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17. Reproduction- Endocrinology
N/A
76
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/13/2012

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Term
What are the three physiological classifications of reproductive processes?
Definition
  • ovipary
  • ovovivipary 
  • vivipary
Term
What is an ovipary? Give examples.
Definition
  • animals that lay eggs with little to no other embryonic development within the mother 
  • Examples: most fish, amphibians, reptiles, all birds, the monotremes, and most insects and arachnids
Term
What is an ovovivipary?
Definition
an animal that develops within an egg that remains within the mother's body up until they hatch or are about to hatch
Term
How is an ovovivipary similar to a vivipary?
Definition
it is similar in that the embryo develops within the mother's body
Term
How is an ovovivipary different from a vivipary? Explain.
Definition
unlike embryos of viviparous species, ovovivaparous embryos are nourished by the egg yolk rather than the mother's body. However, the mother's body does provide gas exchange.
Term
Give examples of ovoviviparous animals?
Definition
many aquatic life forms such as fish and some sharks, reptiles, and invertebrates. 
Term
In some cases, how are ovoviviparous animals born?
Definition
they are sometimes born as larvae, and undergo metamorphosis outside of the body of the mother
Term
What is a vivipary?
Definition
the embryo develops inside the body of the mother, as opposed to the ouside in an egg (ovipary). The mother than gives live birth
Term
Why did seasonal anestrus evolve?
Definition
it evolved as a means of preventing females form concieving during periods of the year when survival of the offspring was unlikely
Term
When do most seasonal breeders give birth? Why?
Definition
in the spring because nutritional and environemntal conditions are ideal for lactation and growth of the offspring
Term
What is photoperiod?
Definition
the amount of time during the day is the most important factor for onset of the breeding season
Term
What other factors play into seasonal breeding?
Definition
temparature, presence of a male, and availability of a particular food source
Term
What are testis?
Definition
the male reproductive gland 
Term
What do the testis produce?
Definition
sperm and male reproductive hormones
Term
What are the testis under the control of?
Definition
LH and FSH
Term
What is an ovary?
Definition
the female reproductive gland
Term
What do the ovaries produce?
Definition
ovum (egg) and female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone
Term
What is a placenta?
Definition
a vascular structure that supplies the fetus with nutrients  in exchange for waste products generated by the fetus
Term
What is an embryo?
Definition
the product of fertilization from the time of first cell division until birth, hatching, or germination
Term
What is a fetus?
Definition
after establishment of organs until birth
Term
Where do chemical types of hormones in reproduction mostly come from?
Definition
the hypothalamus
Term
What are the two major peptide reproductive hormones?
Definition
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and oxytocin
Term
How many amino acids make up GnRH?
Definition
10
Term
How many amino acids make up oxytocin?
Definition
8
Term
What are the two major protein reproductive hormones?
Definition
prolactin and adronocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Term
How many amino acids makes up prolactin?
Definition
198
Term
What is a glycoprotein?
Definition
a protein hormone with carbohydrate molecules
Term
Hormones bind to __________ and stimulate ____________.
Definition
receptors, specific cellular responses 
Term
Where are the receptors for protein and peptide hormones located?
Definition
the plasma membrane
Term
Where are the receptors for steroid hormones located?
Definition
in the nucleus
Term
Where are the recptors located for prostaglandin hormones?
Definition
in the plasma membrane
Term
What is another name for GnRH?
Definition
leutinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH)
Term
What is GnRH?
Definition
a tropic peptide hormone responsible for the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary 
Term
Where is GnRH synthesized and released from?
Definition
from neurons within the hypothalamus
Term
Where is FSH synthesized and secreted from?
Definition
gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland
Term
What does FSH regulate?
Definition
the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the body
Term
FSH and LH act _________ in reproduction.
Definition
synergistically
Term
What does FSH do in the female?
Definition
it stimulates the growth of immature Graafian follicles to maturation. 
Term
What are Graafian follicles?
Definition
mature follicles; primary follicles mature into Graafian follicles
Term
What does FSH do in the male?
Definition
it enhances the production of androgen-binding protein by the sertoli cells of the testes, and is critical for spermatogenesis
Term
Where is LH produced?
Definition
the anterior pituitary
Term
What does LH do in females?
Definition
it induces ovulation
Term
What does LH do in the male?
Definition
it stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone 
Term
10-14
Definition
Term
The reproductive system of vertebrates includes the __________, ______________, and __________. 
Definition
hypothalamus, gonads, reproductive tract
Term
What are the functions of the gonads?
Definition
  • producing gametes (gametogenesis) 
  • secreting sex hormones 
Term
What are the male reproductive functions?
Definition

production of sperm (spermatogenesis)

delivery of sperm to the female

Term
What are the female reproductive functions?
Definition
  • production of ova (oogenesis) and ovulation
  • receptions of sperm
  • transportation of ovum and sperm for a common site of union (fertilization)
  • giving birth to the young (parturition)
  • nourishing the offspring (lactation)
Term
17
Definition
Term
Explain the hormonal process that occurs in the male.
Definition
  • the hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin releasing hormone
  • this stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete LH and FSH
  • FSH causes sertoli cells to produce sperm and LH causes Leydig cells to produce testosterone which causes more production of sperm
  • the production of testosterone (along with the production of inhibin from sertoli cells) then inhibits the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus
Term
Explain the hormonal process that occurs in females.
Definition
  • the hypothalamus secretes GnRH which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH 
  • LH and FSH lead to a mature follicle which is ovulated and produces high levels of estrogen
  • inhibin is also released from the mature follicle which inhibits the anterior pituitary
  • the high levels of estrogen inhibit the anterior pituitary along with the hypothalamus
Term
20
Definition
Term
Gametogenesis is accomplished through _________.
Definition
meiosis
Term
What is the sex of an individual determined by?
Definition
the combination of sex chromosomes
Term
What is sex differentiation in mammals dependent on?
Definition
it depends on the presence or absence of masculinizing determinants during critical period of embryonic development
Term
What does SRY stand for?
Definition
sex determining region
Term
Where is the SRY located?
Definition
on the Y chromosome
Term
What is the SRY?
Definition
it is a region of the Y chromosome that stimulates production of H-Y antigen
Term
What does H-Y antigen do?
Definition
it directs differentiation of gonads into testis 
Term
What happens when SRY (and H-Y antigen) is lacking?
Definition
it causes the gonads to differentiate into ovaries, producing a female
Term
If SRY and H-Y antigen are present and testes are formed, what then happens?
Definition
  • the testes secrete testosterone and Mullerian inhibiting factor 
  • testosterone promotes the development of male external genitalia and it transforms the Wolffian ducts into a male reproductive tract
  • Mullerian inhibiting factor leads to the degeneration of the Mullerian ducts
Term
If SRY and H-Y antigen are not present and ovaries are formed, what happens then?
Definition
  • no testosterone or Mullerian-inhibiting factor are secreted 
  • the absence of the Mullerian inhibiting factor causes the Mullerian ducts to develop into a female reproductive tract
  • the absence of testosterone causes the degeneration of the Wolffian ducts along with female external genitalia to develop
Term
24
Definition
Term
Prostaglnadins are produced by ________________.
Definition
all body tissues 
Term
Prostaglandins and related compounds are __________.
Definition
eicosanoids 
Term
What are some eicosinoids?
Definition
  • prostaglandins
  • prostacyclins
  • thromboxanes
  • leukotrienes 
  • epoxyeicosatrienoic acids
Term
Most prostaglnadins are produced from __________.
Definition
arachidonic acid
Term
What is arachidonic acid?
Definition
a 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid
Term
What do prostaglandins affect?
Definition
"local" tissues
Term
Where are prostaglnadins degraded?
Definition
the lungs 
Term
What type of signaling do prostaglnadins induce?
Definition
intracellular signaling
Term
What are the three main prostaglandins?
Definition
PGI2, PGE2, and PGF2 alpha
Term
What is the main prostaglandin that is involved in reproduction? What does it do?
Definition
PGF2 alpha; it causes uterus contractions
Term
What are prostaglandins?
Definition
ubiquitous, locally acting chemical messengers
Term
28
Definition
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