Term
| What are the three physiological classifications of reproductive processes? |
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Definition
- ovipary
- ovovivipary
- vivipary
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Term
| What is an ovipary? Give examples. |
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Definition
- animals that lay eggs with little to no other embryonic development within the mother
- Examples: most fish, amphibians, reptiles, all birds, the monotremes, and most insects and arachnids
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Term
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Definition
| an animal that develops within an egg that remains within the mother's body up until they hatch or are about to hatch |
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Term
| How is an ovovivipary similar to a vivipary? |
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Definition
| it is similar in that the embryo develops within the mother's body |
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Term
| How is an ovovivipary different from a vivipary? Explain. |
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Definition
| unlike embryos of viviparous species, ovovivaparous embryos are nourished by the egg yolk rather than the mother's body. However, the mother's body does provide gas exchange. |
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Term
| Give examples of ovoviviparous animals? |
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Definition
| many aquatic life forms such as fish and some sharks, reptiles, and invertebrates. |
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Term
| In some cases, how are ovoviviparous animals born? |
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Definition
| they are sometimes born as larvae, and undergo metamorphosis outside of the body of the mother |
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Term
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Definition
| the embryo develops inside the body of the mother, as opposed to the ouside in an egg (ovipary). The mother than gives live birth |
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Term
| Why did seasonal anestrus evolve? |
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Definition
| it evolved as a means of preventing females form concieving during periods of the year when survival of the offspring was unlikely |
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Term
| When do most seasonal breeders give birth? Why? |
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Definition
| in the spring because nutritional and environemntal conditions are ideal for lactation and growth of the offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of time during the day is the most important factor for onset of the breeding season |
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Term
| What other factors play into seasonal breeding? |
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Definition
| temparature, presence of a male, and availability of a particular food source |
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Term
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Definition
| the male reproductive gland |
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Term
| What do the testis produce? |
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Definition
| sperm and male reproductive hormones |
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Term
| What are the testis under the control of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the female reproductive gland |
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Term
| What do the ovaries produce? |
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Definition
| ovum (egg) and female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone |
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Term
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Definition
| a vascular structure that supplies the fetus with nutrients in exchange for waste products generated by the fetus |
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Term
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Definition
| the product of fertilization from the time of first cell division until birth, hatching, or germination |
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Term
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Definition
| after establishment of organs until birth |
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Term
| Where do chemical types of hormones in reproduction mostly come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two major peptide reproductive hormones? |
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Definition
| gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and oxytocin |
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Term
| How many amino acids make up GnRH? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many amino acids make up oxytocin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two major protein reproductive hormones? |
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Definition
| prolactin and adronocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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Term
| How many amino acids makes up prolactin? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a protein hormone with carbohydrate molecules |
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Term
| Hormones bind to __________ and stimulate ____________. |
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Definition
| receptors, specific cellular responses |
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Term
| Where are the receptors for protein and peptide hormones located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the receptors for steroid hormones located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the recptors located for prostaglandin hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for GnRH? |
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Definition
| leutinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) |
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Term
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Definition
| a tropic peptide hormone responsible for the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary |
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Term
| Where is GnRH synthesized and released from? |
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Definition
| from neurons within the hypothalamus |
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Term
| Where is FSH synthesized and secreted from? |
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Definition
| gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland |
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Term
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Definition
| the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the body |
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Term
| FSH and LH act _________ in reproduction. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does FSH do in the female? |
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Definition
| it stimulates the growth of immature Graafian follicles to maturation. |
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Term
| What are Graafian follicles? |
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Definition
| mature follicles; primary follicles mature into Graafian follicles |
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Term
| What does FSH do in the male? |
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Definition
| it enhances the production of androgen-binding protein by the sertoli cells of the testes, and is critical for spermatogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does LH do in females? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does LH do in the male? |
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Definition
| it stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The reproductive system of vertebrates includes the __________, ______________, and __________. |
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Definition
| hypothalamus, gonads, reproductive tract |
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Term
| What are the functions of the gonads? |
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Definition
- producing gametes (gametogenesis)
- secreting sex hormones
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Term
| What are the male reproductive functions? |
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Definition
production of sperm (spermatogenesis)
delivery of sperm to the female |
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Term
| What are the female reproductive functions? |
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Definition
- production of ova (oogenesis) and ovulation
- receptions of sperm
- transportation of ovum and sperm for a common site of union (fertilization)
- giving birth to the young (parturition)
- nourishing the offspring (lactation)
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the hormonal process that occurs in the male. |
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Definition
- the hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin releasing hormone
- this stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete LH and FSH
- FSH causes sertoli cells to produce sperm and LH causes Leydig cells to produce testosterone which causes more production of sperm
- the production of testosterone (along with the production of inhibin from sertoli cells) then inhibits the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus
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Term
| Explain the hormonal process that occurs in females. |
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Definition
- the hypothalamus secretes GnRH which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH
- LH and FSH lead to a mature follicle which is ovulated and produces high levels of estrogen
- inhibin is also released from the mature follicle which inhibits the anterior pituitary
- the high levels of estrogen inhibit the anterior pituitary along with the hypothalamus
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Gametogenesis is accomplished through _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the sex of an individual determined by? |
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Definition
| the combination of sex chromosomes |
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Term
| What is sex differentiation in mammals dependent on? |
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Definition
| it depends on the presence or absence of masculinizing determinants during critical period of embryonic development |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the SRY located? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| it is a region of the Y chromosome that stimulates production of H-Y antigen |
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Term
| What does H-Y antigen do? |
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Definition
| it directs differentiation of gonads into testis |
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Term
| What happens when SRY (and H-Y antigen) is lacking? |
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Definition
| it causes the gonads to differentiate into ovaries, producing a female |
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Term
| If SRY and H-Y antigen are present and testes are formed, what then happens? |
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Definition
- the testes secrete testosterone and Mullerian inhibiting factor
- testosterone promotes the development of male external genitalia and it transforms the Wolffian ducts into a male reproductive tract
- Mullerian inhibiting factor leads to the degeneration of the Mullerian ducts
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Term
| If SRY and H-Y antigen are not present and ovaries are formed, what happens then? |
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Definition
- no testosterone or Mullerian-inhibiting factor are secreted
- the absence of the Mullerian inhibiting factor causes the Mullerian ducts to develop into a female reproductive tract
- the absence of testosterone causes the degeneration of the Wolffian ducts along with female external genitalia to develop
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Prostaglnadins are produced by ________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Prostaglandins and related compounds are __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some eicosinoids? |
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Definition
- prostaglandins
- prostacyclins
- thromboxanes
- leukotrienes
- epoxyeicosatrienoic acids
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Term
| Most prostaglnadins are produced from __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is arachidonic acid? |
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Definition
| a 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid |
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Term
| What do prostaglandins affect? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are prostaglnadins degraded? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of signaling do prostaglnadins induce? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three main prostaglandins? |
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Definition
| PGI2, PGE2, and PGF2 alpha |
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Term
| What is the main prostaglandin that is involved in reproduction? What does it do? |
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Definition
| PGF2 alpha; it causes uterus contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| ubiquitous, locally acting chemical messengers |
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Term
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Definition
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