Shared Flashcard Set

Details

216 1st exam
chapter 2 cells
47
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/13/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
cells
Definition
-smallest living unit
-most basic unit
*many different shapes, sizes and functions
Term
cells
- largest cell
Definition
Ovum, can been seen with naked eye
Term
how many cells does the body have?
Definition
50-100 TRILLION cells
Term
cyto
Definition
hollow vessel
Term
cytology
Definition
study of cells, relatively new due to discovery of microscopes
Term
cytolysis
Definition
splitting of cells
Term
cytotoxin
Definition
of or for a bow (posion arrow)
Term
myocyte
Definition
muscle cell
Term
atoms or elements
Definition
-major ones in body (make up 96% of body weight)
*oxygen
*carbon
*hydrogen
*nitrogen
Term
other major elements found in body
Definition
Potassium(K), Sodium (Na) Magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca)
Term
most abundant COMPOUND in a human boday is....
Definition
WATER, H20
60% of body weight
Term
classes of compounds
-organic
Definition
contain carbon atoms, connected in chains to other carbon atoms or hydrogen and present in living organisms
Term
classes of compounds
-inorganic
Definition
have either no carbons or single carbons
Term
examples of inorganic compounds
Definition
-water
-atmospheric gases
-electrolytes
-acids
-bases
-salts
Term
organic compounds
Definition
-carbs
-lipids
-proteins
-nucleotides
Term
characteristics of cells
Definition
- Obtains nutrients and other essential
substances
- Disposes of waste, maintains shape and
integrity
- Replicate
- Organelles carry out the cell’s functions
- Three main parts to cell: plasma membrane,
cytoplasm, nucleus
Term
plasma membrane
-structure
Definition
-Phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded (proteins can move
around within bilayer)
-Polar “head” is charged (and attracted to water – TERM?), nonpolar
tail has fatty acid chains that avoid water (TERM?); tail-to-tail
organization
Term
plasma membrane
-components
Definition
-Cholesterol (affects fluidity and stability, esp. in cold)
-Glycolipids- small amount, function not known too well, believed to
be cell recognition; ~10% of outer lipids
-Proteins- control cell membrane function
Term
plasma membrane
-membrane protein functions~integral peripheral
Definition
-Transport
- Communication (ion channels, hormone receptors)
- Sugar chains attach to integral proteins and form external cell
surface
Term
plasma membrane
-function
Definition
-Protective barrier
-Receptors (proteins can allow some substances
to bind)
-Controls passage of molecules into and out of
cell – divides intracellular and extracellular fluid
-Largest molecules (macromolecules) travel via
vesicular (bulk) transport
Term
bulk transport
-exocytosis
Definition
-exo=out of
-Most secretion processes (e.g., mucus)
-Substance is housed in vesicle (membrane sac)
-Proteins vesicle membrane and plasma membrane to
bind
Term
bulk transport
- endocytosis
Definition
-endo = into
Substance is taken into
folding part of plasma
membrane, vesicle
formed and pinched off
-Phagocytosis (“celleating”)
-Pseudopods
engulf material,
forming
phagosome –
often fuses with
lysosomes (more
on these later)
-Pinocytosis (aka fluidphase
endocytosis or “cell
drinking”)
-Receptor-mediated
endocytosis
Term
cytosol
Definition
-Internal to plasma membrane, external to nucleus
-Fluid, 80-90% water, rest is dissolved or suspended
Term
Cytoplasmic organelles
Definition
-Small functional units within cell, most have their own
membrane (similar to plasma membrane)
-Location where metabolism takes place
Term
Inclusions
Definition
-Temporary structures – may or may not be present in
given cell type (e.g., pigments, food stores)
Term
golgi Apparatus function
Definition
-Synthesizes CHO and is involved in secretions
-Combines the CHO with proteins to form glycoproteins that
accumulate in channels of Golgi
-When channels get full, vesicles break off, are carried to cell
membrane, and are released from cell (what is this process called?)
OR go to lysosomes (or cell membrane)
-Does sorting, processing, and packaging
Term
golgi apparatus size
Definition
-relatively large (about the size of mitochondrion
Term
Golgi apparatus location
Definition
cells that secrete a lot, like pancreas, salivary glands
Term
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes function
Definition
breakdown, clean-up
Term
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes size
Definition
~100nm
Term
Lysosomes location
Definition
LOTS found in WBCs
Term
Peroxisomes location
Definition
LOTS found in liver, kidneys
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
Network of rods in cytosol that supports structures
and cell movements
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
Network of rods in cytosol that supports structures
and cell movements
Term
cytoskeleton types
Definition
-microtubules
-microfilaments
-intermediate filaments
Term
microtubules
Definition
-Largest diameter, all come from centrosome, made of protein
-Stiff but bendable – give cell shape and organize organelles
Term
microfilaments
Definition
-Thinnest elements
-Strands of actin (protein) – interact with myosin for cell
contraction (more in muscle section)
Term
intermediate filaments
Definition
tough, insoluble protein fibers- most stable
Term
centrosome
Definition
-Spherical structure in cytoplasm near nucleus
-No membranes, contains matrix (helps with
growth of microtubules) and centrioles
Term
centrioles
Definition
-Lie perpendicular to each other, barrel-shaped
-Help form cilia, flagella, and mitotic spindle
Term
nucleus function
Definition
Directs protein
synthesis- hence,regulates cell activity(contains DNA)
Term
nucleus size
Definition
Largest single organelle
in cell (up to ½ celldiameter ~5
micrometers)
Term
nucleus location
Definition
 Not all nuclei are
located in center of cell;
Some cells, like muscle
are multinucleated; One
cell, the red blood cell
(RBC) is anucleated
Term
protein synthesis
-transcription
Definition
DNA is a double-stranded helix that gets split and
coded to mRNA
Term
protein synthesis
-translation
Definition
inside ribosome, RNA gets changed to proteins
Term
orgenelles involved in protein synthesis
Definition
nucleus, ribosome, ER, Golgi
Term
overview of protein synthesis
Definition
-transcription
-mRNA goes into cytosol and over to a ribosome
-translation
-Proteins go out into ER and are stored, transported
-If transported, proteins go to Golgi for modification,
packaging
Supporting users have an ad free experience!