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216 1st exam
Chapter 5 skin
72
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/25/2012

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Term
intergument
Definition
skin
Term
skin
general
Definition
-largest organ in the body-is considered an organ because it consists of serveral kinds of tissues that are structurally arranged to function together
-represents ~7% of body weight (>3000 square inches)
-variable thickness(1.5-4mmm)
Term
2 regions of skin
Definition
dermis and epidermis
Term
intergumentary system
Definition
skin, plus hair, glands and nails
Term
derm
Definition
skin (greek)
Term
cutis
Definition
skin (latin)
Term
dermatitis
Definition
inflammation of the skin
Term
dermabrasion
Definition
process to remove tattoo
Term
dermatome
Definition
instrument to cut skin
Term
functions of skin
Definition
-protection
-homeostsis
-others (absorption)
-sensory receptors
-nonverbal communication
Term
protection
Definition
Protects against water (keratin), microorganisms (oil glands), UV
light damage (melanin)
Term
homeostasis
Definition
– “Same state”
– Ex: body fluids, temperature
Term
other functions (absorption)of skin
Definition
– Cutaneous absorption
– Ex: lipids can cross easily (so many toxins and pesticides can
cross)
– Synthesis of vitamin D, which causes maintenance of calcium
Term
sensory receptors
Definition
-touch pain, temperature
Term
nonverbal communication
Definition
– Rash, biting fingernails
– Show emotion w/red face, etc.
Term
epidermis
general
Definition
-protective outer covering-thin
-all layers are dead cells except bottom few
-it take 6-8 weeks for bottom layer to reach top, then get sloughed off (millions of them)
Term
type of tissue for skin
Definition
stratified epithelium (thickness varies)
Term
what happens when cells are alive at teh bottom layer?
Definition
they secrete keratin (toughness and waterproofs the skin)
Term
what happens when keratin is increased?
Definition
cornification of skin (calluses and/or corns)
Term
vascularity of epidermis
Definition
Relatively avascular, fairly thin relative to the dermis
Term
layer of epidermis
general
Definition
• 5 layers (strata) in thick skin; 4 layers in thin skin
Term
epidermal layers
Definition
-stratum basale
-stratum spinosum
-stratum granulosum
-stratum lucidum("transition zone"
-stratum corneum
Term
stratum basale
Definition
– Deepest layer
– Single row of cells, mostly stem cells
– Rapid division
– Merkel cell: associated with touch (sensory nerve ending)
– Melanocytes: make melanin (dark pigment), shield from
UV rays
Term
stratum spinosum
Definition
– Several cell layers thick
– Has spines, which don’t exist in living cells
– Langerhans or Dendritic cells: star-shaped cell, part of
immune system; use endocytosis to engulf foreign proteins and travel to lymph node
Term
stratum granulosum
Definition
– 1-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes
– Keratohyaline granules: help form keratin in higher strata
– Lamellated granules: waterproofing
Term
Stratum lucidum (“transition zone”)
Definition
– In thick skin ONLY
– Thin, translucent band
– A few rows of dead keratinocytes
Term
statum corneum
Definition
– Most external
– Many cells thick (even thicker in thick skin)
– Dandruff and skin flakes
Term
Dermis
general
Definition
Thickest of all 3 layers, all living cells; “hide”
• Contains connective tissue
• Contains nerves, hair follicles
• Contains elastin fibers (stretchiness decreases
w/age), collagen and reticular fibers as well
-2 layers
-temperature regulation
-Integumentary glands (exocrine)
Term
2 layers of dermis
Definition
-papillary
-reticular
Term
papillary layer of dermis
Definition
superficial 20%, areolar CT, fingerlike
projections
Term
reticular layer of dermis
Definition
80%, dense irregular CT, network of collagen
Term
integumentary glands (exocrine)
Definition
arise from glandular epithelial tissue BUT drop down into dermis
Term
hypodermis
general
Definition
• Binds skin to underlying layers, insulates and cushions SO it’s not really part of the skin (just does binding)
• Subcutaneous adipose tissue (females have a thicker hypodermis than males ~8%)- function of adipose is to insulate, protect, store energy- SKINFOLDS here
Term
CT of hypodermis
Definition
loose (areolar) CT, some collagen and elastin
Term
vascularity of hypodermis
Definition
Is vascular(larger blood vessels, which feed to capillaries in dermis)
Term
skin pigments
Definition
-melanin
-carotene
-hemoglobin
Term
melanin
melan definition
Definition
melancholy- dark- black bile
Term
melanin
general
Definition
– Made from a single amino acid (tyrosine)
– Albinos are missing the enzyme tyrosinase
– Range of color: yellow to reddish brown to black
Term
location of melanin
Definition
found in epidermis
Term
melanin
function
Definition
protects against UV radiation (if cells damaged, results in melanoma- cancer)
Term
carotene
Definition
– Yellow-orange pigment
– Lipid substance made from cholesterol,found in stratum
corneum and fatty tissue of hypodermis
Term
hemoglobin
Definition
– In RBCs in vessels
– Gives skin pink and blue tones
– PROTEIN with iron, which picks up O2
Term
skin appendages
Definition
-Derive from epidermis and extend into dermis
• Hair
Term
Hair
function
Definition
sense touching of skin
Term
hair general
Definition
– Flexible strand made of dead, keratinized cells
• Keratin is hard
• 3 layers
– Made up of shaft and root
Term
3 layers of hair
Definition
medulla, cortex, and cuticle
Term
hair pigment
Definition
– Hair pigment is made by melanocytes in hair follicle
and transferred into root, produces colors – black,
brown, red, blond
– White/gray hair = decreased melanin production
Term
hair follicle
Definition
- Extend from epidermis into dermis
- Deep end forms hair bulb
- Nerve endings sense touch
- hair papilla
- hair matrix
-Each follicle has a bundle of smooth muscle cells (arrector pili) – cause hair to stand on end
Term
hair papilla
Definition
portion of dermis with knot of
capillaries that nourish, stimulate growth
Term
hair matrix
Definition
epithelial cells in hair bulb
Term
hair facts
Definition
• Vellus or terminal
• Hair grows ~2 mm per week, but can vary
• Each follicle undergoes growth cycles
• With age, hair thins when not replaced as quickly – different from pattern baldness, which is genetic
Term
vellus
Definition
body hair of children, women (fine,short)
Term
terminal
Definition
hair on scalp (longer, coarser)
Term
glands
Definition
Originate in epidermis BUT are actually located in
dermis
• Exocrine (have ducts, secretions used locally)
• Two main kinds
• Special kinds
• Sebaceous
• Sex hormonesregulate these glands- cause the teenage acne problem when the glands secrete a lot and become infected
Term
special kinds of glands
Definition
ceruminous (ear wax), mammary
Term
sebaceous
Definition
(Latin sebum = grease)
– Occur all over body except palms, soles
– Simple alveolar, secrete oil onto hair shaft (makes skin
and hair oily)
– Oil (sebum) is waterproof (made of lipids); keeps hair
from becoming brittle and epidermis from cracking
Term
sudoriferous
Definition
-in latin sudor means sweat(blood filtrate; 99% H2O;salt)
- Excrete sweat onto skin surface
Term
excrete sweat onto skin surface
general
Definition
– Most numerous on palms, soles, axillary and pubic regions, and forehead
-2 types:
*eccrine(more numerous)
*apocrine (larger)
Term
eccrine (more numerous)
function
Definition
evaporative cooling
Term
eccrine (more numerous)
location
Definition
all over body (palms, soles, forehead)
Term
eccrine(more numerous)
general
Definition
simple tubular gland, coiled-releases sweat through pores
Term
apocrine (larger)
location
Definition
axillary, pubic regions
Term
apocrine (larger)
general
Definition
-special sweat that also contains fat and proteins
-inactive until puberty
Term
aporcine (larger)
function
Definition
sexual attraction (smell- body oder)
Term
nails
Definition
• Scale-like modification of epidermis made of hard keratin
• Free edge, body, root, nail bed
• Pink appearance due to capillary network of dermis underneath
Term
nail matrix
Definition
actively growing part
Term
skin disorders
1st degree burn
Definition
epidermis damaged
Term
skin disorders
2nd degree burn
Definition
epidermis and upper part of dermis
damaged
Term
skin disorders
3rd degree burn
Definition
entire thickness of skin
Term
skin disorders
basal cell carcinoma
Definition
least malignant and most common, arises in stratum basale
Term
skin disorders
Squamous cell carcinoma
Definition
arises from stratum spinosum
Term
skin disorders
melanoma
Definition
most dangerous, melanocytes
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