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216 FINAL
ch 23 digestive
83
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
12/05/2011

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Term
Alimentary canal
Definition
-extends from mouth to anus
-is a continuoustube about30 feet long
-includes oral cavity, pharynx esophagus, stomach, small instestine, and large instestine
-it usually takes about 24-48hours for food to travel the entire length of teh GI tract
Term
acessory organs (connected by ducts)
Definition
include teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Term
ingestion
Definition
taking food into the mouth
Term
mastification
Definition
chewing (grinds up food and mixes it with saliva)
-occurs in mouth
Term
deglutition
Definition
swallowing food (moves it from mouth to pharynx to esophagus)
-voluntary
Term
peristalsis
Definition
-rythmic, wave-like contractions that move food through the GI tract
-involuntary
Term
digestion
Definition
mechanical and chemical breakdown of food material to prepare it for absorption
-segmentation
Term
segmentation
Definition
local, rythmic contractions of small instestine
Term
absorption
Definition
passage of molecules of food through mucous membranes of small intestine adn into blood or lymph for distribution to cells
Term
defecation
Definition
discharge of indigestible wastes from GI tract
Term
Peritoneum
Definition
serous membrane of abdominopelvic cavity
-visceral peritoneum
-parietal peritoneum
Term
visceral peritoneum
Definition
covers external organ surfaces, is continuous with parietal peritoneum
Term
parietal peritoneum
Definition
lines the body wall
Term
peritoneal cavity
Definition
space in between visceral and perietal peritoneum, contains serous fluid
Term
mesentery
Definition
double layer of peritoneum that holds organs in place, stores fat, allows blood vessels and nerves to get to organs in peritoneal cavity
Term
mucosa
Definition
-mucous membrance with 3 sub-layers
-epithelial lining
-lamina propria
-muscularis mucosae
Term
submucosa
Definition
CT layer with lots of blood vessels adn nerve fibers
Term
muscuaris externa
Definition
-2 layers, inner circular, outer longitudinal
Term
serosa (adventitia)
Definition
is the visceral periitoneum
Term
nerve plexuses
Definition
revieve signals from sympathetic, parasympathetic
Term
enteric nervous system
Definition
guts own system
-controls paristalsis, segmentation (ANS speeds or slows it)
Term
food enters the mouth and mastication takes places, aided by saliva
Definition
food enters the mouth and mastication takes places, aided by saliva
Term
vestibule
Definition
area between teeth adn cheeks
Term
oral cavity proper
Definition
internal
Term
Alimentary canal:
mouth organs
Definition
vestibule, oral cavity proper, lips, tongue, cheeks, palate
Term
tongue
Definition
-moves food around and mixes it with saliva to form a BOLUS(during mastication), aids in speech production
-skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane
-anterior 2/3 of tongue is in oral cavity, posterior 1/3 located in pharynx(attached to hyoid bone)
-bumps on anterior 2/3 of the tongue are called papilae (somecantain taste buds) posterior 1/3 has tonsils
Term
teeth
Definition
-designed to handle different types of foods in different ways
~incisors
~canines
~pre molars and molars
-deciduous teeth
-permanent
-wisdom teeth
Term
incisors
Definition
4 pairs(2 up 2 lower)of most anterior teeth, adapted to cut and shear food
Term
canines
Definition
2pairs in anterior corners of mouth, reposonsible for holding, tearing and piercing
Term
pre molars and molars
Definition
located behind canines, grinding is the function
Term
deciduos teeth
Definition
first set of teeth (denitition)develops in humans at aroudn 6 months- there are 20 of them that all erupt by about age 2.5
Term
permanent teeth
Definition
replave deciduous teeth, beginning around age 6 and ending at the end of adolescence
Term
wisdom teeth
Definition
third set of molars- can erupt, can stay put, can erupt sideways, etc.
Term
why are wisdom teeth called wisdom teeth?
Definition
because they emerge by about ages 17-25, and you are supppose to aquire some wisdom by this point
Term
pharynx
Definition
-has digestive function in addition to respiratory function
-has three regions
-muscle contract to aid in swallowing
Term
pharynxs three regions
Definition
-nasopharynx- posterior to ansal cavity (NOT involved in digestion)
-oropharynx- posterior to oral cavity
-laryngopharynx-at level of larynx
Term
esophagus
Definition
-collaspible muscular tube, about 10inch long
-esophageal hiatus
-superior 1/3 contains skeletal muscle, middle 1/3 contains both skeletal and smooth muscle inferior 1/3 contains only smooth muscle
-cardiac sphincter
Term
esophageal hiatus
Definition
open in the diaphram where the esophagus passes though
Term
cadiac sphincter
Definition
is at junction of esophagus and stomach- is supposed to contract after food/fluid passes (sometimes allows acid back through, causes heartburn)
Term
stomach location
Definition
upper left side of abdomen, just below diaphram
Term
stomach
Definition
-j~shaped when empty
-can be considered a holding tank for food(1 gallon!)
-internal surface has rugea (mucosal folds)
-food gets churned up with gastric secretions to make chyme (pasty material)
-stomach is divided into 4 regions
~cardia
~fundus
~body
~pylorus
*pyloric sphincter
Term
stomach regions:
cardia
Definition
narrow upper region just below esophagus
Term
stomach regions:
fundus
Definition
dome-shaped portion to the left of and in direct contact with the diaphram
Term
stomach region:
body
Definition
large central portion
Term
stomach region:
pylorus
Definition
funnel-shaped terminal portion
Term
pylorus:
pyloric sphincter
Definition
gateskeeper to small intestine-regulates movement, stops back flow
Term
small intestine
Definition
-the body's major digestive organ and absoroption takes place
-is postioned in lower abs, supported by mesentary(permits movement but not twisting)
-is about 12 ft long (longest part of alimentary canal)
-called small intestine becuase it is smaller in diameter than large intestine
-three regions:
~duodenum
~jejunum
~ileum
Term
small intestine regions:
Duodenum
Definition
-5%
-most located retroperitoneal
-is about the first foot in length
-recieves bile secretions from liver and gall bladder here and pancreatic secretions
Term
small instestine regions:
Jejunum
Definition
-40%
-is the second three feet
-superior left portion
Term
small intestine regions:
Ileum
Definition
-60%
-final 6-7 feet
-inferior right portion
Term
small intestine absorption
Definition
-circle fold
-Villi
Term
small insteine absorption:
circular folds
Definition
-forces chyme to spiral through the intestinal lumen (slows movement)
Term
small intestine absorption:
Villi
Definition
-specialized structures in small instestine, finger-like projections that extend into lumen of small intestine
~they are covered with simple columnar epithelial cells
-they contain several capillaries, lymphocytes, and the lacteals (fat absorptions)
Term
large intestine
Definition
-5 feet long(1.5m) and has little or no digestive function
-frames the small intestine on 3.5 sides
-chyme moves about 1inch per minute
-remains for approx. 12-24 hrs in large intestine
-its main function is to absorb H2O and electrolytes
-secondary functions are to form, store, and expel feces from teh body
-special features of lrg int.
~teniae coli
~haustra
~epiploic appendages
-cecum
-accending colon
-transverse colon
-descending colon
-sigmoid colon
-rectum
-anal canal/sphincters
Term
large intestine special features:
teniae coli
Definition
3 longitudinal strips at equal intervals around cecum and colon
Term
large intestine special features:
haustra
Definition
bulges in large intestines, fill up with material and then are stimulated to churn
Term
large intestine special features:
epiploic appendages
Definition
fat-filled pouchs of visceral peritoneum (unkown function)
Term
large intestine:
Cecum
Definition
-lower right side of body, sac like
-valve btw small and large intestine is ileocecal valve
-has (vermiform) appendix attached to it
~appendex has lymph tissue that may help resist infection
Term
large intestine:
ascending colon
Definition
-extends from cecum to live
-flexure
Term
ascending colon:
flexure
Definition
bend in colon (one on right side is called hepatic (aka right colic), one on left side is splenic (aka left colic))
Term
large intestine:
transverse colon
Definition
travels across from right to left side
Term
large intestine:
descending colon
Definition
travels from splenix flexure to pelvic region
Term
large intestine:
sigmoid colon
Definition
point where colon angles medially from brim of pelvis, form and S-shaped bend
Term
large intestine:
rectum
Definition
last 7-8inches of GI tract (fully lined with muscle, no teniae coli)
Term
large intestine:
anal canal/sphincters
Definition
-last 2-3cm of rectum is anal canal
-anus
~internal anal sphincter
~external anal sphincter
Term
anal canal/sphincter:
anus
Definition
external opening of anal canal
-has 2 sphincters
~external and internal
Term
anal canal/sphincter:
internal anal sphincter
Definition
made of smooth muscle
Term
anal canal/sphincter:
external anal sphincter
Definition
made of skeletal muscle
Term
accessory organs:
salivary glands
Definition
-accessory digestive glands that produce saliva
~saliva
~contains digestive enzymes and lubricating mucus
~is secreted continuously in small amounts to keep oral cavity moist
-there are many minor salivary glands(intrinsic glands keep mouth moist), but most of the digestive saliva is secreted by 3 sets of extrinsic salivary glands
-parotid
-submandibular
-sublingual
Term
salivary glands:
saliva
Definition
a solvent for cleaning teeth and disolving food molecules(helps form bolus)
Term
salivary glands:
parotid
Definition
largest, located near auricle of ear
Term
salivary glands:
submadibular
Definition
inferior/anterior to the body of the mandible
Term
salivary glands:
sublingual
Definition
floor to mouth, inferior to tongue
Term
Liver
Definition
-largest gland in the organ (3lbs)
-lies inferior to diaphragm in right superior portion of abdominal cavity, base faces right and apex faces left
-has right and left lobes, sperated by falciform ligament(anterior) and fissure(posterinferior)
-has a quadrate and caudate lobes (visceral)
-microscopic anatomy
-liver performs many functions, but digestive purpose is production of bile, which breaks up fat
~bilirubin
Term
liver:
microscopic anatomy
Definition
liver lobules are plates of hepatocytes, shaped like hexagons
Term
liver:
Bilirubin
Definition
is produced from breaking down RBCs- found in bile
Term
gallbladder
Definition
-muscular sac located on posterinferior surface of liver
-stores bile; cystiic duct(from gbladder) joins common hepatic duct (from liver) to form bile duct (common bile duct)
-bile processes fat
~too much cholesterol or too few bile salts cause gallstones, which plug cystic duct
Term
pancreas
Definition
-Retroperitoneal, shaped like tadpole (head lies near duodenum, tail near spleen)
-Main pancreatic duct joins hepatic duct, empties into duodenum
-Endocrine and exocrine function in pancreas
-Exocrine function is to produce enzymes that work in small intestine
~Acinar cells make pancreatic enzymes
Term
Disorder of the digestive system
Definition
-Hepatitis
~A
~B
~C
Term
hepatitis
Definition
Inflammation of the liver (flu symptons, jaundice)
Term
hepatitis A
Definition
acute infection, no long term damage
Term
hepatitis B
Definition
-transmission of infected blood or body fluids, OR from mother to newborn at birth
–people usually recover but condition can become chronic problem
Term
hepatitis C
Definition
transmitted similarly to B, no short-term symptoms; many people don’t know they’re infected for a while
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