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19. Reproduction- Female
N/A
86
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/14/2012

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Cards

Term
What is an estrous cycle?
Definition
a series of physiological changes in sexual and other organs in female mammals, extending from one period of heat to the next, accompanied by behavioral changes indicating interest in mating
Term
What is polyestrous? Give examples of animals who are polyestrous.
Definition
the estrous cycle occurs uniformly throughout the year; cattle, swine, and rodents
Term
What does it mean to be seasonally polyestrous?
Definition
the estrous cycles are restricted to a certain time of the year
Term
Give examples of short day breeders.
Definition
deer, sheep, and goats
Term
What are long day breeders?
Definition
animals whose estrous cycle begins as day length increases 
Term
Give examples of long day breeders.
Definition
bear, hamster, horse
Term
What does it mean to be monoetsrous? What is an example of a monoestrous animal?
Definition
there is a single estrous followed by a long anestrous period; most carnivores
Term
What are spontaneous ovulators? Give an example.
Definition
animals that ovulate with regular frequency and do not require copulation; birds
Term
What are reflex ovulators? Give examples.
Definition
ovulation is induced by stimulation of sensory receptors in the vagina and cervix during coitus; cat, rabbit, camel
Term
What characterizes female reproductive physiology in most vertebrates?
Definition
complex cycling
Term
What are the five main hormones that play into female cycling?
Definition
  • LH
  • estradiol
  • progesterone
  • FSH
  • PGF2 alpha
Term
What is LH responsible for?
Definition
it is responsible for causing ovulation
Term
What is progesterone responsible for?
Definition
for maintaining pregnancy
Term
What is PGF2 alpha responsible for?
Definition
it degrades the corpus luteum so no more progesterone is secreted. This causes FSH to rise so that the follicle will mature 
Term
7
Definition
Term
What are the three types of uteri in animals?
Definition
duplex, simplex, and bicornuate
Term
What charcaterizes a duplex uterus?
Definition
there are two cervices
Term
Give two examples of animasl with simplex uteri.
Definition
marsupials and rabbits
Term
What characterizes a simplex uteri?
Definition
there are no uterine horns
Term
What is an example of an animal with a simplex uterus?
Definition
primates
Term
What charcaterizes a animal with a bicornuate uterus?
Definition
they have two uterine horns
Term
What are two examples of a bicornuate animal with poorly to moderately developed uterine horns?
Definition
mare and cow
Term
What are three examples of a bicornuate animal with highly developed uterine horns?
Definition
dog, cat, and pig
Term
What are the thrre layers of the uterus?
Definition
endometrium, myometrium, and perometrium
Term
Is the ovary attached to the oviduct? What does this mean?
Definition
no; this means that the oviduct must catch the egg once it is ovulated
Term
9
Definition
Term
What is another name for the oviduct?
Definition
fallopian tube
Term
What are the three sections of the oviduct?
Definition
the infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus
Term
What is the infundibulum?
Definition
it is the third portion of the uterine tube and the end of the mammalian oviduct closest to the ovary
Term
What is the ampulla?
Definition
the second protion of the uterine tube; an intermediate dilated portion which curves over the ovary
Term
What is the isthmus?
Definition
the first part of the uterine tube
Term
What part of the oviduct is the common site of fertilization in humans?
Definition
the ampulla
Term
What are the four layers of the oviduct starting from the outside and moving in?
Definition
  • serosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis
  • mucosa
Term
What type of cells make up the mucosa?
Definition
ciliated columnar cells and nonciliated columnar cells
Term
How many follicles are present in the ovary at any one time? Explain.
Definition
all types of follicles are present; however, the developing and functional corpus lutea may or may not be present depending on the stage of the estrous cycle
Term
Where does development of the follicle occur within the ovary? Explain.
Definition
at random locations with the exception of the mare
Term
Starting with an oocyte, what are the satges that a follicle goes through up to the final stages of the corpus luteum?
Definition
  • oocytes (primordial follicle)
  • primary follicle
  • secondary follicle
  • developing antral (tertiary) follicle
  • antral (dominant) follicle
  • ovulating follicle
  • corpus luteum
  • corpus albicans
Term
What are the layers of the antral (dominant) follicle starting from the inside and moving out?
Definition
  • antrum (filled with follicular fluid)
  • granulosa
  • theca interna
  • theca externa
Term
Does the follicle mature in the cortex or the medulla?
Definition
cortex
Term
The steps of gametogenesis are the same in both sexes, but the _________ and _________ differ sharply.
Definition
timing, outcome
Term
What happens during the formation of primary oocytes (2N) and primary follicles?
Definition
  • primordial germ cells divide mitotically during gestation
  • before birth, each primary oocyte is surrounded by granulosa cells (primordial follicle)
  • a small number of these primary oocytes mature and release ova. The rest of them regenerate
Term
When do females stop producing oocytes?
Definition
no new ones are produced after birth
Term
For the primary oocytes that don't mature and release ova, what is the process of regeneration called?
Definition
atresia
Term
What happens during the formation of secondary oocytes?
Definition
  • just before ovulation, primary oocytes undergo meiotic division 
  • ovum-to-be-daughter cell is haploid (1N) and contains most of the cytosolic contents
  • the nutrient poor polar body degenerates
Term
What happens during formation of the mature ovum?
Definition
the second meiotic division completes after fertilization
Term
What happens to the cytosolic contents of the first polar body?
Definition
they are give to the secondary oocytes so it can become a mature ovum
Term
How many haploid daughter cells are there in spermatogenesis?
Definition
4 which become spermatozoa
Term
How many haploid daughter cells are produced in oogenesis?
Definition
4, but three of them degenerate
Term
The ovarian cycle of mammals consists of alternating _________ and _________ phases.
Definition
follicular, luteal
Term
What is the follicular phase?
Definition
the phase dominated by the presence of maturing follicles 
Term
What is the luteal phase?
Definition
a phase in which there is a presence of a corpus luteum
Term
How much of the ovarian cycle in mammals consists of the follicular phase? Luteal phase?
Definition
20%, 80%
Term
What five processes occur during the follicular phase?
Definition
  • proliferation of granulosa cells and formation of the zona pellucida
  • proliferation of thecal cells: estrogen secretion
  • formation of the antrum
  • formation of mature follicle
  • ovulation
Term
What is the zona pellucida? How is it formed?
Definition
proliferating granulosa cells secrete a thick, gel like material that covers and separates the oocyte from granulosa cells
Term
What is another name for thecal cells?
Definition
follicular cells
Term
During the follicular phase, what types of cells secrete estrogen?
Definition
granulosa and thecal cells
Term
What happens when the antrum is forming during the follicular phase?
Definition
  • hormonal secretion converts the primary follicle into a secondary follicle
  • in the middle of granulosa cells, the fluid filled antrum forms

 

Term
In what animals does mature follicle formation occur?
Definition
human, cows, deer, and horses
Term
What are the two main processes that occur during the luteal phase?
Definition
  • formation of the corpus luteum
  • degeneration or survival of the corpus luteum
Term
What happens during formation fo the corpus luteum during the luteal phase?
Definition
  • follicular cells are transformed into the corpus luteum (luteinization)
  • become very active steroidogenic-producing cells and produce estrogen and progesterone
Term
What happens during the luteal phase of the ovum is not fertilized?
Definition
  • the corpus luteum is lysed by PGF2 alpha from the endometrium 
  • it then degenerates and becomes a fibrous tissue mass and a new cycle starts
Term
What happens during the lutel phase if the ovum is fertilized?
Definition
the corpus luteum continues to grow and produce progesterone
Term
What is unique in humans, mares, and sheep during the luteal phase when the ovum is fertilized?
Definition
  • the placenta takes over and produces progesterone
Term
What is unique in pigs, cow, goats, and rats during the luteal phase when the ovum is fertilized?
Definition
the CL produces progesterone throughout gestation
Term
The mammalian estrous cycle is regulated by complex hormonal interactions among the __________, ___________, and ________.
Definition
hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, ovarian endocrine units
Term
21
Definition
Term
What is proestrus?
Definition
it begins with regression of the CL and ends with onset of estrus
Term
What is estrus?
Definition
the time of sexual receptivity and ends with ovulation
Term
What is metestrus?
Definition
the early postovulatory phase ; development of the CL
Term
Waht is diestrus?
Definition
when there is a functioning CL
Term
What are the three main functions of the ovary?
Definition
  • produces estrogen from theca and granulosa cells in the follicle
  • produce progesterone from the corpus luteum
  • produces ova (1N) from oocyte (2N)
Term
What three things can lead to an animal not having a full pregnancy after being bred?
Definition
  • fertilization failure
  • early embryonic death
  • abortion
Term
What is the corpus luteum composed of?
Definition
solid tissue which is composed of luteal cells that originate from the granulosa and thecal cells of the Graafian follicle
Term
What is the function of progesterone?
Definition
  • it inhibits parturition and estrus 
  • blocks myometrial contractions
  • stimulates endometrial secretion of nutrients
  • stimulates production of a prostaglandin to lyse the CL if no embryo is present 
Term
How does progesterone inhibit parturition and estrus?
Definition
  • by control of LH: to prevent a surge of LH and ovulation 
  • to control PGF2 alpha: to keep it low until lysis of the CL
Term
27
Definition
Term
28
Definition
Term
What is the outer layer of the uterine wall? What is another name?
Definition
perimetrium (serosa)
Term
What is the middle layer of the uterine wall? What is another name?
Definition
myometrium (muscularis)
Term
What is the inner layer of the uterine wall? What is another name for it?
Definition
endometrium (mucosa and submucosa)
Term
What are some of the functions of the uterus?
Definition
  • transport of sperm
  • luteolysis and control of cyclicity
  • uterine secretions
  • provides environment for preattachment of embryo
  • maternal contributions to the placenta
  • expels fetus during parturition
  • uterine involution following preganancy
Term

How does the uterus help transport the sperm? Why?

 

Definition

via myometrial contractions because the sperm do not swim on their own

 

Term
What is the function of uterine secretions?
Definition
they capicitate sperm
Term
What happens during uterine involutions following pregnancy?
Definition
the uterus shrinks to its normal size and it produces prostaglnadins to regress the CL
Term
31
Definition
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