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| Government control over every aspect of public and private life. New technologies of the time (radio, TV) helped it spread. |
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| a political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition |
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| Nazi political party; extreme right movement. Hitler was made Prime Minister promising he would prevent a Bolshevik revolution |
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| Germany, humiliated after WWI, became a breeding ground for extremists |
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| sense of the "primitive" nation. can be linked to romanticism. love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it; used by Nazis and Fascists to win support. Many wanted Nation-States to be made of the cosmopolitan areas. Extreme nationalism led to the assassination of Franz Ferdinand~ blow to Austria's prestige more than anything. Due to alliances everyone got involved. |
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| "Only the strong survive." Natural selection applied to humans, selective breeding, eugenics (positive: upper people should breed more; negative: lesser people should breed less) Led to discrimination/dehumanization of the Jews |
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| Hitler's continuation of the Weltpolitik idea--he planned to take over the whole world, beginning with his plan to build an empire in the east. |
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| Largest, bloodiest conflict so far. Thanks to Stalin's industrialization, Russia was able to fight back. |
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| 1942. Not just Jews, but gays, gypsies, ect were targeted too. ~10 mil killed. Result of centralization and modern technology. |
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| Mass extermination of the Jews |
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| distinct fields of science were emerging, the earliest being criminology (larger cities=more crime, unified police forces, criminal gene in inherited) and anthropology (study of the people Europe conquered) |
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| the belief that Europeans were superior b/c their civilization was the most advanced. Linnaeus divided humans into 4 biological species, Euros being on top. |
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| The New World had been revolution-ing, so attention was turned back to Old World colonies--the Orient |
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| East-Asian lands, mostly India. Lost of coastline |
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| First modern corporations/stock companies. England was first, everyone else followed. Worked close w/ govts, EICs had govt power (controlled schools, militaries, held monopolies) |
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| EICs inserted themselves into local politics. Mughal dynasty ruled India, but had little effective control. During wars, Brit kicked other countries out of India and essentially took over. India was not a colony and Mughal still technically in charge but not really. |
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| Sepoys were Indian mercenaries hired by Brits; they grew resentful of large Brit # holding all the pwer/trying to evangelize the Sepoys. Mughal emperor put himself at head of rebellion was crushed, dynasty was deposed. |
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| Government of India Act, 1870s: India Office is created, India becomes an official colony, Queen Vic becomes Empress of India as a matter of prestige (she had no ctrl, parliament ran things) |
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| Tension between Ger and Brit led to arms restrictions (called for by Russian Czar, weakest country). Wanted to facilitate dialogue and problem solving. But Germany's window of advantage was closing- they wanted war with Fr and Russia |
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| The decline of the Ottoman Empire was essentially the cause of WWI. Small slavic nations, no balance of power, lots of tension. Germany wants to gain power, Brit is dominant, Austria just wants to stay alive. |
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| Leaders of the countries did all they could to prevent war, but Europe was covered in RxRs, potential to mobilize an army was effective. Armies were being set up before war was even declared. |
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| Turning point in warfare, first industrialized war. 2 innovations: better guns and barbed wire, stalemates along all major fronts- defensive trenches held lines. More were killed from actual combat than disease. West fronts remained stationary, in the west germany pushed into russia |
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| 3 effects: pollution, disease, mass politics |
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| mostly unstable epidemics that killed lots and burnt themselves out. Cholera began in India, spread to mainland |
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| Urbanization led to unsanitary conditions in many cities. Factory pollution and others led to disease. "miasma"- bad air |
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| Revolutions took place in cities, political action and political violence rose. Centralization happened |
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| more cities led to a desire to plan them. focal points for disease and pollution. Napoleon II created a "modern" Paris, as well as coined "cronieism", helping his corrupt gvot friends and vise versa. |
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| The Golden Age/Gilded Age; hedonistic French lifestyle. urbanization led to a mixing of different cultures (cosmopolitanism); contrasted with the Victorian Age of Brit. |
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| Began in Ger as a reaction to the enlightenment, became dominant cultural trend in the 19th cent. Power of nature/uncontrollable forces (like volcanoes). emphasis on violence, chaos, conflict; emphasis on emotion. |
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| Reaction to romanticism. 3 stages in human development: theological (religion), metaphysical (more sciency), and positive (rationality, scientific) |
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| the belief in the perfectibility of humanity; desire for industrial progress, worker control |
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| new and improved conveniences as a result of the industrial rev. |
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