Term
| What is an estrous cycle? |
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Definition
| a series of physiological changes in sexual and other organs in female mammals, extending from one period of heat to the next, accompanied by behavioral changes indicating interest in mating |
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Term
| What is polyestrous? Give examples of animals who are polyestrous. |
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Definition
| the estrous cycle occurs uniformly throughout the year; cattle, swine, and rodents |
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Term
| What does it mean to be seasonally polyestrous? |
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Definition
| the estrous cycles are restricted to a certain time of the year |
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Term
| Give examples of short day breeders. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are long day breeders? |
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Definition
| animals whose estrous cycle begins as day length increases |
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Term
| Give examples of long day breeders. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does it mean to be monoetsrous? What is an example of a monoestrous animal? |
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Definition
| there is a single estrous followed by a long anestrous period; most carnivores |
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Term
| What are spontaneous ovulators? Give an example. |
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Definition
| animals that ovulate with regular frequency and do not require copulation; birds |
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Term
| What are reflex ovulators? Give examples. |
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Definition
| ovulation is induced by stimulation of sensory receptors in the vagina and cervix during coitus; cat, rabbit, camel |
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Term
| What characterizes female reproductive physiology in most vertebrates? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the five main hormones that play into female cycling? |
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Definition
- LH
- estradiol
- progesterone
- FSH
- PGF2 alpha
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Term
| What is LH responsible for? |
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Definition
| it is responsible for causing ovulation |
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Term
| What is progesterone responsible for? |
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Definition
| for maintaining pregnancy |
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Term
| What is PGF2 alpha responsible for? |
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Definition
| it degrades the corpus luteum so no more progesterone is secreted. This causes FSH to rise so that the follicle will mature |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three types of uteri in animals? |
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Definition
| duplex, simplex, and bicornuate |
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Term
| What charcaterizes a duplex uterus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give two examples of animasl with simplex uteri. |
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Definition
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Term
| What characterizes a simplex uteri? |
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Definition
| there are no uterine horns |
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Term
| What is an example of an animal with a simplex uterus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What charcaterizes a animal with a bicornuate uterus? |
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Definition
| they have two uterine horns |
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Term
| What are two examples of a bicornuate animal with poorly to moderately developed uterine horns? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three examples of a bicornuate animal with highly developed uterine horns? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the thrre layers of the uterus? |
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Definition
| endometrium, myometrium, and perometrium |
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Term
| Is the ovary attached to the oviduct? What does this mean? |
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Definition
| no; this means that the oviduct must catch the egg once it is ovulated |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for the oviduct? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three sections of the oviduct? |
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Definition
| the infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus |
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Term
| What is the infundibulum? |
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Definition
| it is the third portion of the uterine tube and the end of the mammalian oviduct closest to the ovary |
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Term
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Definition
| the second protion of the uterine tube; an intermediate dilated portion which curves over the ovary |
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Term
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Definition
| the first part of the uterine tube |
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Term
| What part of the oviduct is the common site of fertilization in humans? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four layers of the oviduct starting from the outside and moving in? |
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Definition
- serosa
- submucosa
- muscularis
- mucosa
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Term
| What type of cells make up the mucosa? |
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Definition
| ciliated columnar cells and nonciliated columnar cells |
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Term
| How many follicles are present in the ovary at any one time? Explain. |
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Definition
| all types of follicles are present; however, the developing and functional corpus lutea may or may not be present depending on the stage of the estrous cycle |
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Term
| Where does development of the follicle occur within the ovary? Explain. |
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Definition
| at random locations with the exception of the mare |
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Term
| Starting with an oocyte, what are the satges that a follicle goes through up to the final stages of the corpus luteum? |
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Definition
- oocytes (primordial follicle)
- primary follicle
- secondary follicle
- developing antral (tertiary) follicle
- antral (dominant) follicle
- ovulating follicle
- corpus luteum
- corpus albicans
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Term
| What are the layers of the antral (dominant) follicle starting from the inside and moving out? |
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Definition
- antrum (filled with follicular fluid)
- granulosa
- theca interna
- theca externa
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Term
| Does the follicle mature in the cortex or the medulla? |
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Definition
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Term
| The steps of gametogenesis are the same in both sexes, but the _________ and _________ differ sharply. |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during the formation of primary oocytes (2N) and primary follicles? |
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Definition
- primordial germ cells divide mitotically during gestation
- before birth, each primary oocyte is surrounded by granulosa cells (primordial follicle)
- a small number of these primary oocytes mature and release ova. The rest of them regenerate
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Term
| When do females stop producing oocytes? |
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Definition
| no new ones are produced after birth |
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Term
| For the primary oocytes that don't mature and release ova, what is the process of regeneration called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during the formation of secondary oocytes? |
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Definition
- just before ovulation, primary oocytes undergo meiotic division
- ovum-to-be-daughter cell is haploid (1N) and contains most of the cytosolic contents
- the nutrient poor polar body degenerates
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Term
| What happens during formation of the mature ovum? |
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Definition
| the second meiotic division completes after fertilization |
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Term
| What happens to the cytosolic contents of the first polar body? |
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Definition
| they are give to the secondary oocytes so it can become a mature ovum |
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Term
| How many haploid daughter cells are there in spermatogenesis? |
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Definition
| 4 which become spermatozoa |
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Term
| How many haploid daughter cells are produced in oogenesis? |
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Definition
| 4, but three of them degenerate |
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Term
| The ovarian cycle of mammals consists of alternating _________ and _________ phases. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the follicular phase? |
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Definition
| the phase dominated by the presence of maturing follicles |
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Term
| What is the luteal phase? |
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Definition
| a phase in which there is a presence of a corpus luteum |
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Term
| How much of the ovarian cycle in mammals consists of the follicular phase? Luteal phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What five processes occur during the follicular phase? |
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Definition
- proliferation of granulosa cells and formation of the zona pellucida
- proliferation of thecal cells: estrogen secretion
- formation of the antrum
- formation of mature follicle
- ovulation
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Term
| What is the zona pellucida? How is it formed? |
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Definition
| proliferating granulosa cells secrete a thick, gel like material that covers and separates the oocyte from granulosa cells |
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Term
| What is another name for thecal cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| During the follicular phase, what types of cells secrete estrogen? |
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Definition
| granulosa and thecal cells |
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Term
| What happens when the antrum is forming during the follicular phase? |
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Definition
- hormonal secretion converts the primary follicle into a secondary follicle
- in the middle of granulosa cells, the fluid filled antrum forms
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Term
| In what animals does mature follicle formation occur? |
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Definition
| human, cows, deer, and horses |
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Term
| What are the two main processes that occur during the luteal phase? |
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Definition
- formation of the corpus luteum
- degeneration or survival of the corpus luteum
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Term
| What happens during formation fo the corpus luteum during the luteal phase? |
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Definition
- follicular cells are transformed into the corpus luteum (luteinization)
- become very active steroidogenic-producing cells and produce estrogen and progesterone
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Term
| What happens during the luteal phase of the ovum is not fertilized? |
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Definition
- the corpus luteum is lysed by PGF2 alpha from the endometrium
- it then degenerates and becomes a fibrous tissue mass and a new cycle starts
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Term
| What happens during the lutel phase if the ovum is fertilized? |
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Definition
| the corpus luteum continues to grow and produce progesterone |
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Term
| What is unique in humans, mares, and sheep during the luteal phase when the ovum is fertilized? |
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Definition
- the placenta takes over and produces progesterone
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Term
| What is unique in pigs, cow, goats, and rats during the luteal phase when the ovum is fertilized? |
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Definition
| the CL produces progesterone throughout gestation |
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Term
| The mammalian estrous cycle is regulated by complex hormonal interactions among the __________, ___________, and ________. |
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Definition
| hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, ovarian endocrine units |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| it begins with regression of the CL and ends with onset of estrus |
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Term
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Definition
| the time of sexual receptivity and ends with ovulation |
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Term
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Definition
| the early postovulatory phase ; development of the CL |
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Term
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Definition
| when there is a functioning CL |
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Term
| What are the three main functions of the ovary? |
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Definition
- produces estrogen from theca and granulosa cells in the follicle
- produce progesterone from the corpus luteum
- produces ova (1N) from oocyte (2N)
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Term
| What three things can lead to an animal not having a full pregnancy after being bred? |
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Definition
- fertilization failure
- early embryonic death
- abortion
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Term
| What is the corpus luteum composed of? |
|
Definition
| solid tissue which is composed of luteal cells that originate from the granulosa and thecal cells of the Graafian follicle |
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Term
| What is the function of progesterone? |
|
Definition
- it inhibits parturition and estrus
- blocks myometrial contractions
- stimulates endometrial secretion of nutrients
- stimulates production of a prostaglandin to lyse the CL if no embryo is present
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Term
| How does progesterone inhibit parturition and estrus? |
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Definition
- by control of LH: to prevent a surge of LH and ovulation
- to control PGF2 alpha: to keep it low until lysis of the CL
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What is the outer layer of the uterine wall? What is another name? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the middle layer of the uterine wall? What is another name? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the inner layer of the uterine wall? What is another name for it? |
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Definition
| endometrium (mucosa and submucosa) |
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Term
| What are some of the functions of the uterus? |
|
Definition
- transport of sperm
- luteolysis and control of cyclicity
- uterine secretions
- provides environment for preattachment of embryo
- maternal contributions to the placenta
- expels fetus during parturition
- uterine involution following preganancy
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Term
How does the uterus help transport the sperm? Why?
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|
Definition
via myometrial contractions because the sperm do not swim on their own
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Term
| What is the function of uterine secretions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during uterine involutions following pregnancy? |
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Definition
| the uterus shrinks to its normal size and it produces prostaglnadins to regress the CL |
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Term
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Definition
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