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20. The Lung
Blutt
35
Anatomy
Graduate
09/27/2011

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Term
Thoracic cavity borders
Definition
Superior border: Superior thoracic aperture
Inferior border: Diaphragm
Anterior border: Sternum
Posterior border: Thoracic vertebral bodies
Term
Thoracic cavity compartments
Definition
1. Left and right pulmonary cavities: contains lungs, pleura, and tracheobronchal tree.
2. Mediastinal compartment: heart great vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes.
Term
Lung surfaces
Definition
1. Costal
2. Mediastinal
3. Diaphragmatic
Term
Tracheobronchal tree
Definition
Conducts air from the mouth to the lungs. Humidifies and warms air as it moves down. Starts below the larynx. Consists of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchopulmonary segments.
Term
Right lung size
Definition
Larger and heavier than left. Also shorter and wider.
Term
Right lung lobes and fissures
Definition
From superior to inferior
1. Superior lobe
2. Horizontal fissure
3. Middle lobe
4. Oblique fissure
5. Inferior lobe
Term
Left lung lobes and fissures
Definition
From superior to inferior
1. Superior lobe
2. Oblique fissure
3. Inferior lobe
Term
Number of pulmonary arteries and veins in lung
Definition
Each lung as 2 pulmonary veins bringing oxygenated blood back to left ventricle and 1 pulmonary artery bringing deoxygenated blood from the right atrium to the lung.
Term
Diaphragmatic surface of right lung
Definition
More concave due to liver, pushes right lung to be shorter and wider.
Term
Hilum of the lung
Definition
In mediastinal surface
Contains:
1. Pleural sleeve: encloses hilum, transition between visceral and parietal pleura.
2. Pulmonary ligament, where visceral and parietal pleura come together.
3. Pulmonary artery (most superior vessel)
4. Pulmonary veins (most anterior and inferior)
5. Bronchus (most posterior)
Term
Aortic impression
Definition
Found on left lung, aorta veers to the left side slightly, makes protrusion into left lung posterior to the hilum.
Term
Cardiac Impression
Definition
Heart lies to the left, makes impression on left lung anterior to the hilum.
Term
Cardiac notch
Definition
Indentation of the anterior border of the superior lobe of the left lung due to the leftward tilt of the heart. Creates the lingula.
Term
Lingula
Definition
Created by the cardiac notch. Tongue like protrusion that is found in the anterior, inferior portion of the superior lobe of the left lung.
Term
Left lung mediastinal landmarks
Definition
1. Aortic impression
2. Cardiac impression
3. Cardiac notch
4. Lingula
Term
Trachea
Definition
1. Has C shaped cartilage, posterior is soft tissue.
2. Carina is division of the trachea into two main bronchi branches around T4
3. Part of the mediastinum
Term
Main bronchi
Definition
Right bronchi runs wider, shorter, and more vertical, inhaled objects go into right bronchi.
Also has left bronchi.
Term
Lobar branch
Definition
Branches off from main bronchi, go to lobes of lung. 2 lobar branches go to left lung, 3 to the right.
Term
Segmental bronchi
Definition
Supplies air to bronchopulmonary segment of lung.
Term
Sequence of branching in tracheobronchial tree
Definition
Trachea->main bronchi-> lobar branches-> segmental branches
Term
Branchopulmonary segment
Definition
Largest subdivisions of the lung lobe. Pyramidal segment divided by connective tissue septa. Apex of the pyramid points toward the hilum. 10 in right lung, 8-10 in left lung. Samllest surgically resectable area.
Term
Bronchopulmonary segment components
Definition
Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the branchopulmonary segment. Pulmonary arteries and brnochi are associated with each other and divide in the same way (lobar->segmental). Pulmonary veins run independently between branchopulmonary segments (intersegmental veins, drain more than one bronchopulmonary segment at one time), bring oxygenated blood to the left ventricle.
Term
Pulmonary embolism
Definition
Obstruction of pulmonary artery (blood clot or air bubble), causes obstruction of blood flow to the lung. Decreases oxygen content of the blood and causes the right side of the heart to dilate.
Term
Pulmonary infarct
Definition
Medium sized pulmonary embolism where the blocked branchopulmonary segment necrotizes.
Term
Bronchial arteries
Definition
Supply blood to the hilum structures. 2 left bronchial arteries , 1 right bronchial artery. Branch from aorta.
Term
Pulmonary lymphatic plexus
Definition
Have superficial and deep plexus.
1. Superficial plexus drains lung tissue itself, dumps lymph into bronchopulmonary nodes.
2. Deep plexus drains the hilum, dump into the pulmonary nodes.

Both nodes dump into the tracheobronchal nodes around carina, which in turn dump into the bronchomediastinal nodes then to venous system.
Term
Purpose of serous parietal fluid
Definition
1. Provides a frictionless surface for the lungs to expand.
2. Establishes surface tension that facilitates lung expansion.
Term
Parietal pleura components
Definition
1. Cervical
2. Costal
3. Mediastinal
4. Diaphragmatic
Term
Pulmonary cavity surface markings
Definition
Anterior, from medial to lateral
1. Parasternal line
2. Mid clavicular line
3. Axillary line

Posterior, from lateral to medial
4. Scapular line
5. Paravertebral line
Term
Oblique fissure location in pulmonary cavity
Definition
Level of T2 vertebrae (posterior) and 6th costal cartilage (anterior)
Term
Horizontal fissure location in the pleural cavity
Definition
Located at the oblique fissure along 4th rib anteriorly.
Term
Recesses between lung and pleural cavity
Definition
1. Costodiaphragmatic recess
2. Costomediastinal recess
Term
Types of collapsed lung (pleural effusion)
Definition
1. Pneumothorax (air in thorax)
2. Hydrothorax (water in thorax)
3. Hemothorax (blood in thorax)
Term
Pleural effusion
Definition
Lung collapses, distension not retained. Lung occupies less space in pleural cavity.
Pulmonary cavity size does not increase during inspiration.
Elevation of the diaphragm is restricted.
Term
Innervation of parietal pleura
Definition
1. Intercostal nerves
2. Phrenic nerves
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