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| War and peace in global context (The World Wars, colonial soldiers in the First World War, the Holocaust, the Cold War, nuclear weaponry, international organizations and their impact on the global framework, globalization of diplomacy and conflict; global balance of power; reduction of European influence; the League of Nations, the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Nations) |
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| New patterns of nationalism (the interwar years; decolonization; racism, genocide; new nationalisms, including the breakup of the Soviet Union) |
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| Impact of major global economic developments (the Great Depression in Latin America; technology; Pacific Rim; multinational corporations) |
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| Social reform and social revolution (changing gender roles; family structures; rise of feminism; peasant protest; international Marxism; religious fundamentalism) |
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Globalization of science, technology, and culture
1. Developments in global cultures and regional reactions, including science and consumer culture
2. Interactions between elite and popular culture and art
3. Patterns of resistance including religious responses |
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| Demographic and environmental changes (migrations; changes in birthrates and death rates; new forms of urbanization; deforestation; green/environmental movements, rural to urban shifts) |
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| Alliance composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Japan |
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| Alliance composed of Britain, France and Russia |
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| Assassinated by the Black Hand organization. His death caused the start of the Great War. |
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| One of the acts of the League of Nations that created several territories in the Middle East of the old Ottoman Empire. The territories were placed under the Allied powers as protectorates. |
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| this flu epidemic killed of an estimated 20 to 100 million people and resulted, alongside with WWI, a drop in population count in the world. |
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| Leader of the Russian Revolution, established the Bolsheviks and the first leader of the Soviet Union. |
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| New Economic Policy (NEP) |
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| Economic policy by Lenin that allowed some capitalist ventures and private property. This policy replaced the "war communism" where the state took all surplus crops. This NEP allowed agricultural surplus to be sold for profit. |
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| f or relating to a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state |
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| Government that raises nationalism above the individual and usually is violent in crushing the opposition. |
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| General Secretory of the Communist Party till his death. Forced the Soviet Union to go into a period of mass industrialization, a period of purges, and defeat the Nazis. |
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| German leader that led Germany into WWII and hated Jews and Marxists. |
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| German tactic of using mechanical warfare such as tanks, airplanes and trucks, to swiftly infiltrate and destroy enemy supply and communication lines. This was put to great use during the Polish and French campaign |
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| First large-scale victory by Russian troops against the Germans |
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| June 6th 1944 Allies land on Normandy beach where they attempted to liberate mainland Europe from the Nazis. The Allies succeeded. |
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| International organization created after WWII to establish peace and cooperation among nations. UN was established with certain powers to eliminate the weaknesses of the past League of Nations. |
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| Process during Nikita Khrushchev in which he ended the rule of terror and the partially liberalized the Soviet society. One of the goals was also to deflate Stalin's reputation. This period brought a thaw to the Cold War. |
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| A state where the government provides welfare for its citizens such as Social Security and health care. |
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| The desire of Africans to revive Africa's great traditions and cultures. |
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| a prominent Pan-Africanist and the leader of Ghana when Ghana gained independence. |
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| Provided Indian much more autonomy, and allowed direct elections in colonial India. |
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| Leader of the Indian Independence movement. Believed in non-violent resistance. |
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| Political party that was the driving force behind the formation of Pakistan as an nation. |
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| Identify the short-term and long-term causes of World War I |
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| Caused massive decline of European population due to the Western Front. Destroyed massive amounts of agricultural land, which prompted the coming of the Great Depression. Weakened the position of Europeans in the eyes of the world due to such failures as the Battle of Gallipoli where New Zelanders, Australians, Indians and Egyptians fought for the British. Also due to the pressures from the war, the long-lasting Ottomans finally fell and was split by the mandate system. More influence came out in the form of a Communist Russia, unequal treaties which caused unrest in such country as China and the formation of a international security organization (League of Nation). |
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Explain the nature of warfare during World War I, i.e., western and eastern fronts, global war,
total war, technology, home front |
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# Western Front - Trench Warfare, non-mobile, war of attrition, stalemate. The prominence of new technologies such as machine guns (used first in the American Civil War), tanks (invented by the British) and poison gas (a German invention) showed the creativity needed to win. The Allies ultimately won due to American intervention.
# Eastern Front - More fluid, German/Austrian-Hungarian and Russian were very active in large attacks and counter-attacks. Large casualties of the Russians made the czar extremely unpopular. |
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Explain the nature of warfare during World War I, i.e., western and eastern fronts, global war,
total war, technology, home front (cont.) |
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# Global War - The Battle of Gallipoli, where British subjects help fight the battle showed some of the extensiveness of the global war. The reasons for this is that the amount of men in Europe was far too less, and thus, the Europeans needed colonial population to help fight. Another example of global war in the entry of Japan.
# Total War - WWI is the war that established the new rules of combat where civilians are targets are warfare too due to the war effort put into the war by civilians. |
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Explain the nature of warfare during World War I, i.e., western and eastern fronts, global war,
total war, technology, home front (cont.) |
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# Technology - Machine Guns, Tanks, Poison gas, trench warfare, airplanes, dirigibles.
# Home front - The home front of WWI included rationing, government controlled business, conscription and the expansion of women in the workplace. |
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| What events facilitated the end of World War I? What were the major provisions of the Treaty of Versailles? |
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| The main event which helped end WWI is the entry of the United States, due to the fact that the Central Powers were all weakened by years of war. |
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| The provisions of the Treaty of Versailles included: |
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1. Germany was to accept all guilt and responsibility of the war
2. Demanded a reduction in the military potential of the former Central Powers
3. The losing states must pay money to help rebuild |
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| What were the causes and effects of the Great Depression? |
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| The causes of the Great Depression is mainly due to the fact that the rebuilding of Europe was dependent on a debt system, meaning that if a payee/bank were to fail, a domino effect would occur, causing the whole system to fall. Details of the causes include: increase in industrialization caused drops in prices, overproduction of agriculture and the crash of 1929. The effects of the Great Depression includes new economic policies of John Keynes (government intervention), economic nationalism, rise of communism and fascism. |
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| What were the causes of World War II? |
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| The Great Depression caused countries such as Italy and Germany to elect extremist governments. This is turn caused aggression by those countries, which Britain and France could have stopped, but chose appeasement instead of standing up. |
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| How was World War II different from World War I? What advantages facilitated the Allied victory in World War II? |
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Differences: Blitzkrieg, large air battles, civilians bombings at an even more massive scale, the side of Japan.
Allied powers contained much more industrial capacity due to the US and the Soviets movement of industry to the Ural mountains. The Nazis were ultimately destroyed by the Russians, while the Pacific part of the war was ended by the atomic bomb. |
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| What major actions were taken by the Allied powers after World War II? |
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| Yalta Conference (February 1945) - Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt - The entrance of the Russians against the Japanese, agreed to collaborate on the establishment of United Nations, war criminals were to be tried in an international court, how to deal with liberated countries. |
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| What major actions were taken by the Allied powers after World War II? (cont.) |
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Postdam Conference (July - August 1945) - Allied control of Germany, occupation of Austria and demarcation of the boundaries of Poland.
The creation of communist governments in the conquered parts of Eastern Europe by the Soviet Union. |
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| The Cold War was a period of tension, conflict and competition between the two superpowers of the time: US and USSR. |
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| How was the Cold War a global conflict? |
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| The Cold War was "fought" in all parts of the world, including Korea, Vietnam, Germany, Cuba, and outer space. |
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Analyze the movements/events that facilitated the decolonization of Africa and Asia. Study
the snapshot map for the decolonization of Ghana, Kenya, South Africa, Egypt, India, and
Palestine. |
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# Ghana - Achieved freedom from British rule in 1957 under the leadership of Kwame Nkrumah.
# Kenya - British colony whose independence movement turned violent when whites and Kikuyu (an ethnic group) started clashing. |
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Analyze the movements/events that facilitated the decolonization of Africa and Asia. Study
the snapshot map for the decolonization of Ghana, Kenya, South Africa, Egypt, India, and
Palestine. |
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| South Africa - After gaining independence, the Afrikaner National Party created Apartheid (separateness) and the resulting movements that occurred is led by Nelson Mandela. |
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Problem—Stikes, food riots, wartime failures, early industrial problems, unresponsive political
system
Liberal Action—Kerensky’s government created a Parliament, religious freedom and political
and legal changes
—small middle class in order for a revolution to be
successful you need a strong middle class
+ war drags on, economic problems, no land reform for peasants |
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Conservative Reaction—October Revolution/Bolshevik Revolution led by Lenin
Gets them out of WWI, puts down free elections, foreign hostility, has to fight civil war
against tsarist loyals, religious, minorities, but does land reform and nationalized
industries. Lenin’s economic plan was call the NEP—New Economic Plan that combined capitalist and communist elements. It did get food production up. Created a federalism system of soviet republics. |
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| Disillusioned with Communism |
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½ of all rivers polluted, ecological disaster
Disease and infant mortality up
Gorbachev tries to incorporate Western reform without modeling the West
Baltics and Eastern Europe break away; Berlin Wall falls in 1989 |
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Switch from the ideological version of communism to one more focused on nationalism
Communist revolution did not spread throughout the world
Encouraged the family unit
Education and propaganda
Authoritarian government
Economic policy—Collectivization kicked kulaks off their land & 5 Year Plans of quotas put on
industry that created a great deal of waste |
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| Superpower Status of Russia |
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Definition
Turns communist—North Korea, China, Vietnam, Cuba
Limited media and travel
War on the Orthodox Church, etc
Ceremonies that instilled nationalism
Classical arts: Architecture, music and ballet (the West was too crazy & materialistic)
Some artists go underground |
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| Superpower Status of Russia (cont.) |
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People move to the cities
Focus on nuclear family and the unit became smaller, because women had jobs and home
Class distinctions—professionals and party leaders and the rest poor |
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| Germany's plan for a swift knockout of France through Belgium, while the rest of the army goes to the east to defend against advancing Russians. This plan was put to use during WWI but due to supply issues, the attack never worked. The result is the trench warfare of the Western Front. |
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| Germany's plan for a swift knockout of France through Belgium, while the rest of the army goes to the east to defend against advancing Russians. This plan was put to use during WWI but due to supply issues, the attack never worked. The result is the trench warfare of the Western Front. |
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