arm or hand—it is more common in children because the tendons are developing and the joints are less stable.  Also, the pulling/ yanking of the arm does not occur as often for adults.

Term

Arthritis-

Definition

Inflammation of joints

Synovial swelling and damage to articular cartilages

Term
Causes of Arthritis
Definition

1.       Stress on joints (age-related, occupational)

2.       Blood-borne substances can easily get into joint cavity:

a.       Bacterial/ viral infction (lyme disease)

b.      Injury to joint

c.       Genetic, metabolic

Term
Osteoarthritis
Definition
articular cartilage breaks down with age
Term
Rheumatoid arthritis
Definition
- autoimmune attack on joint tissues (unknown cause)—synovial membranes swell articular cartilage breaks down, bone eventually rubs against bone
Term
Gouty arthritis (gout
Definition

Uric acid retained in blood crystallizes in joints (most often in the Halux)

Chronic gout leads to deposition of urates into a chalky mass known as a “tophus”.  Joints fuse at tophi if untreated.

Term
Shoulder (humeral) joint- 
Definition

Sacrifice stability for mobility.  Ligaments form joint, but it is stabilized mostly by muscles and tendons

Glenoid fossa for head of humerus.

Glenoid labrum = cartilage “lip” deepens glenoid fossaShoulder dislocation occurs here. (glenohumeral ligaments)

Shoulder joint capsule formed by glenohumeral ligaments.

Acromi- and coraco- joints:

Coracohumeral ligament

Acromioclavicular ligament- “shoulder separation” = dislocation here

Coracoacromial ligament

Coracoclavicular ligament

Rotator cuff- muscles surrounding joint

Term
Shoulder dislocation occurs here
Definition

glenohumeral ligaments)

Term
shoulder separation” = dislocation here
Definition
Acromioclavicular ligament
Term
Hip joint capsule
Definition

Transverse acetabular- provides lower boundary of acetabular fossa

Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral

Acetabular labrum

Articular capsule

Acetabulum

Ligamentum capitis femoris

Angle of inclination decreases as we age and this places more stress on the neck of femur.

Term
Knee joint
Definition

Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments – (cruciate = cross)

Anterior (medial) tibia to femoral lateral condyle

Posterior (medial) tibia to medial condyle

Term
Lachman’s test
Definition
“anterior drawer test” for ACL damage
Term
Bursitis-
Definition
inflammation of synovial membrane
Term
Maximize success of finding fossils
Definition

rocks of right age, type (sedimentary) and rocks exposed at surface. Ex. Sedimentary rock.

Term
Owen noted that all tetrapod limbs have the same pattern : 
Definition
one bone – two bones- lotsa blobs- digits.
Term
lungfish
Definition
has a humerus in a fin
Term
Eusthenopteron
Definition
has one bone, two bone structure in a fin (380 mil).
Term
Acanthostega
Definition

(365 mill) has one bone, two bone, blobs, and digits in a fin! – has a fully formed wrist and digits

Term
Tiktaalik
Definition
had shoulder elbow and wrist joints
Term
Stylo
Definition
pillar
Term
Stylopodium
Definition

upper arm and thigh

Term
Zeugo
Definition
pair tied together (brace)
Term
Zeugopodium
Definition
forearm and shank (crus)
Term
Autopodium
Definition
Manus and pes
Term
Development of actual bones of limb from fin precursors
Definition

More distal bones developed later

Term

Tetrapod pectoral girdle

Definition

Is a complex of endochondral and dermal bones-

Formed after loss of bones (e.g/ posttemporal, supracleithrum) that connect cleithrum to skull.  This loss allows for shoulder

Dermal elements predominate in basal condition.

Endochondral bones take on greater prominence (procoracoid, coracoids, scapula)  in aminiotes

Most dermal bones (e.g. cleithrum) are lost in amniotes (except for clavicle – what happens to clavicle in birds?)

Furcula – “wishbone

All birds after amphibians have eggs

Term
Tetrapod pelvis
Definition

Precursor structures in fishes were endochondral.  Tetrapods have 3 endochondral ossification centers that form on each side: pubis, ischium, ilium all joined at the acetabulum.

Pelvis only endoskeletal in origin

Term
Sprawled posture of early tetrapods
Definition

Shift to limbs held under body—allowed for more efficient locomotion on land

Pedulum swing of limbs allowed greater speed

Rotation of humerus and femur shift digits in line with direction of travel.  Further changes in carpals, tarsals and digits evolved for increased speed in locomotion.

Term
Cursorial locomotion
Definition
running locomotion
Term
PLantigrade posture
Definition

sole of foot in contact with gound

Term
Digitigrade posture 
Definition
only digits in touch with ground
Term
Unguligrade posture
Definition

travel on tips of toes

Changes lengthen stride, increase speed

Fusion of digits increases the load capacity for unguligrade

Term

3 Categories of muscles based on embryology

Definition

Embryonic mesenchyme

Hypomere (splanchnic mesoderm)

Paraxial mesoderm

Term
Embryonic Mesenchyme
Definition
mesodermal cells (myoblasts) that disperse throughout the embryo that form smooth muscles of blood vessels.
Term
Hypomere (splanchnic mesoderm)
Definition
smooth muscle surrounding the gut cardiac muscle of the tubular heart.
Term
Paraxial mesoderm
Definition

1.       myotome portion of somites organizes along the axis

of the embryo (on either side of neural tube).  In head region it contributes to somitomeres in the rest of the body it forms the myotomes of somites.  It gives rise to most of body’s skeletal muscles.

Term
Embryology of the head muscles eyes, jaw and throat region
Definition

Pre-otic somitomeres

Branchiomeric somitomeres

Anterior-most somites

Term
Pre-otic somitomeres
Definition
extrinsic eye muscles innervated by cranial nerves
Term
Branchiomeric somitomeres
Definition
form muscles of face, jaw and neck innervated by cranial nerves
Term
Anterior somites 
Definition
form hypobranchial muscles of jaw, innervated by spinal nerves of cervical region
Term
The rest of the skeletal muscles:  
Definition

Moving caudally (after somitomeres and hypobranchial somites), the subsequent somite myotomes form axial musculature

Term

From somitomeres

Definition

Extrinsic eye muscles (pre-otic somitomeres)

= six muscles from first three somitomers

Term

Extrinsic (outside) eye muscles

Definition

O= common tendinous ring in posterior of orbit (ring of Zinn)

I = particular sites on sclera

Term
Most anterior somitomere 
Definition

yields 4 muscles all innervated by CNIII (occulomotor nerve):

Inferior rectus, superior rectus and medial rectus and inferior oblique

Term

1.       Muscle: Inferior Rectus

Definition

a.       Origin: Common tendinous ring

b.      Insertion: Inferior surface of sclera

c.       Action: Depression, adduction, lateral rotation

Term

1.       Muscle: Superior Rectus

a.       Origin: common tendinous ring

b.      Insertion: Superior surface of sclera

c.       Action: Elevation, adduction and medial rotation

Definition

Origin: common tendinous ring

b.      Insertion: Superior surface of sclera

c.       Action: Elevation, adduction and medial rotation

Term

1.       Muscle: Medial Rectus

a.       

Definition

Origin: Common tendinous ring

b.      Insertion: medial surface of sclera

c.       Action: Adduction of eye

Term

1.       Muscle: Inferior oblique

Definition


a.       Origin: common tendinous ring

b.      Insertion: Floor of orbit lateral to the lacrimal groove

c.       Action: Lateral rotationelevation and abduction of the eye

Term
CNIII palsy
Definition
nobody loves you when you are down and out.
Term
2nd somitomere yields
Definition

the superior oblique and it is innervated by CNIV (trochlear nerve)

Term

1.       Muscle: Superior oblique

Definition


a.       Origin: Common tendinous ring and its functional origin is a cartilage trochlea

b.      Insertion: Posterior superior surface on sclera of eyeball

c.       Action: Medial rotation, depression, abduction of eyeball

Term
3rd somitomere yields 
Definition

lateral rectus and is innervated by CNVI (abducens)

Term

1.       Muscle: Lateral rectus

Definition


a.       Origin: Common tendinous ring

b.      Insertion: lateral surface of sclera

Action: Abduction of eye

Term
Branchiomeric Muscles
Definition
derived from somitomeres of pharyngeal arches.  Also innervated by cranial nerves. 
Term
Function of branchiomeric Muscles in jawless fish
Definition
Serve to pump water over gills
Term
Function of branchiomeric muscles in gnathostomes
Definition
They operate jaws
Term
Function of branchiomeric muscles in tetrapods
Definition
Muscle function diversifies
Term
Muscles associated with arches 1 and 2
Definition
As first arch evolves into jaws, the associated muscles shift to open/ close jaws
Term
Muscle that innervates mandibular arch muscles
Definition
CN5 (trigeminal nerve)
Term

Muscles that move the structures of arch 1 in the shark

Definition

1.       Adductor mandibulae-

2.       Intermandibularis-

Term
Function of adductor mandibulae
Definition
raises mandible
Term
Function of intermandibularis in shark
Definition
elevates pharynx floor
Term
Mammal derivatives of arch 1 are
Definition
masseter, temporalis and “pterygoids
Term
Mastication muscles- two that elevate the mandible 
Definition
Masseter and Temporalis
Term

1.       Muscle: Masseter (CNV)

Definition


a.       Origin: Zygomatic bone and arch (posterior 1/3)

b.      Insertion: Lateral surface of the ramus and angle of the mandible

c.       Action: Elevates, adducts and protrudes mandible

Term

1.       Muscle: Temporalis (CNV)

Definition


a.       Origin: Fossa temporalis and temporal fossa (Temporal lines of parietals)

b.      Insertion: Coronoid process of mandible and anterior surface of the ramus

c.       Action: Vertical: Elevates mandible Horizontal: retracts mandible

Term

1.       Muscle: Medial pterygoideus

Definition

a.       Origin: Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid, palatine bone tuberosity of maxilla

b.      Insertion: Medial surface of angla and ramus of mandible

Action: Protracts and elevates mandible (move mandible laterally)

Term

1.       Muscle: Lateral pterygoideus (CNV)

Definition


a.       Origin: Superior head: greater wing of sphenoid ; inferior head: Lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate

b.      Insertion: medial aspect of mandibular condyle

c.       Action: Protracts mandible; aids in mastication

Term
Tetrapod derivatives of intermandibularis
Definition
mylohyoideus and anterior belly of digastricus
Term

1.       Muscle: Mylohyoideus CNV 

Definition

(forms base of oral cavity)

a.       Origin: Mylohyoid line of mandible

b.      Insertion: midline raphe and body of hyoid

Action: Elevate hyoid and raise floor of mouth

Term

1.       Muscle: Anterior belly of digastricus (CNV)

Definition


a.       
Origin: Medial mandible

b.      Insertion: Hyoid

c.       Action: Elevates hyoid bone and depresses the mandible

Term
Basal ancestor muscle of 2nd hyoid arch:
Definition
Interhyoideus (CN VII)
Term

Basal ancestor muscle of 2nd hyoid arch: Interhyoideus (CN VII).  Evolves into:

Definition

1.       Posterior belly of digastrics

2.       Stylohyoideus

3.       Constrictor colli

Term
Constrictor colli of early tetrapods evolves into what in mammals?
Definition
into facial muscles 
Term

1.       Muscle: Posterior belly of digastricus (CN VII)

Definition


a.       Origin: Mastoid process of the temporal bone

b.      Insertion: Hyoid

c.       Action: Elevates hyoid, depresses mandible

Term

1.       Muscle: Stylohyoideus

Definition


a.       Origin: Posterior styloid process of the temporal bone

b.      Insertion: Body of hyoid

c.       Action: Elevates and retracts the hyoid, assists in lowering the mandible

Term

Facial muscles (Muscles of facial expression)

Definition

-          Also from interhyoideus of fishes leads to constrictor colli of lower tetrapods

-          All innervated by the facial nerve

Term

1.       Muscle: Platysma

Definition


a.       Origin: Inferior border of the mandible and parotid fascia

b.      Insertion: Pectoral fascia overlying the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles

c.       Action: Depress lower lip and tense neck

Term

1.       Muscle: Risorius

Definition


a.       Origin: Facia of the lateral cheek

b.      Insertion: Skin of the angle of the mouth

Action: Grimacing pulls the corner of the mouth laterally

Term

1.       Muscle: Mentalis

Definition


a.       Origin: Anterior surface of the mandible near the mental symphysis

b.      Insertion: Skin of chin

c.       Action: Elevates and protrudes lower lip

Term

1.       Muscle: Depressor anguli oris

Definition


a.       Origin: Mandible

b.      Insertion: Angle of the mouth, bends with the fibers of orbicularis oris

Action: Pulls angle of mouth laterally and downward

Term

1.       Muscle: Orbicularis oris

Definition


a.       Origin: Skin and fascia of lips and area surrounding it

b.      Insertion: Skin and fascia of lips

c.       Action: Compresses and protrudes the lips

Term

1.       Muscle: Buccinator (Trumpeter)

Definition


a.       Origin: Mandible, alveolar process of mandible and maxilla

b.      Insertion: Angle of the mouth and lateral portion of the upper lips

c.       Action: Compresses cheeks

Term

1.       Muscle: Zygomaticus major

Definition


a.       Origin: Upper lateral surface of zygomatic bone

b.      Insertion: Skin of the angle of the mouth

c.       Action: Elevates and draws the angle of the mouth laterally (smile)

Term

1.       Muscle: Levator labii superioris

Definition


a.       Origin: Inferior margin of the orbit and frontal process of maxilla

b.      Insertion: Skin of the upper lip

Action: Elevates upper lip

Term

1.       Muscle: Corrugator Supercilli

Definition


a.       Origin: Medial part of supercilliary arch

b.      Insertion: skin of medial half of eyebrow

c.       Action: Pulls eyebrows together

Term

1.       Muscle: Orbicularis oculi

Definition


a.       Origin: Orbital part: Medial margin and medial palpebral ligament

b.      Insertion: Orbital part : skin of lateral cheek

c.       Action: Closes eye

Term

1.       Muscle: Nasalis

Definition


a.       Origin: Maxilla above incisors and canine teeth

b.      Insertion: Midline aponeurosis at bridge of nose

c.       Action: Pulls the ala backwards and lowers it

Term

1.       Muscle: Frontalis

Definition


a.       Origin: Epicranial aponeurosis

b.      Insertion: skin of eyebrows and forehead

c.       Action: Elevates eyebrows and wrinkles skin of forehead

Term

1.       Muscle: Occipitalis

Definition


a.       Origin: Superior nuchal line

b.      Insertion: Galea aponeurotica

c.       Action: Elevation of eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead

Term

1.       Muscle: Auricularis

Definition


a.       Origin: Temporal fascia

b.      Insertion: Helix of the ear

c.       Action: Pulls ear up and forward

Term

Branchiomeric  (somitomere) muscles of “neck” from arch III

Definition

Two muscle groups from cucularis:

1.       Trapezius group : (trapezius in us) In cat: Clavotrapezius, acromiotrapezius and spinotrapezius

2.        Mastoid group: cleidomastoid and sternomastoid = sternocledomastoid in us

Term

Two muscle groups from cucularis:

Definition

1.       Trapezius group : (trapezius in us) In cat: Clavotrapezius, acromiotrapezius and spinotrapezius

2.        Mastoid group: cleidomastoid and sternomastoid = sternocledomastoid in us

Term

1.       Muscle: Trapezius

a.       

Definition

Origin:1. Descending external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of c1-c7. 2. Transverse aponeurosis of spinous process at T1-T4. 3. Ascending spinous process of T5-T12

b.      Insertion: Descending lateral 1/3 of clavicle; transverse medial side of acromion; ascending: the upper crest and tubercle of the scapular spine

c.       Action: Retraction, superior rotation, elevation and depression of the scapula

Term

1.       Muscle: Sternocleidomastoid

Definition

a.       Origin: Sternal head: anterior surface of manubrium; clavicular head: medial third of clavicle

b.      Insertion: Mastoid process and lateral part of superior nuchal line

c.       Action: Inclines head ipsilaterally, rotates contralaterally (Both = flex neck) (one = turn head to opposite side)

Term
Anterior somite myotomes form 
Definition
hypobranchial muscles of throat
Term
Hypobranchial muscles
Definition

Anterior extensions of hypaxial muscles (from somites: i.e. myotomes of anterior somites)

Muscles extending along medial region of “neck”

Term
Hypobranchial muscles in sharks start with?
Definition
"coraco"
Term
Hypobranchial muscles in amphibians (basal tetrapod)
Definition
Rectus cervicis in amphibian 
Term
Hypobranchial muscles of fishes
Definition

those extending from coracoid cartilage of pectoral girdle in shark.

Term
Shark hypobranchials
Definition
Coracomandibularis, coracohyoideus, coracoarcularis
Term
Coracohyoideus and coracoarcularis become what in tetrapods
Definition
rectus cervicis then sternohyoideus of tetrapods
Term
Rectus cervicis in mudpuppy also have?
Definition
geniohyoid and genioglossus
Term

Landmarks for nomenclature

Thyroid cartilage=

Cricoid cartilage =

Definition

Thyroid cartilage = most anterior cartilage of the larynx

Cricoid cartilage = first cartilage below larynx

Term

1.       Muscle: Sternohyoid

Definition


a.       Origin: Manubrium

b.      Insertion: Hyoid bone

c.       Action: Depresses and stabilizes the hyoid bone and larynx

Term

1.       Muscle: Sternothyroid

Definition


a.       Origin: manubrium

b.      Insertion: Inferior border of thyroid cartilage

c.       Action: Depresses and stabilizes the hyoid bone or phonation and swallowing

Term

1.       Muscle: Thyrohyoid

Definition


a.       Origin: Oblique line of thyroid cartilage

b.      Insertion: Lower border of hyoid

Action: Depresses and stabilizes hyoid; elevates the larynx during swallowing

Term

1.       Muscle: omohyoideus (omo = shoulder)

Definition


a.       Origin: Superior scapula (hooked by tendinous trochlea)

b.      Insertion: hyoid

c.       Action: Depresses and stabilizes the hyoid

Term

1.       Muscle: geniohyoid (derivation is corocomandibularis)

Definition


a.       Origin: Mental spine of mandible

b.      Insertion: Body of hyoid

c.       Action: Depresses the mandible; elevates the hyoid bone

Term
Tounge muscles- all end in? 
Definition
glossus” – toungue = insertion (derived from coracomandibularis) CNXII
Term

1.       Muscle: hyoglossus

Definition


a.       Origin: Hyoid bone

b.      Insertion: Intrinsic muscles of tounge

c.       Action: retracts and depresses the sides of the tounge

Term

1.       Muscle: Genioglossus

Definition


a.       Origin: chin(medial, posterior mandible)

b.      Insertion: tongue

c.       Action: Protrudes and depresses the tongue

Term

1.       Muscle: Styloglossus

Definition


a.       Origin: Styloid process of temporal bone

b.      Insertion: tongue

c.       Action: Elevates the tongue

Term
The rest of the somites
Definition

Myomeres divided into dorsal epaxial muscles and ventral hypaxial muscles separated by the horizontal septum

Term
Epaxial muscles and ventral hypaxial muscles are innervated by?
Definition
nerves that branch into two rami: (ramus = branch)
Term
Metamerism is useful for
Definition
Lateral undulation
Term
Epaxial, hypaxial metamerism seen in 
Definition
tailed amphibians: e.g., Necturus still moves by lateral undulation
Term
Evolution of complex appendicular skeleton with loss of 
Definition
Metamerism
Term
Hypaxial muscles replaced by
Definition
broad sheets of muscles that support the viscera
Term
As sclerotomes form vertebrae
Definition

myotome is “split” into ventral (hypaxial) and dorsal (epaxial) muscles of the axial skeleton

Term
Limb muscles are formed by 
Definition
mesenchyme that migrates away from the ventral tip of the myotome
Term
Hypaxial of salamander differentiated into (superficial to deep): 
Definition

External obliques, internal obliques, transverses abdominus and rectus abdominus (on either side of linea alba) (alba = white)

Term
Reptiles and mammals external oblique differentiated into 
Definition

serratus ventralis and dorsalis, scalenus and external intercostals

Term
Internal oblique also differentiated into 
Definition
internal intercostals
Term
Rectus abdominus also differentiates into 
Definition
diaphragm
Term

Muscles of Respiration:

Definition

External intercostals – elevates ribs for deep inhale

Scalenes- flex neck, elevate ribs when neck straight

Internal intercostals and transverses thoracis- compress ribs upon forceful exhale

Term

Hiatal hernias:

Definition

Most commonly the gastroesophageal region of stomach herniates up through esophageal hiatus.  Causes acid reflux, inability to swallow

Term

1.       Muscle: External obliques

Definition


a.       Origin: ribs

b.      Insertion: iliac crest and linea alba

c.       Action: Lateral flexion of the trunk ipsilaterally; rotates trunk contralaterally; compression of the abdomen; stabilization of pelvis

Term

1.       Muscle: Internal obliques

Definition


a.       Origin: iliac crest, lumbodorsal fascia

b.      Insertion: lineal alba and lower ribs

Action: Flexion and lateral flexion of trunk ipsilaterally, rotates trunk contralaterally

Term

1.       Muscle: Rectus abdominous (tendinous inscriptions)

Definition


a.       Origin: Pubic crest

b.      Insertion: Costal cartilages and xiphoid process

Action: Compression of abdomen, flexion of trunk, stabilization of pelvis

Term

1.       Muscle: Transversus abdominus

Definition


a.       Origin: lower ribs, lumbodorsal fascia

b.      Insertion: linia alba

c.       Action: compress abdomen

Term
Derivation of the internal oblique
Definition

remaster muscle: muscle slip that inserts on scrotum and pulls testicles closer to body

Term

Diaphragm

Sternal portion "originates"?

Costal portion "originates" ?

vertebral portion "originates"?

Insertion?

Definition

Sternal portion “originates” on xiphoid

Costal portion “originates” on lower ribs

Vertebral portion “originates” on lumbar vertebrae via 2 crura (crus = shank)

“insertion” =  central tendon

Term
Three openings of diaphragm
Definition

Caval hiatus- opening for inferior vena cava

Esophageal hiatus- Opening for esophagus

Aortic hiatus-  Opening for aorta

Term
Epaxial in salamanders now the 
Definition
dorsalis trunci
Term

Epaxial muscles in reptiles

Definition
Term
Epaxial further differentiated into
Definition
Transversospinal group, longissimus group and iliocostalis group
Term

Extensors of the vertebral column

Collectively referred to as the?

composed of three groups

Definition

erector spinae muscles

spinalis (transversospinalis in lizards), longissimus and iliocostalis

Term
Spinalis group- origins
Definition
spinous processes
Term

1.       Muscle: Semispinalis capitis

Definition


a.       Origin: C7-T6 spinous process

b.      Insertion: occipital bone

c.       Action: extend neck

Term

1.       Muscle: Spinalis thoracis

Definition


a.       Origin: spinous processes

b.      Insertion: Spinous process

c.       Action: Extend vertebral column

Term

Longissimus group- origins=

 

Definition
transverse process of vertebrae
Term

1.       Muscle: Longissimus capitis

Definition


a.       Origin: Transverse process of upper vertebrae

b.      Insertion: mastoid process

c.       Action: Extend vertebral column.  Ipsilateral lateral flexion of the head, neck and trunk

Term

1.       Muscle: Longissimus cervicis and Longissimus thoracis

Definition


a.       Origin: transverse of lower vertebrae

b.      Insertion: Transverse of upper vertebrae

c.       Action: Extend the vertebral column

Term
Iliocostalis group
Definition
most lateral group
Term

1.       Muscle: Iliocostalis cervicis

Definition


a.       Origin: rib 3-6

b.      Insertion: Transverse process of C4-6

Action: Extend vertebrae

Term

1.       Muscle: Iliocostalis thoracis

Definition


a.       Origin: ilium and lower ribs

b.      Insertion: upper ribs (to uncinate processes in birds)

c.       Action: Extend vertebrae

Term

1.       Muscle: Iliocostalis lumborum

Definition


a.       Origin: ilium

b.      Insertion: ribs

Term

1.       Muscle: Splenius capitis

Definition


a.       Origin: spinal processes of cervical vertebrae

b.      Insertion: Occipital process

c.       Action: Neck extensor (1 side tilts the head)

Term
Functions of muscle of pelvic floor (perineum)
Definition

Functions: Support organs of pelvic cavity, control opening/closing of urethra or anus and sexual arousal

Term

The perineum includes the ?

The structures are supported internally by the muscles of the?

Urogenital triangle extends from the ______ to _____?

Definition

urogenital triangle and the anal triangle.

pelvic diaphragm

Urogenital triagle extends from the pubic symphysis to both Ischial tuberosities.

Term

1.       Muscle: Coccygeus (supports pelvic viscera)

Definition


a.       Origin: ischial spine

b.      Insertion: sacrum

c.       Action: Supports pelvic viscera

Term
Rest of perineal muscles controlled by 
Definition
pudenal nerve- damage to this nerve’s branches can yield loss of sexual function, loss of control of urination and/or defecation.
Term

1.       Muscle: Ischiocavernosus

Definition


a.       Origin:

b.      Insertion:

c.       Action: aids in erection

Term

1.       Muscle: bulbospongiosus

Definition


a.       Origin:

b.      Insertion:

c.       Action: narrows vagina, aids errection (and ejaculation in males)

Term

1.       Muscle: Superficial transverse perineus (diaphragmatic muscle)

Definition


a.       Origin:

b.      Insertion:

c.       Action: visceral support

Term

1.       Muscle: External urethral sphincter

Definition


a.       Origin:

b.      Insertion:

c.       Action: Controls opening of urethra

Term

1.       Muscle: Deep transverse perineal muscle

Definition


a.       Origin:

b.      Insertion:

c.       Action: Supports pelvic viscera

Term

Anal triagle:

Superficial:

1.       Muscle: Levator ani 

Definition

a.       Origin: pubis and ischial spine

b.      Insertion: coccyx

c.       Action: group of three muscles that support pelvic organs, one muscle must relax during defecation

Term
Episiotomy
Definition

until recently, routinely performed on women during childbirth if tearing of perineum is likely.  Now it is controversial because it is often times performed when it is not needed.  It is most common in the US.  For medial episiotomy can result in prolapse if it does not heal correctly.

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