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| Most popular branch of Buddhism in China, with an emphasis on intuition and sudden flashes of insight instead of textual study. |
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| The "way of the warrior," the code of conduct of the Japanese samurai that was based on loyalty and honor. |
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| Key element in Chinese philosophy that means the "way of nature" or the "way of the cosmos." |
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| Hindu concept of obedience to religious and moral laws and order. |
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| Chinese city located on silk road that transmitted Mahayana Buddhism to China. |
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| Chinese system during the Han dynasty in which the goal was to ensure an equitable distribution of land. |
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| Project that integrated the economies of northern and southern China. |
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| Japanese period (710-794), centered around city of Nara, that was the highest point of Chinese influence. |
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| Philosophy that attempted to merge certain basic elements of Confucian and Buddhist thought; most important of the early Neo-Confucianists was the Chinese thinker Zhu Xi (1130-1200). |
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| Buddhist concept of a state of spiritual perfection and enlightenment in which distracting passions are eliminated. |
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| A Japanese warrior who lived by the code of bushido. |
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| Indigenous Japanese religion that emphasizes purity, clan loyalty, and the divinity of the emperor. |
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| Japanese military leader who ruled in place of the emperor. |
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| Chinese dynasty (960-1279) that was marked by an increasingly urbanized and cosmopolitan society. |
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| Dynasty (589-618) that constructed Grand Canal, reunified China, and allowed for the splendor of the Tang dynasty that followed. |
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| Seventh-century Chinese monk who made a famous trip to India to collect Buddhist texts. |
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| Concept relating to the mixing of political and religious authority, as with the Roman emperors, that was central to the church versus state controversy in medieval Europe. |
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| Body of the Civil Law, the Byzantine emperor Justinian's attempt to codify all Roman law. |
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| Meeting of the Byzantine church (325 C.E.) at which Arianism was declared heresy. |
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| Eastern Orthodox Christianity |
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| Eastern branch of Christianity that evolved following the division of the Roman Empire and the subsequent development of the Byzantine Empire in the east and the medieval European society in the west. The church recognized the primacy of the patriarch of Constantinople. |
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| Flammable substance used by Byzantine empire to repel Muslim attacks. |
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| Greek orthodox temple constructed by the Byzantine emperor Justinian and later converted into a mosque. |
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| Leader of the Greek Orthodox church, which in 1054 officially split with the Pope and the Roman Catholic church. |
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| Turkish tribe that gained control over the Abbasid empire and fought with the Byzantine empire. |
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| Later powerful Persian dynasty (224-651) that would reach its peak under Shapur I and later fall to Arabic expansion. |
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| Byzantine province under the control of generals. |
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| Concept that a new power would rise up to carry the legacy of Roman greatness after the decline of the Second Rome, Constantinople; Moscow was referred to as the Third Rome during the fifteenth century. |
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