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14. Muscle Mechanics and Control
muscle mechanic
53
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/05/2013

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Term
Structure of a skeletal muscle
Definition
endomysium- each muscle FIBER surrounded by thin layer of connective tissue

perimysium- fascicle; group of muscle fibers/muscle cells

epimysium- most outer CT part...forms over coat of muscle and separates neighboring muscles...also continues past fleshy part of muscle to help form attachment to the bone
Term
Random shit she says that's probably not going to be tested but I'm writing anyways
Definition
All connective tissue layers are connected with e/o and attachment site of muscle' therefore when muscle contracts pull on CT layer which transmits force to bone to be moved
Term
Neurovascular bundle
Definition
contains the blood vessels and the nerves to a muscle
Term
what is important to contracting muscles

what is the role of the vein?

what is innervation?
Definition
blood supply

-need continuous delivery of oxygen and nutrients which is provided by arterial supply by the muscle
-veins remove waste product produced by muscle
- each muscle has specific blood supply
-nerve supply is important for activity of muscle
-innervation- nerve supplies each muscle; normally muscle supplied by 1 nerve, same nerve may supply several muscles
Term
muscle attachments
Definition
for muscle to work must be attached to bones

-tendons
-aponeurosis
-fleshy attachments
- dermal attachments
Term
groups of muscle fibers covered by endomysium bound together to form fasicles;connected to CT perimysium; which is held by epimysium covers entire muscle
Definition
Term
Tendon
Definition
extension of CT SHEATHS FORMING A CORD LIKE ATTACHMENT to a BONE

attaches to outer cover of bone (PERIOSTEUM)
-site of tendon marked by TUBERCLE :)
Term
aponeurosis
Definition
-broad sheet of CT to attach muscle
- forms ridge like or line on skeletal structure
-may attach to deep surface of skin/dermis
- palmar aponeurosis
Term
fleshy attachment
Definition
muscle fibers continue almost to the bone, very little connective tissue

skeleton is smooth because forces are widely distributed along attachment site, rather than on one particular location
Term
dermal attachment (where is it found)
Definition
attachment move skin
muscle fibers attach to the CT of the dermis of the skin
-muscles of facial expression
Term
parallel fibers
Definition
long strap muscles, uniform width and parallel fascicle; small cross section; can spread over long distances and shorten more than others; since cross section is small it is weaker
Term
pennate
Definition
feather shape fascicles insert OBLIQUELy on tendon that runs length of muscle
-unipennate- all fascicles attach to one side
-bipennate- 2 sides
-multipennate- feathers converge at single point greater strength of contraction
Term
convergent muscle fibers
Definition
broad origin and narrow insertion; muscles are strong all fasiclces exert tension on small insertion site
Term
circular muscle fiber
Definition
form rings around body opening; orbicular oris closes eye
Term
fusiform
Definition
thick in middle and taper on end; contraction is moderately strong
Term
what gives muscle strength
Definition
cross sectional area
more muscle fibers
Term
what happens to longer and parallel fibers
Definition
easily shorten and usually not powerful because have small cross section
Term
origin
Definition
proximal attachment usually less moveable attachment

tendons are longer and attach to proximal bone of a joint
Term
insertion
Definition
distal attachment usually the more freely moveable attachment

tendons are shorter
Term
muscles must cross what in order to cause an action
Definition
joint
Term
depending on the axis of the joint crossed or the side of the joint that the muscle crosses the movement is determined
Definition
Term
movement in the frontal plane
Definition
adduct/abduct
axis= anterior to posterior; sagittal plane
Term
movement in sagittal plane
Definition
flex/extension

axis= medial to lateral; transverse plane
Term
movement in transverse plane
Definition
rotation

axis is superior to inferior; frontal
Term
Lever
Definition
elongated rigid object that rotates around a fixed point

bone
Term
fulcrum/axis/pivot points
Definition
fixed point around which the levers will rotate (axis)


joints, diarthrodial
Term
force/effort
Definition
effort applied at one end of the lever to overcome a weight or load

muscle
Term
load
Definition
the weight or resistance at some point of the lever that will be overcome by the force

gravity or other externally applied resistance (weights)
Term
what happens a weight in hand
Definition
increase resistance and force
Term
Classes of levers
what's in da middle?!
Definition
1st- fulcrum in the middle
2nd- load in the middle
3rd effort in the middle (most common)

(FLE)
Term
example of first class lever
Definition
atlanto occipital joint

occipital condyles and atlas is the fulcrum

posterior neck muscles is force/effort
Term
example 2nd class lever
Definition
fulcrum- metatarsal phalangeal joint
ankle= load

achilles tendon= effort
Term
3rd class lever
Definition
effort applied between fulcrum and load

muscle attache to forearm DISTAL to the fulcrum/elbow joint
as effort contracts it moves load

effor in the middle
Term
what are third class levers designed to do
Definition
increase speed and ROM of the distal end of the lever

achieve our objective to move through space
Term
what are the names of the functional groups of skeletal muscles
Definition
prime mover or agonist
antatgonist
synergist
fixators or stabilizer
Term
prime mover or agonist
Definition
most effective in causing the movement
Term
antagonist
Definition
opposite of the agonist, reverse movement
Term
synergist
Definition
helps prime mover and reduces undesirable movement that may occur one or more muscles

helps prime mover by adding force to same movement and reduces undesirable movement that may occur

flexors of finger and wrist

involved in posture muscles
Term
fixators or stabilizers
Definition
anchors, steadies or supports a bone or body part so that an active muscle has a firm base on which to pull
Term
Rhomboid major and minor action on the scapula
Definition
retract the scapular as agonists or prime movers

antagonists to the serratus anterior muscle which protracts the scapulla

stabilizers of the scapula to allow the levator scapula to extend the neck

synergistc to retraction of the scapula with the middle fibers of the trapezius
Term
Neuromsucular control
Definition
the control of the somatic (body) motor system by the nervous system
Term
pyramidal tract
Definition
descends from brain and ends at alpha motor neurons
Term
brain stem
Definition
has alpha motor cells?
cranial nerves from motor cells in brain stem move muscles of head and neck
Term
spinal cord
Definition
alpha motor cells
spinal nerves from motor cells in spinal cord move muscles of body
Term
primary motor cortex
Definition
in frontal lobe of braine, directs all intentional/volitional movements
Term
alpha motor neurons
Definition
motor neurons located in both the spinal cord and cranial nerve nuclei
Term
efferent information
Definition
sending info out
send message via cranial/spinaol nerves to muscles of head, neck body
Term
motor unit
Definition
an alpha motor neurons and all the muscle fibers it innervates
Term
neuromuscular junction
Definition
motor nerve and motor endplate of muscle...nerve ending and the muscle fiber

connection made called synapse; nerve fiber coming in close contact to membrane of muscle cell itself

where motor nerve makes contact with muscle cell

motor end plate is the folded part of the muscle cell membrane
Term
proprioception
Definition
sensory feedback to the brain from the muscles...the sense of knowing where our body is in space via muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs
Term
muscle spindles
Definition
stretch receptors tell brain state of tension or muscle contraction
abundant in fine control
Term
goglgi tendon organs
Definition
located in tendon of muscles monitor pull/contraction of tendon
Term
afferent information
Definition
messages coming in/sensory

skeletal muscle sends message back via sensory track to brain
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