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22 - digestive system
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37
Anatomy
Kindergarten
04/24/2009

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Term
alimentary canal
Definition
also called gastrointestinal tract; this is the continuous muscular digestive tube that winds through the body
Term
accessory digestive organs
Definition
teeth, tongue, gallbladder, and number of large digestive glands such as salivary glands, liver and pancreas make up these organs
Term
mucosa
Definition
layer whose functions are secretion of mucus, absorption of end products of digestion in blood, and protection against infectious disease
Term
submucosa
Definition
moderately dense connective tissue containing blood and lymphatic vessles, lymphoid follicles, and nerve fibers
Term
muscularis externa
Definition
layer responsible for segmentation and peristalsis.
Term
serosa
Definition
protective outermost layer of intraperitoneal organs; visceral peritoneum
Term
adventitia
Definition
serosa is replaced by this in esophagus
Term
epithelium of mucosa
Definition
this layer has mucus secreting globlet cells of mucosa
Term
muscularis mucosae
Definition
layer of mucosa that contains smooth muscle cells and produces local movements of mucosa;
Term
lamina propria
Definition
under lies the epithelium of mucosa; its capillaries nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients
Term
enteric neurons
Definition
neurons that communicate widely with one another to regulate digestive system activity;
Term
submucosal nerve plexus
Definition
occupies the submucosa; includes sensory as well as motor neurons; chiefly regulates activity of glands and smooth muscle in the mucosa in alimentary canal
Term
myenteric nerve plexus
Definition
lines between circular and longitudinal muscle layers of muscularis externa; contains enteric neurons that control patterns of segmentation and peristalsis; largely automatic involving local reflex arcs
Term
deglutition
Definition
fancy word for swallowing
Term
chyme
Definition
in stomach, food is converted a creamy paste called this
Term
mucous neck cells
Definition
these cells found in upper regions of gastic glands, produce a thin, different type of mucus from that secreted by goblet cells of surface epithelium; acidic mucous, function unknown
Term
parietal cells
Definition
found mainly in middle region of gastric glands scattered among the chief cells, simultaneously secrete HCL and intrinsic factor
Term
chief cells
Definition
these cells in gastric glands secrete pepsinogen, inactive form of protein-digesting enzyme pepsin
Term
enteroendocrine cells
Definition
cells in gastric glands that release variety of chemical messengers directly into interstitial fluid of laminia propria; example: gastrin; these chemicals go into bloodstream
Term
mucosal barrier
Definition
this protects stomach from digesting itself
Term
intrinsic factor
Definition
thing released in stomach that is required for intestinal absorption of vitamin B12; needed to produce mature RBC's.
Term
cephalic reflex phase
Definition
this phase of gastric secretion occurs before food enters stomach; stimulated by aroma, taste, etc.
Term
gastric phase
Definition
phase of gastric secretion that initiates when food reaches stomach, stimulated by local neural and hormonal mechanisms;
Term
G cells
Definition
type of endteroendocrine cells that release gastrin responding to rising pH and partially digested proteins, and caffeine
Term
enterogastric reflex
Definition
inhibitory component of intestinal phase of gastric secretion; occurs when intestine distends with chyme containing large amounts of H+
Term
Plasticity
Definition
smooth muscle expands when stretched; describing stomach
Term
circular folds
Definition
deep permanent folds of mucosa and submucosa in small intestines
Term
villi
Definition
fingerlike projections of mucosa that give it a velvety texture;
Term
lacteal
Definition
a wide lymph capillary that is inside in the core of each villus; digested foodstuffs are absorbed into here (and blood)
Term
intestinal crypts
Definition
these are tubular intestinal glands; secrete intestinal juice, antimicrobial agents
Term
Peyer's Patches
Definition
these increase in abundance toward end of small intestine; type of aggregated lymphoid follicles;
Term
brush border enzymes
Definition
enzymes on plasma membranes of microvilli which complete digestion of carbs and proteins in small intestine
Term
liver lobules
Definition
functional units of liver; consist of heptocyte s(liver cells)
Term
enterohepatic circulation
Definition
the process by which bile salts are recycled
Term
CCK
Definition
stimulus for gallbladder contraction
Term
acini
Definition
clusters of secretory cells surrounding ducts in pancreas; manufacture digestive enzymes
Term
Valsalva’s maneuver
Definition
how we close glottis and contract our diaphragm and abdominal wall muscles to increase intra-abdominal pressure - this aids defacation
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