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2130, lab exam 1
labs 27 and 42
133
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/07/2007

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Term
Endocrine system
Definition
2nd major controlling system of the body. With the nervous system, it helps coordinate and integrate the activity of the body's cells.
Term
hormones
Definition
chemical messengers, released into the blood to be transported throughout the body
Term
target organs
Definition
organs that respond to a particular hormone
Term
target organs
Definition
organs that respond to a particular hormone
Term
adenohypophysis/ anterior pituitary
Definition
secretes six main hormones (TSH, FSH LH, ACTH, GH, PRL, MSH, endorphins, and lipotropin): a lobe hanging off the sphenoid bone, master endocrine gland, release of its hormones is controlled by neurosecretions
Term
adenohypophysis/ anterior pituitary
Definition
secretes six main hormones (TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, GH, PRL), a lobe hanging off the sphenoid bone
Term
neurohypophysis/ posterior pituitary
Definition
not really a gland, just a nerve bundle that stores, but two hormones come off of it. (Oxytocin, ADH)
Term
infundibulum
Definition
the stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
Term
tropic hormones
Definition
a hormone which stimulates an organ to produce another hormone
Term
FSH
Definition
Gonadotropin: follicle stimulating hormone, causes mitotic division of a spermatogonium to produce one spermatogonium and one primary spermatocyte. Females: causes one or more of the follicles to undergo maturation q. 28 days.
Term
LH
Definition
Gonadotropin: Leutinizing hormone. AKA interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH), in males, prompts the interstitial cells/Leydig cells to produce testosterone, which acts synergistically with FSH to stimulate sperm production. Females: LH transforms the ruptured follicle into a corpus luteum, which porduces progesterone and estrogen, which inhibit FSH. As FSH declines, its stimulatory effect on follicular production of estrogens ends, and estrogen blood levels bein to decline. triggered by estrogen levels.
Term
ACTH
Definition
Adrenocorticotropc hormone, regulates the endocrine activity of the cortext portion of the adrenal gland
Term
TSH
Definition
Thyroid-stimulating hormone, or thyrotropin: influences the growth and activity of teh thyroid gland.
Term
GH
Definition
Growth Hormone: a general metabolic hormone that plays an important role in determining body size.
Term
acromegaly
Definition
hypersecretion of GH causes giantism in children and adults
Term
PRL
Definition
Prolactin: stimulates breat development and promotes and maintains lactation by the mammary glands after childbirth. May stim. testosterone production in males.
Term
hypophyseal portal system
Definition
feeds the circulatory needs of the anterior pituitary.
Term
oxytocin
Definition
hormone: stimulates powerful uterine contractions during birth and coitus and also causes milk ejection in the lactating mother.
Term
ADH
Definition
antidiuretic hormone: causes the distal and collecting tubules of the kidneys to reabsorb more water from the urinary filtarte, thereby reducing urine output and conserving body water. Also plays a minor role in increasing blood pressure because it vasoconstricts a little on the arterioles.
Term
diabetes insipidus
Definition
caused by hyposecretion of ADH results in dehydration from excessive urine output. People with this condition experience insatiable thirst.
Term
Thyroid gland
Definition
bilobed gland joined by a cental mass (isthmus), located in the throat. produces thyroid hormone and calcitonin
Term
TH
Definition
Thyroid hormone: 2 active hormones: T3/T4. It controls the rate of body metabolism and cellular oxidation.
Term
Myxedema
Definition
hyposecretion of T3/T4 leads to a condition of mental and physical sluggishness.
Term
Calcitonin
Definition
AKA Thyrocalcitionin: decreases blood calium levels by stimulating calcium salt deposit in the bones. Acts antagonistically to parathyroid hormone
Term
Parathyroid glands
Definition
found embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Secretes PTH
Term
PTH
Definition
Parathyroid hormone: the most important regulator of calcium balance of the blood. when blood calcium is too low. releases calcium from the bone and makes the kidney reabsorb more calcium. also stimulates the kidneys to activate vitamin D.
Term
tetany
Definition
prolonged muscle spasms, which can result from hyposecretion of PTH
Term
Adrenal glands
Definition
sit on top of kidneys, produces epinephrine, norepinephrine, and the cortex produces aldosterone, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids
Term
Adrenal medulla
Definition
controlled by sympathetic nervous system, produces epi and norepi.
Term
adrenal cortex
Definition
aldosterone, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids
Term
aldosterone
Definition
from adrenal cortex: mineralcorticosteroid, regulates water and electrolyte balance in the extracellular fluids
Term
glucocorticoids
Definition
adrenal cortex. cortisone, hydrocortisone, and corticosterone: enables the body to resist long-term stressors, primarily by increasing blood glucose levels
Term
gonadocorticoids
Definition
sex hormones: by adrenal cortex: chiefly androgens and some estrogens.
Term
hirsutism
Definition
hypersecretion of gonadocorticoids produces abnormal hairiness and masculinization
Term
pancreas
Definition
located behind the stomach in the abdomen, an endocrine and exocrine gland, produces digestive enzymes, insulin, and glucagon
Term
insulin
Definition
hormone: released when there are elevated blood glucose levels, which decreases the levels by accelerating the transport of glucose into the body cells.
Term
diabetes mellitus
Definition
hyposecretion of insulin or deficiency in the insulin, characterized by the inability of body cells to utilize glucose and the subsequent loss of glucose in the urine.
Term
hypoglycemia
Definition
hypersecretion of insulin, causing low blood sugar. symptoms: anxiety, nervousness, tremors, and weakness
Term
glucagon
Definition
acts antagonistically to insulin. releases when there's low blood sugar.
Term
gonads
Definition
sex glands: ovaries and testes. Produce estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
Term
estrogens:
Definition
responsible for the development of the secondary sex characteristics of the female at puberty, and act w/ progesterone to bring about cyclic changes of teh uterine lining that occur during the menstural cycle. Also help prepare the mammary glands for lactation
Term
progesterone
Definition
acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle. During pregnancy it maintains the uterine musculature in a quiescent state and helps to prepare the breast tissue for lactation
Term
testosterone
Definition
promotes the maturation of the reproductive system accessory structures, brings about the development of the male secondary sex characteristics, and is responsible for sexual drive or libido.
Term
Thymus
Definition
bilobed gland on the superior thorx, produces tymosin and thymopoietin
Term
thymosin and thymopoietin
Definition
help direct the maturation and specialization of a unique population of white blood cells call T lymphocytes or T cells.
Term
Pineal Gland/Body
Definition
locatedc on the roof of the third ventricle of the brain, produces melatonin
Term
(micro)follicles (thyroid)
Definition
spherical sacs containing a pink-stained material (colloid),
Term
(micro) thyroglobulin
Definition
(micro) thyroid: stored T3/T4 are attached to the protein colloidal material stored in the follicles as thryoglobulin, and released gradually to the blood
Term
parafollicular/ C cells
Definition
cells between the follicles responsible for calcitonin production
Term
(micro) chief cells (parathyroid glands)
Definition
synthesize parathyroid hormone (PTH), are small and abundant, and arranged in thick branching cords.
Term
(micro) oxyphil cells (Parathyroid)
Definition
scattered, larger cells in parathyroid
Term
(micro) pancreatic islets
Definition
roughly circular, islets of langerhans, the endocrine portions of the pancreas. They usually stain lighter than the other cells.
Term
(micro) alpha cells
Definition
pancreas: tend to cluster near the periphery of the islets, have a more clear appearance when dyed. Produce glucagon, appear bright pink
Term
(micro) beta cells
Definition
pancreas: synthesize insulin, larger cells and stain gray-blue
Term
(micro) acidophil cells
Definition
pituitary gland: reddish brown stained, which produce growth hormone and prolactin
Term
basophil cells
Definition
pituitary: deep lue granules responsible for the production of the tropic hormones (TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH).
Term
Chromophobes
Definition
pituitary: the third cellular population, do not take up the stain and appear rather dull and colorless. not directly involved in hormone production.
Term
pituicytes
Definition
posterior pituitary: glial cells which are randomly distributed among the nerve fiber.
Term
zona glomerulosa
Definition
adrenal gland: outermost layer, where most minalocorticoid production occurs and where the tightly packed cells are arranged in spherical
Term
zona fasciculata
Definition
adrenal gland: intermediate layer, produces glucocorticoids. the thickest part of the of the cortex. Its cells are arranged in parallel cords.
Term
Zona reticularis
Definition
Adrenal gland: innermost cortical zone, produces sex hormones and some glucocorticoids. The cells stain intensely and form a branching network.
Term
vesicular (Graafian) follicle
Definition
Ovary: a circular arrangement of cells enclosing a central cavity
Term
Corpus Luteum
Definition
Ovary: a large amorphous-looking area that produces progesterone, and some estrogens.
Term
Interstitial cells
Definition
Testis: produce testosterone, scattered between the seminiferous tubules in the connective tissue matrix.
Term
reproductive system
Definition
function: to perpetuate the species
Term
gonads
Definition
essential organs of reproduction, the testes and ovaries, which produce the germ cells
Term
testes
Definition
primary reproductive organs of the male, have both an exocrine (sperm production) and endocrine (testosterone production) function.
Term
scrotum
Definition
where the testes lie, outside the abdominopelvic cavity, temperature is 94 degrees F, slightly lower than body temperature, a requirement for producing viable sperm.
Term
epididymis
Definition
an accessory structure of the duct system, an elongated structure running up the posterolateral aspect of the testis and capping its superior aspect. forms the first portion of the duct system and provides a site for immature sperm entering it from the testis to complete their maturation process
Term
ductus/vas deferens
Definition
sperm duct, arches superiorly from the epididymis, passes through the infuinal canal into the pelvic cavity. Is enclosed along with blood vessels and nerves in a connective tissue sheath called the spermatic cord. the end of it enlarges to form the ampulla.
Term
spermatic cord
Definition
blood vessels, nerves, the ductus deferens in a connective tissue sheath
Term
ampulla
Definition
the enlarged end of the ductus deferens, which empties into the ejaculatory duct.
Term
ejaculatory duct
Definition
where the ampulla empties, leads to the prostatic urethra
Term
ejaculation
Definition
sperm is propelled and released from the ejaculatory duct through the glans penis
Term
prostatic urethra
Definition
canal for both sperm and urin within the prostate, which empties into the membranous urethra
Term
membranous urethra
Definition
between the prostatic and spongy urethra, surrounded by the urogenital diaphragm.
Term
spongy urethra
Definition
urethra within the penis aka "penile urethra." Runs through the length of the penis to the body exterior
Term
vasectomy
Definition
a small incision in the vas deferens, procedure for sterility in males
Term
accessory glands
Definition
includes the prostate gland, the seminal vesicles, and the bulbourethral glands.
Term
seminal fluid
Definition
produced by accessory glands, the liquid medium in which sperm leave the body. 60% is from the seminal vesicles.
Term
seminal vesicles
Definition
60% of seminal fluid. Produces a viscous alkaline secretion containing fructos and other substances to nourish the sperm. They lie at the posterior wall of the urinary bladder close to the terminus of the ductus deferens.
Term
Prostate gland
Definition
encircles the urethra just inferior to the bladder, secretes a milky fluid into the urethra, which plays a role in activating the sperm
Term
hypertrophy of the prostate gland
Definition
a troublesom condition commonly seen in elderly men, constricts the urethra so that urination is difficult
Term
bulbourethral glands
Definition
tiny, pea-shaped flands inferior to the prostate, produce a thick, clear, alkaline mucus that drains into the membranous urethra. It acts to wash residual urine out of the urethra when ejaculation occurs
Term
semen
Definition
sperm plus seminal fluid, the alkalinity buffers the sperm agains the acidity of the female reproductive tract.
Term
Penis
Definition
copulatory organ of the male, to bring semen to the female reproductive tract.
Term
glans penis
Definition
enlarged tip of the penis
Term
prepuce/foreskin
Definition
cicular fold of skin around the glans penis
Term
erection
Definition
when the three cylinders of erectile tissue in the penis engorge with blood during sexual excitement. The penis becomes rigid and enlarged to penetrate better.
Term
corpora cavernose
Definition
the paired dorsal cylinders in the penis
Term
corpus spongiosum
Definition
ventral cylinder which surrounds the penile urethra.
Term
pathway of sperm
Definition
SEVEN UP: Seminal vesicle, Epididymus, Vas deferens, Ejaculatory duct, (Nothing), Urethra, Penis
Term
tunica albuginea
Definition
"white tunic:" dense connective tissue capsule which covers each testis, extends into the testis and divde it into lobes
Term
seminiferous tubules
Definition
sperm forming factories, highly coiled
Term
rete testis
Definition
tubes from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymus
Term
interstitial cells
Definition
lie between the seminiferous tubules, produce testosterone. exocrine: eggs, endocrine: estrogens and progesterone.
Term
ovaries
Definition
female gonads
Term
external genitalia (vulva) (female)
Definition
mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris, urethral and vaginal orifices, hymen, and greater vestibular glands
Term
mons pubis
Definition
rounded fatty eminence overlying the pubis symphysis
Term
labiae majora/minora
Definition
elongated, pigmented, hair-covered skin folds. homologous to the scrotum of the male, covering folds beneath
Term
vestibule
Definition
enclosed by labia minora, contains the clitoris, urethral orifice, and vaginal orifice.
Term
perineum
Definition
diamond-shaped region between the anterior end of the labial fold, the ischial tuberosities laterally, and the anus
Term
clitoris
Definition
like the male penis: highly sensitive erectile tissue, hooded by the labia minora
Term
hymen
Definition
partially closes the vaginal opening, thin fold of mucous membrane
Term
greater vestibular glands
Definition
lubricate the distal end of the vagina during coitus
Term
vagina
Definition
10cm from the vestibule to the uterus. copulatory organ and birth canal and permits passage of the menstrual flow
Term
uterus
Definition
situated between the bladder and the rectum, muscular organ
Term
cervix
Definition
narrow end of the uterus
Term
body (female reproductive)
Definition
the major portion of the uterus
Term
fundus
Definition
superior rounded region above the entrance of teh uterine tubes.
Term
ectopic pregnancy
Definition
when a fertilized egg may implant in a uterine tub or even on the abdominal viscera. usually unsuccessful, may endanger the mother's life as well.
Term
functional layer/stratum functionalis
Definition
in the endometrium, thick mucosal lining of the uterus, sloughs off periodically
Term
menstruation/menses
Definition
sloughing off process of endometrium
Term
basal layer/stratum basalis
Definition
deep layer of endometrium which forms a new funtionalis after menstruation ends
Term
uterine/fallopian tubes
Definition
10 cm long, extend from the uterus toward the ovaries.
Term
fimbriae
Definition
funnel-shaped, fingerlike projections at the ends of the uterine tubes
Term
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Definition
can be caused by STDs, widespread inflammations of the pelvic viscera
Term
broad ligament
Definition
fold that encloses the uterine tubes and uterus and secures them to the lateral body walls
Term
mesometrium
Definition
the part of the broad ligament specifically anchoring the uterus
Term
mesosalpinx
Definition
anchor the uterine tubes
Term
round ligaments
Definition
fibrous cords that run fromt he uterus to the labia majora
Term
uterosacral ligaments
Definition
course posteriorly to the sacrum, help attach the uterus to the body wall.
Term
ovarian ligament
Definition
supports the ovaries medially, extends from the uterus to the ovary
Term
suspensory ligaments
Definition
lateral support for ovary
Term
mesovarium
Definition
posteriorly supports the ovary by a fold of the broad ligament
Term
ovulation
Definition
ejection of a mature egg from the ovary
Term
myometrium
Definition
smooth muscle layer in the uterus
Term
mammary glands
Definition
attached to pectoral muscles by connective tissue and surrounded by fat.
Term
areola
Definition
pigmented area surrounding nipple
Term
lobes (mammary)
Definition
each gland has 15-25, separated by fibrous connective tissue and adipose.
Term
alveoli
Definition
produces milk during lactation
Term
lactiferous ducts
Definition
pass milk towards the nipple
Term
lactiferous sinus
Definition
an expanded storage chamber for milk
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