Term
| What are the three main functions of the immune system? |
|
Definition
- defense against invading pathogens and parasitic fungi, protozoa, and smaller animals
- removal of worn out cells and tissue debris from wound healing and tissue repair
- identification and destuction of abnormal or mutant cells
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|
|
Term
| The first line of defense is made up of ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The second line of defense is made up of ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The third line of defense is made up of _____________. |
|
Definition
| adaptive (acquired) immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ability do the immune responses depend on? |
|
Definition
| the ability to distinguish self from non-self |
|
|
Term
| What is non-specific or innate immunity? |
|
Definition
| defenses that come into play whether or not the body has had prior experiences with the offending agent |
|
|
Term
| What is specific or acquired immunity? |
|
Definition
| the acquired (or adaptive ) immune system that selectively attacks foreign agents to which the body ahse previously been exposed |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of bone marrow? |
|
Definition
| origin of all blood cells and the site of maturational processing for B lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, the appendix, and gut-associated lymphoidal tissue? |
|
Definition
- exchange lymphocytes with the lymph
- resident lymphoctes produce antibodies and sensitized T cells, which are released into the lymph
- resident macrophages remove microbes and other particulate debris from the lymph
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|
Term
| What is the function of the speen? |
|
Definition
- exchanges lymphocytes with the blood
- resident lymphocytes produce antibodies and sensitized T cells which are released into the blood
- resident macrophages remove microbes and othe rparticulate debris, most notbaly, worn out red blood cells
- stores a small percentage of red blood cells which can be added to the blood by splenic contraction as needed
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|
Term
| What is the function of the thymus? |
|
Definition
- site of maturational processing for T lymphocytes
- secretes the hormone thymosin
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the five types of leukocytes? |
|
Definition
| neutrophils, lymphoctes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils |
|
|
Term
| What are the two sub groups of luekocytes? |
|
Definition
| polymorphonuclear granulocytes and mononusclear agranulocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of granulocytes? |
|
Definition
| nuetrophils, basophils, and eosinophils |
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|
Term
| What are the types of agranulocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What white blood cells are exclusively non-specific? |
|
Definition
| monocytes, basophils, and eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| What type of luekocytes are specific? Explain. |
|
Definition
| lymphocytes, except for Natural Killer cells |
|
|
Term
| Explain the category that neutrophils fall under? |
|
Definition
| non-specific but can be specific when directed by antibody targeting |
|
|
Term
| Non-specific immune response is present from _____. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are the machanical barriers involved in the first line of defense? |
|
Definition
- waxy cuticle of leaves, exoskeleton of insects and shells, skin
- coughing, sneezing, tears, urine
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|
Term
| What chemical barriers are involved in the first line of defense? |
|
Definition
- antimicrobial secretions from skin, slaiva, tears, and milk
- vaginal secretions
- gastric acid and protease from the stomach
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|
Term
| What biological barriers are involved in the first line of defense? |
|
Definition
| commensal flora within genitourinary and gastro-intestinal tract |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What enzyme is part of the first line of defense and cna be found on the skin and in the saliva? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the typical avenues of pathogen entry? |
|
Definition
| skin, eyes, digestive tract, respiratory tract, reproductive tract |
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|
Term
| What is all involved in innate immunity? |
|
Definition
- barrier tissues and glands
- inflammation
- the complement system
- inteferon
- natural killer cells
- symbiotic bacteria
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|
|
Term
| What is the first response of the immune system to infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does inflammation involve? |
|
Definition
| a sophisticated and coordinated action involving mast cells, neutrophils, and macrophages |
|
|
Term
| What is the complement system? |
|
Definition
| a biochemical cascade that attacks the surface of foreign cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the complement system? |
|
Definition
| a biochemical cascade that attacks the surface foreign cells |
|
|
Term
| What activates the complement system? |
|
Definition
| activated by complement bindings to antibodies that have attached to these microbes |
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|
Term
| What does the cascade effect of the complement system result in? |
|
Definition
| results in recruiting immune cells, increased vascualr permability, and marking for destruction |
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|
Term
| The second line of defense for innate immunity involves ________ and _________ barriers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of interferons? |
|
Definition
| to defend against virus infection |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of natural killer cells? |
|
Definition
| destroy virus infected cells and cancer cells |
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|
Term
| What are the three types of phagocytes? |
|
Definition
| macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| an innate, non-specific response to foreign invasion and tissue damage |
|
|
Term
| What processes are all involved in the inflammatory response? |
|
Definition
- defense by resident tissue macrophages
- integration by mast cells
- localized edema
- clotting
- emigration of leukocytes
- leukocyte proliferation
- phagocytotic destruction of tagged and untagged bacteria
- tissue repair
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|
|
Term
| In what ways is the skin part of the immune response? |
|
Definition
- sewat glands: antimocrobial peptides dermacidin
- sebaceous glands: sebum, oily secretion to maintain skin integration
- melanocytes: melanin, protects from sunlight
- keratinocytes: interleukin 1, inflammation
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|
Term
| Mast cells release _______ when there is an infection. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Local arteriolar vasodilation as a result of the histamine response leads to ________ and _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased local capillary permeability as a result of the histamine response leads to ______ and ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the process called when leukocytes immagrate into the tissues from the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the steps that happen during pahogocytosis? |
|
Definition
- the macrophage engulfs the bacteria, becoming a phagosome
- lysosome withing the phagosome digests the bacteria
- the debris is egested and antigen presentation occurs
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|
|
Term
| _______ and _______ supress the inflammatory response. |
|
Definition
- salicylates, glucocorticoids
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|
|
Term
| What does the comlement system do? |
|
Definition
| it kills microorganisms directly, both on its own and in conjunction with antibodies and also augments the inflammatory response |
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|
Term
| The complement system belongs to the ________ immune system, however __________. |
|
Definition
| innate; it can be recruited and brought into action by the adaptive immune system |
|
|
Term
| The complement system has the potential to be ___________. |
|
Definition
| extremely damaging to host tissues |
|
|
Term
| How is the comlement system regulated? |
|
Definition
| by complement control proteins which are present at higher concentrations in the blood plasma than the complement proteins themselves |
|
|
Term
| How does the complement system know to activate? |
|
Definition
| by exposure to particular carbohydrate chains present on the surfaces of microorganisms |
|
|
Term
| How does the adaptive immune response know to activate? |
|
Definition
| by exposure to antibodies produced against a specific foreign invader |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complement proteins C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it forms a pore-like channel on the plasma membrane of the target cell which leads to leakage and destruction of the cell |
|
|
Term
| With regards to interferons, what happens when a cells is first invaded by a virus? |
|
Definition
- the virus enters the cell
- the cell releases interferon
- interferon binds with receptors on univaded cells
- uninvaded cells produce inactive enzymes capable of breaking down viral messenger RNA and inhibiting protein synthesis
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|
|
Term
| What happens when a cell that has been acted on by an interferon is invaded by a virus? |
|
Definition
- virus-blocking enzymes are activated
- virus is unable to multiply in newly invaded cells
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|
|
Term
| When does acquired immunity take over? |
|
Definition
| when a specific antigen passes the body's passive defenses |
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|
Term
| Acquired immunity enhances the activity of ________. |
|
Definition
| the non-specific immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of T lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
| Killer T cells and Helper T cells |
|
|
Term
| What is anothe rname for killer T cells? |
|
Definition
| cytotocix T cells of CD8 cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sub group of T cells that kills cells infected with viruses or other pathogens or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional |
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|
Term
| T cells are (specific/ non-specific). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When are killer T cells activated? |
|
Definition
| when their T cell receptor (TCR) binds to this specific antigen in a complex with the MHC Class I receptor of another cell |
|
|
Term
| What is anothe rname for helper T cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| integrators that coordinate the development of antigen stimulated B cells into antibody secreting cells |
|
|
Term
| What do helper T cells do? |
|
Definition
| they enhance the activity of killer T cells and activate macrophages |
|
|
Term
| The adaptive immune system is thought to have arisen in the ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The adaptive immune system provides the ability to ____________________. |
|
Definition
| recongize and remember specific pathogens |
|
|
Term
| Acquired immunity includes ___________ and __________ responses. |
|
Definition
| cell-mediated, antibody-mediated (humoral) |
|
|
Term
| What is involved in humoral immunity? |
|
Definition
- antibody-mediated, B lymphocytes
- recognizes free-existing foreign invaders such as bacterium and their toxins and viruses and combat them by secreting antibodies
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|
|
Term
| What is involved in cell-mediated immunity? |
|
Definition
- T lymphocytes
- recognize and destroy body cells gone wary, including virus infected cells and cancer cells
|
|
|
Term
| Where do B cells and T cells originate from before differentiating into T and B cells? |
|
Definition
- red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, and granulocytes act as hemopoietic precursor cells and become bone marrow lymphocytes
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|
|
Term
| Where do B cells come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do T cells originate from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An ______ induces an immune response against itself. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a large, complex, unique molecule that triggers a specific immune response against itself when it gains entry into the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gamma globulin proteins that are found in the blood or other bodily fluids of vertebrates, and are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects (antigens), such as bacteria and viruses |
|
|
Term
| What are the three principle roles of B cells? |
|
Definition
- make antibodies against antigens
- perform the role of Antigen Presenting Cells (APC)
- develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction
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|
|
Term
| Where does the name B cell originate from? |
|
Definition
| Bursa of the Fibricius (site of hematopoiesis for birds) |
|
|
Term
| Where are B lymphocytes produced? |
|
Definition
| in the bone marrow (except for in rabits) |
|
|
Term
| What happens to immature B cells to be mature? |
|
Definition
| they migrate to the spleen and differentiate into mature B cells |
|
|
Term
| How many different types of B cells does the human body make each day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do all these millions of B cells do? |
|
Definition
| they circulate in the blood and lymphatic system for surveillance |
|
|
Term
| Each B cell has a unique _________ (___________) for each antigen. |
|
Definition
| receptor protein, immunoglobulin |
|
|
Term
| What happens upon binding of a B cell to an antigen and it recieves and additional signal from T helper cells? |
|
Definition
| it further undergoes differentiation into a plasma B cell or memory B cell |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the B cell response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when there is a new antigen present in the body (prior to T cell interference)? |
|
Definition
- the antigen-antibody complex is engulfed into the B cell and partially digested
- the antigen is displayed on the cell surface by a special receptor protein (MHC II) for recognition by helper T cells
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|
|
Term
| What happens once a T cell intervenes? |
|
Definition
| the B cell is activated by the helper T cell to divide and produce secreted antibodies which circulate in the serum and lymph |
|
|
Term
| What happens to some of the B cells? |
|
Definition
| they become memory B cells to produce antibody at a low rate for a long time (long term immunity) and to respond quickly when the antigen is encountered again |
|
|
Term
| What is the humoral response regulated by? |
|
Definition
| a class of T cells called supressor T cells |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the structure of a B cell once it is activated? Why? |
|
Definition
| it has a huge increase in ER because it starts to produce antibodies |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of B cells? |
|
Definition
| plasma B cell and memory B cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of plasma B cells? |
|
Definition
- they produce a large amount of antibodies
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they assist in the destruction of anitgens by binding to them and making them and easier target for phagocytes and activation of the complement system |
|
|
Term
| How many antibodies do plasma B cells make? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the result of plasma B cells carrying out a high production of antibodies? |
|
Definition
| they are short lived (5-6 days) |
|
|
Term
| What are memory B cells formed from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibodies are ____ shaped. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are antibodies classified? |
|
Definition
| according to properties of their tail portion |
|
|
Term
| Explain the structure of an antibody. |
|
Definition
| the inside long chain is the heavy chain and on the outside of the arms is the light chain |
|
|
Term
| Antibodies largely _________ innate immune responses to promote antigen _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the five main functions of antibodies? |
|
Definition
- agglutination makes pathogens clump together
- neutralize the toxins produced by bacteria
- opsonization or the enhancement of phagocytosis
- stimulation of killer cells
- activation of complement system
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|
|
Term
| How can agglutinization happens? |
|
Definition
| it can happen because of the Y shape of the antobodies: this mean they can bind to two antigens at one time |
|
|
Term
| How do antibodies activate the complement system? |
|
Definition
- An inactive C1 complement molecule binds with the antibody that is bound to an antigen
- the inactive C1 complement molecule is activated through this bond
- this leads to the formation of the C5 through C9 membrane attack complex
- this MAC forms holes in the foreign cell, casuing lysis of the cell
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|
|
Term
| How do antibodies enahance phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
| several antibodies can bind to the same foreign cell, making a large antigen-antibody complex so it it is easier for a phagosytes to find and engulf |
|
|
Term
| What happens during stimulation of killer cells by antibodies? |
|
Definition
| a killer cell binds to an antibody that is bound to an antigen which causes the lysis of the foreign cell |
|
|
Term
| _____________ accounts for the specificity of antibody production. What theory goes along with this? |
|
Definition
| clonal selection; clonal selection theory |
|
|
Term
| What happens to selected clones? |
|
Definition
| they differentiate into active plasma cells and dormant memory cells |
|
|
Term
| How does the primary immune response and secondary immune response compare on a graph? |
|
Definition
- the secondary immune response relative antibody response peaks much higher and sooner than the primary immune response
|
|
|
Term
| Active immunity is ______ generated. Passive immunity is _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do lymphocytes only respond to? |
|
Definition
| antigens presented to them by antigen presenting cells or macrophages |
|
|
Term
| What happens when a macrophage engulfs an invading bacteria? |
|
Definition
- when it engulfs the bacteria, it secretes interleukin 1, which enhances B cell proliferation and antibody secretion
- the macrophage processes and presents the bacterial antigen to B and T lymphocyte clones specific to the antigen
|
|
|
Term
| What do activated helper T cells do? |
|
Definition
| they secrete B cell growth factor that enhances B cell proliferation and antibody secretion |
|
|
Term
| T lymphocytes are associated with ___________ immunity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are T lymphocytes distinguishable from other lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
| by the presence of a special receptor on their cell surface called a T cell receptor |
|
|
Term
| Where are all T cells produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percenatge of thymocytes develop into mature immunocompetent T cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of T cells? |
|
Definition
| cytotoxic and helper-T cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main functions of helper T cells? |
|
Definition
- coordinate the development antigen stimulated B cells into antibody secreting cells
- enhance the activity of the apropriate cytotoxic T cells
- activate macrophages
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|
|
Term
| What percentage of T cells are helper T cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With regards to other immune cells, what else do helper T cells do? |
|
Definition
| they secrete chemicals that regulate other immune cells |
|
|
Term
| What chemicals do helper T cells release? |
|
Definition
| cytokines: T-cell growth factor, interleukin 2, chemotaxins |
|
|
Term
| Cytotoxic T cells are made up of _______ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are cytokines secreted from? |
|
Definition
- by immune cells (helper T cells)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they are involved in signaling for cell communication and they activate and recruit more immune cells to increase the system's immune response to the pathogen |
|
|
Term
| What do the chemotaxins do that are secreted by helper T cells? |
|
Definition
| they lure more neutrophils and macrophages |
|
|
Term
| What happens when a T cell is presented to an antigen? |
|
Definition
| its receptor binds to the antigen and it is stimulated to divide and produce |
|
|
Term
| What do helper T cells do to B cells? |
|
Definition
| they activate B cells that are bound to an antigen |
|
|
Term
| Wjat do supressor T cells do? |
|
Definition
| they regulate the overall response |
|
|
Term
| What do cytotoxic killer T cells do? |
|
Definition
| kills cells with antigen bound in MHC-I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| major histocomatability complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many kinds of T cells are there? Explain the receptors. |
|
Definition
| millions; each produces a different receptor in the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| Explain the composition of the recptors on T cells. |
|
Definition
- each receptor is composed of one molecule, each of two different proteins
- each receptor binds a specific antigen but has only one binding site
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|
|
Term
| What antigens do T cell receptors recognize? |
|
Definition
| only antigens which are "presented" to it within another membrane protein of the MHC type |
|
|
Term
| What types of cells use MHC-II receptorsfor presentation? |
|
Definition
| T cells, B cells, and macrophages |
|
|
Term
| What types of cells use MHC-I receptors for presentation? What is this often responsible for? |
|
Definition
| all other cells; responsile for most tissue graft rejection |
|
|
Term
| Explain the immune repsonse that occurs when a virus invades a host cell? |
|
Definition
- the viral antigen is displayed on the surface of the host cell alongside the cell's self-antigen
- the cytotoxic T cell recognizes and binds with a specific foreign antigen (viral antigen) in association with the self antigen
- the cytotoxic T cell releases chemicals that destroy the atatcked cell before the virus can enter the nucleus and start to replicate
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|
|
Term
| Explain where class I MHC markers are found and who they are recognized by. |
|
Definition
| found on the surface of all cells and they are recognized by only cytotoxic T cells |
|
|
Term
| Explain where class II MHC markers can be found and who they are recognized by. |
|
Definition
| they are found on the surface of special immune cells (B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and macrophages) and they are recognized only by helper T cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the receptors for the antigen on B cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do B cells bind with? |
|
Definition
| extracellular antigens such as bacteria, free viruses, and other circulating foreign material |
|
|
Term
| What do T cells bind with? |
|
Definition
| foreign antigen in association with self-antigen, such as virus infected cells |
|
|
Term
| Do T cells lead to the formation of memory cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the secretory product of B lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the secretory product of T lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Relative to B cells, what is the lifespan of T cells like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of B lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
- they help eliminate free foreign invaders by enhancing non-specific immune reponses against them
- produce immunity against most bacteria and few viruses
|
|
|
Term
| What is the function of T lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
- lyse virus infected cells and cencer cells
- provide immunity against most viruses and fungi and few bacteria
- aid B cells in antibody production
|
|
|
Term
| Explain the process of active immunity up to a secondary exposure. |
|
Definition
- infection of pathogen or injection of vaccine
- immune response
- antibodies produced and memory cells retained
- infection destroyed
- infection by the same pathogen
- new, rapid immune response
|
|
|
Term
| Explain the process of passive immunity up to secondary exposure. |
|
Definition
- antibodies acquired from a host mother, via placenta or milk (colostrum)
- infection destroyed
- no memory cells created because the body has not produced an immune response itself
- further infection possible by the same pathogen
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|
