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1st test
Dr. Gurley section 1 and 2 Biology 201
200
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/02/2010

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is an atom
Definition
Smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions
Term
molecule
Definition
2 or more atoms joined together
Term
compound
Definition
composed of 2 or more elements
Term
chemical reaction
Definition
involves change of structure to an atom, ion, or molecule
Term
ionic bond
Definition
a bond that formed as a result of 2 ions transfering their electrons to each other
Term
covalent bond
Definition
sharing of electrons between atoms
Term
ion
Definition
atoms that are charged by the loss or gain of electrons
Term
anion
Definition
negatively charged ion
Term
cation
Definition
positively charged ion
Term
electrolyte
Definition
ions capable of producing electricity
Term
anatomy
Definition
science of body structures and the relationships among them
Term
physiology
Definition
sciences of body functions how the body parts work
Term
tissues
Definition
groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function
Term
What are the 4 types of tissue
Definition

epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue

nervous tissue

Term
organs
Definition
structures that are composed of 2 or more different types of tissue
Term
system
Definition
consists of related organs with a common function
Term
palpation
Definition
person feels body surfaces with hands
Term
percussion
Definition
examiner taps on the body surface with fingertips and listens to the echo
Term
what are 6 levels of organization in the body
Definition

chemical level

cellular level

tissue level

organ level

system level

organism level

Term

metabolism

 

Definition
sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body
Term
catabolism
Definition
breakdown of complex chemcial substances into simpler components
Term
anabolism
Definition
building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
Term
responsiveness
Definition
bodys ability to detecta nd respond to changes
Term
movement
Definition
motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells
Term
growth
Definition
increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, and increase in the number of cells or both
Term
homeostasis
Definition
condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the bodys many regulatory processes
Term
intracellular fluid
Definition
fluid within cells
Term
extracellular fluid
Definition
fluid outside body cells
Term
blood plasma
Definition
extracellular fluid within the blood vessels
Term
How does the nervous system regulate homeostasis
Definition

by sending electrical signs, nerve impulses to organs that can counteract changes from the balances state, they can also send out hormones,

both are affective but nerve impulses are faster while hormones are slower

Term

feedback system

 

Definition
cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated
Term
stimulus
Definition
any disruption that changes a controlled condition in a feedback system
Term
receptor
Definition

body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and send input to a control center

input is in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals

Term
control center
Definition

sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed

output would be nerve impulses or hormones

Term
effector
Definition
body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
Term
differentiation
Definition
development of a cell
Term
what kind of feedback is it when the response reverses the stimulus
Definition
negative
Term
blood pressure
Definition
force exerted by blood as it presses against the walls of blood vessels
Term
baroreceptors
Definition
send nerve impulses to the brain which interprets the impulses and responds by sending nerve impulses to the heart and blood vessels
Term
positive feedback system
Definition
strengthen or reinforce a change i one of the bodys controlled conditions
Term
What are the 6 steps of the feedback system
Definition

1. distrupts homeostasis

2. controlled condition is monitored

3. receptors send

4. control center that recieves the input and devices

5. output effectors that bring about a change

6.Process starts over

Term
vasodilation
Definition
widening of blood vessels
Term
disorder
Definition
abnormality of structure or function
Term
disease
Definition
more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
Term
local disease
Definition
affects one part or a limited region of the body
Term
systemic disease
Definition
affects either the entire body or several parts of it
Term
symptoms
Definition
subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer
Term
signs
Definition
objective changes that a clincian can observe and measure
Term
diagnosis
Definition
science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another
Term
anatomical position
Definition
subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward, feet flat upper lims are at the sides with the palms turned forward
Term
prone position
Definition
body is lying facedown
Term
supine position
Definition
body lying face up
Term
what is the anatomical term for the head
Definition
cephalic
Term
what is the anatomical position for the skull
Definition
cranial
Term
what is the anatomical name for face
Definition
facial
Term
what is the anatomical term for forehead
Definition
frontal
Term
what is the anatomical term for temple
Definition
temporal
Term
what is the anatomical term for the eye
Definition
orbital or ocular
Term
what is the anatomical term for the ear
Definition
otic
Term
what is the anatomical term for the cheek
Definition
buccal
Term
what is the anatomical term for the nose
Definition
nasal
Term
what is the anatomical term for the mouth
Definition
oral
Term
what is the anatomical term for the chin
Definition
mental
Term
what is the anatomical term for the neck
Definition
cervical
Term
what is the anatomical term for the breastbone
Definition
sternal
Term
what is the anatomical term for the chest
Definition
thoracic
Term
what is the anatomical term for the abdomen
Definition
abdominal
Term
what is the anatomical term for the pelvis
Definition
pelvic
Term
what is the anatomical term for the armpit
Definition
axillary
Term
what is the anatomical term for the arm
Definition
brachial
Term
what is the anatomical term for the front of the elbow
Definition
antecubital
Term
what is the anatomical term for the forearm
Definition
antebrachial
Term
what is the anatomical term for the wrist
Definition
carpal
Term
what is the anatomical term for the palm
Definition
palmar or volar
Term
what is the anatomical term for the fingers
Definition
digital or phalangeal
Term
what is the anatomical term for the breast
Definition
mammary
Term
what is the anatomical term for the navel
Definition
umbilical
Term
what is the anatomical term for the hip
Definition
coxal
Term
what is the anatomical term for the groin
Definition
inguinal
Term

what is the anatomical term for the thumb

 

Definition
pollex
Term
what is the anatomical term for the hand
Definition
manual
Term
what is the anatomical term for the pubis
Definition
pubic
Term
what is the anatomical term for the thigh
Definition
femoral
Term
what is the anatomical term for the anterior surface of the knee
Definition
patellar
Term
what is the anatomical term for the leg
Definition
crural
Term
what is the anatomical term for the ankle
Definition
tarsal
Term
what is the anatomical term for the foot
Definition
pedal
Term
What is the anatomical term for the toes
Definition
digital or phalangeal
Term
What is the anatomical term for the top of foot
Definition
dorsum
Term
What is the anatomical term for the great toe
Definition
hallux
Term
what is the anatomical term for the shoulder blade
Definition
scapular
Term
what is the anatomical term for the spinal colum
Definition
vertebral
Term
what is the anatomical term for the back of the elbow
Definition
olecranal or cubital
Term
what is the anatomical term for between the hips
Definition
sacral
Term
what is the anatomical term for the back
Definition
dorsal
Term
what is the anatomical term for the buttock
Definition
gluteal
Term
what is the anatomical term for the back of the hand
Definition
dorsum
Term
what is the anatomical term for the region between the anus and external genitals
Definition
perineal
Term
what is the anatomical term for the hollow behind the knee
Definition
popliteal
Term
what is the anatomical term for the leg
Definition
crural
Term
what is the anatomical term for the sole of the foot
Definition
plantar
Term
what is the anatomical term for the heel
Definition
calcaneal
Term
superior
Definition
toward the head or the upper part of a structure
Term
inferior
Definition
away from the head or the lower part of a structure
Term
anterior
Definition
nearer to or at the front of the body
Term
posterior
Definition
nearer to or at the back of the body
Term
medial
Definition
nearer to the midline
Term
lateral
Definition
farther from the midline
Term
intermediate
Definition
between 2 structures
Term
ipsilateral
Definition
on the same side of the body as another structure
Term
contralateral
Definition
on the opposite side of the body from another structure
Term
proximal
Definition
nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure
Term
distal
Definition
farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure
Term
superficial
Definition
toward or on the surface of the body
Term
deep
Definition
away from the surface of the body
Term
what are the 3 primary germ layers
Definition

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

Term
sagittal plane
Definition
vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides
Term
parasagittal plane
Definition
divided into unequal sides
Term
frontal plane
Definition
divides the body into anterior and posterior; front and back
Term
transverse plane
Definition
divides the body into superior and inferior portions; upper and lower
Term
body cavities
Definition
spaces within the body that help protect, separate and support internal organs
Term
histology
Definition
study of tissues
Term
what does the epithelial tissue do?
Definition
covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts; forms glands
Term
What does the connective tissue do?
Definition
protects and supports the body and its organs; store energy reserves as fat and help provide immunity to disease causing organisms
Term
what does muscular tissue do?
Definition
generates the physical force needed to make body structures move and generates body heat
Term
what does the nervous tissue do?
Definition
detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating action potentials(nerve impulses) that activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions
Term
what is included in the endoderm germ layer?
Definition
gut, liver, lungs
Term
what is included in the mesoderm germ layer
Definition
bones, muscle, kidney, heart, blood
Term
what is included in the ectoderm germ layer
Definition
skin, nervous system
Term
cell junctions
Definition
contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells
Term
what are the 5 types of cell junctions
Definition

tight junctions

adherens junctions

desmosomes,

hemidesmosomes

gap junctions

Term
where are the tight junctions located?
Definition

stomach

intestines

urinary bladder

Term
tight junctions
Definition
consists of weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes together to seal off passageways between adjacent cells
Term
adherens junctions
Definition
contain plaque a dense layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches both to membrane proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
Term
adhesion belts
Definition
encircle the cell similar to the way a belt encircles your waist
Term
cadherins
Definition
transmembrane glycoproteins
Term
desmosomes
Definition
contain plaque and have cadherins that extend into the intercellular space between adjacent cell membranes and attach cells to one another
Term
glandular epithelium
Definition
single cell or group of cells that secrete substances into ducts onto a surface or into the blood
Term
What are the 2 classifications the glandular epithelium?
Definition

endocrine

exocrine

Term
endocrine glands
Definition

ductless glands

secrete in bloodstream

pituitary adrenal and thyroid gland

secrete hormones which maintain homeostasis

Term
hemidesmosomes
Definition

do not link adjacent cells like desmosomes do

integrins instead of cadherins

Term
exocrine glands
Definition

have ducts except unicellular

secrete into ducts

salivary, sweat glands, apocrine gland

Term
laminin
Definition

present in the basement membrane

protein

integrins attach to it

Term
unicellular
Definition
goblet cell most important it secretes its mucus directly on the surface of covering and lining
Term
multicellular
Definition

secrete products into ducts

empty onto covering or lining

Term

connexins

connexons

Definition
membrane proteins--connexins form tiny fluid filled tunnels which are connexons
Term
epithelium
Definition
consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets in iehter single or multiple layers
Term
what are the 3 major functions of epithelial cells
Definition

1. selective barriers that limit or aid the transfer of substances into and out of the body

2.secretor surfaces that release products produced by the cells onto their free surfaces

3. protective surfaces that resist the abrasive influences of the environment

Term
basement membrane
Definition
thin extracellular layer that commonly consists of 2 layers
Term
which tissue has its own nerve supply and is avascular
Definition
epithelial tissue
Term
What are the 2 types of epithelial tissue
Definition

glandular epithelium

covering and lining epithelium

Term
there are 4 different types of simple epithelium, what are they?
Definition

simple squamous epithelium

simple cuboidal epithelium

simple columnar epithelium(non ciliated and ciliated)

psuedostratified columnar epithelium(non ciliated and ciliated)

Term
There are 4 types of stratified epithelium, what are they?
Definition

stratified squamous epithelium(keratinized/nonkeratinized

stratified cuboidal epithelium

stratified columnar epithelium

transitional epithelium

Term
microvilli
Definition
fingerlike cytoplasmic projections, increase the surface area of the plasma membrane
Term
globlet cells
Definition
modified columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus, a slightly sticky fluid, at their apical surfaces
Term
keratin
Definition
tough fibrous portein that helps protect the skin and underlying tissues from heat, microbes and chemicals
Term
gland
Definition
may consist of a single cell or a group of cells that secret substances into ducts, onto a surface, or into the blood
Term
what is it called when a duct of a gland doesnt branch?
Definition
simple gland
Term
what is it called when the gland does branch?
Definition
compound gland
Term
What kind of gland is a merocrine glands
Definition
exocrine gland
Term
merocrine glands
Definition
synthesized on ribosomes attache to rought ER processed, sorted, and packaged by the golgi complex
Term
aprocrine glands
Definition

accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the secreting cell

pinches off portion of cell

remaining part of cell repairs itself and starts the process over

Term
holocrine glands
Definition

accumulate a secretory product in their cytosol

cell ruptures and becomes the secretory product

Term
connective tissue
Definition

most abundant and widely distributed

highly vascular, dont contain free surfaces

nerve supply

bind, support and strengthens other body tissue

protects and insulated internal organs

compartmentalized structures w/ the body

major site of stored energy reserves

main site of immune response

Term
matrix
Definition

fills w/ wide spaces b/t its cells

contains protein based fibers

contains ground substances

matrix consistency will vary depending on the type of conn. tissue

Term
what are the 3 types of protein fibers?
Definition

collagen

elastic

reticular

Term
collagen fibers
Definition

strong and resilent but not stiff

found in most conn. tissue

Term
elastic fibers
Definition

branched and contain elastic

smaller than collagen

strong and elastic

Term
reticular fibers
Definition

consists of collagen

thin and branching

provide strength and support

found in reticular tissue

Term
fibroblasts
Definition

secrete fibers

large, flat cells with branching process

Term
What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue?
Definition

areolar

adipose

reticular

Term
what are the 3 types of dense connective tissue?
Definition

regular

irrelgular

elastic

Term
cutaneous membrane
Definition

skin which cvers the entire surface of the body and consists of a superficial portion and a deeper portion

largest organ of the body

Term
what are the 2 layers of skin
Definition
epidermis and dermis
Term
What are the 4 principle cells in the epidermis
Definition

keratinocytes

melanocytes

langeerhans cells

merkel cells

Term
what are keratinocytes used for?
Definition

protection

homeostasis

wound healing

Term
what are melanocytes used for?
Definition
skin pigment
Term
langerhans cell used for?
Definition
regulate immune response
Term
merkel cells used for?
Definition
mechanoreceptors from pressure and vibrations
Term
The skin is divided into 5 layers what are they
Definition

1. stratum corneum-most superficial

2. stratum lucidum- thick n hairless transparent

3. stratum granulosum

4. stratum spinosum

5 stratum basale-last layer of skin

Term
melanin
Definition
pigment that contributes to skin color and absorbs damaging UV light
Term
keratinization
Definition

new cells form in the basale and push toward the surface

takes about 1 month for cells to migrate deep

as they move up they become more keratinized

undergo apoptosis(programmed cell death

Epidermal Growth Factor(EGF) plays role in growth

Term
dermis
Definition

deeper part of skin

composed of strong connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers

blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles

Term
the dermis has 2 regions what are they?
Definition

papillary

reticular

Term
papillary region
Definition

1/5 of the dermis

consists of areolar connective tissue with thin collagen and fine elastic fibers

contains dermal ridges that house capillaries, meissner corpuscles and free nerve endings

Term
reticular region
Definition

deeper portion of the dermis

4/5 of the dermis

consists of dense irregular connnective tissue with bundles of thick collagen and some coarse elastic fibers

spaces between fibers contain some adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands

Term
dermatoglyphics
Definition
study of the epidermal ridges
Term
3 pigments of skin color
Definition

melanin

carotene

hemoglobin

Term
2 types of skin what are they
Definition
thick and thin
Term
thin skin
Definition
covers all parts of the body except palms, soles and palmar surface of digits
Term
thick skin
Definition

covers palms, soles and fingers

hairless

Term
hair
Definition

composed of dead, keratinized cells

 

Term
shaft of hair
Definition
superficial part of hair
Term
root of hair
Definition
portion of hair deep to the shaft
Term
shaft and root of hair have 3 concentric layers, what are they?
Definition

1. medulla-deepest

2. cortex

3. cuticle-superficial

Term
sebaceous glands
Definition

oil glands

simple branched acinar glands

connected to hair follicles

secrete sebum to coat the surface of hairs

Term
sebum
Definition
mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, porteins, and inorganic salts
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