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| The domestication of plants and animals that led to the development of societies. An example of this is the worms brought over from Europe in the dirt. |
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| James Merrell "The Indians' New World" |
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Believed that 35,000 years before the discovery of America it had enough cultures rivaling each other to rival Europe.
After the discovery, believed that the culture was changed by: annihilated population by disease, exposure to new technologies and ways of using lands.
New world emerged that forever changed history. |
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| D.K. Richter "Facing East from Indian Country" |
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Believed that everything in the Americas changed with contact of the explorers.
Religion, food ways, number of population, etc. was altered because of contact.
Americas were created for the Natives when they encountered the Europeans. |
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Idea that the Spanish new world empire was more oppressive toward the Indians than other European empires.
It was used as a justification for English imperial expansion.
The writings of Bortolomelo De Las Casas portrayed this. |
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Sailed to the Americas and landed in Virginia in 1607.
Declaration inspired an approval of the royal letter recruiting emigrants to sail to the Americas for land.
His actions in organizing the colonies had been pivotal in its success. |
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2/3rds of emigrants were indentured servants who voluntarily surrender their freedom (5-7 yrs. Of freedom) for passage to North America and the promise of land and money end
Could be bought & sold, whipped and unable to marry unless given permission, and if pregnant term of labor would increase. |
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Puritan Separatists who broke completely with the church of England.
Sailed to the Americas on the Mayflower, founding Plymouth Colony on Cape Cod in 1620 |
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| Puritan View on religious freedom |
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Definition
Unified beliefs: "Need to work hard" (work ethic) lead a "saintly life" (Holy Watching)
Shared goals of liberty: following god's law (Through interpretation) and the laws of Winthrop himself. |
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A young minister who arrived in Massachusetts in 1631 and soon began to insist that its congregations withdraw from the Church of England and that the church be separated.
Believed in "Soul Liberty" which required individuals to be allowed to follow their consciences wherever they led. |
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| Rhode Island & Connecticut |
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Definition
1636 The colony of Rhode Island became a beacon of religious freedom. There was no established church, religious qualifications for voting, and no requirements for citizens to attend church.
Only in Rhode Island and Connecticut were governor offices elected at the time.
Both colonies developed a large amount of tobacco. |
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| Policy of Great Britain and other imperial powers of regulating the economies of colonies to benefit the mother country. |
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| The Holy Experiment, Quaker Liberty, Land in Pennsylvania |
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Definition
The combination of the seven years war and Pontiac's rebellion ended the Holy Experiment utilized to maintain peace between colonists and Native Americans.
The Quaker's policy of friendship towards the Native Americans was shattered.
Land in Pennsylvania became the land with the smallest population of Native Americans at the time. |
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| Three different forms of slavery in British colonies |
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Definition
1) Tobacco based plantation slavery in the Chesapeake.
2) Rice-based plantation slavery in South Carolina and Georgia.
3) Nonplantation slavery in New England and the middle colonies. |
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1739 a group of slaves arrived from the Congo and revolted in the town of Stono destroying homes and took the lives of more than two dozen whites and as many as 200 slaves.
It led to a severe tightening of the South Carolina slave code and temporary imposition of a prohibitive tax on imported slaves. |
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| *The Great Awakening (all three sections)* |
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Definition
1) 1730s Dutch reformed clergymen, Theodore Frelinghuysen, and neighbors utilized a very emotional style of preaching, sparked the Great Awakening.
2) The revivals had changed the religious configurations of the colonies.
3) The Awakening itself reflected on existing social tensions, one revival preacher called for equality between black and white. Emotion over reason. |
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The transatlantic flow of goods and people, altered millions of years of evolution.
Plants, animals and cultures that had evolved independently on separate continents had been thrown together.
This also carried germs to the Americas that later devastated its population. |
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| N. Salisbury: "The Indians' old world" |
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Emphasizes on the constant cultural change within the Americas prior to encounter and would have been after.
In comparison to early Jamestown, Americas seemed to be in more control.
Local civilizations would clash with the other before encounter and practiced territorial boundaries with the other. |
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England's war with Ireland lasted into the 17th century was absorbing money and energy that might have been directed to the new world.
In subduing the Irish, instead of killing the people who refused to convert to protestantism, the British barred the Irish from the Americas. |
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| Founded April 26, 1607, named for the king of England. Located in Virginia, and was the first English settlement in the Americas. |
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Became a substitute for gold and England's source of wealth. Its mass production doubled a second time by the 1860s.
Expansion of tobacco called for increased demand for field labor.
It inspired a get-rich-quick attitude and a frenzied scramble for land and labor. |
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Native Americans killed 1/4 of colony along with buildings, cattle, and crops.
Almost completely destroyed by Native Americans
Definitive decision towards British and Native American relationships |
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50-100 families settle in each town, establishing close knit communities which tended to revolve around a church placed in the center of a community.
Free men and women (mostly artisans and farmers) which allowed for these towns to easily create English society.
Death rate was low and natives were not a problem. |
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| 1662 tried to address this problem by allowing for the baptism and a kind of subordinate, or "half-way," membership for grandchildren of those who emigrated during the Great Migration. |
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Believed salvation was god's direct gift to the elect and could not be earned by good works, devotional practices, or other human effort.
She charged that nearly all ministers in Massachusetts were guilty of faulty preaching for distinguishing "saints" from the damned on a basis of activities such as church attendance and moral behavior rather than an inner state of grace. |
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English would respect the religious toleration and property holdings of the colony's many ethic communities.
It also ended the Dutch tradition by which married women conducted business in their own name and inherited some of the property acquired during marriage. |
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1670, settlers arrived in Carolina and called "a colony of a colony."
The Fundamental Constitution of Carolina, issued by the proprietors in 1669, proposed to establish a feudal society with hereditary nobility, serfs, and slaves. They also provided religious tolerance and an elected assembly. |
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1691 the crisis began with several young girls suffered from fits and nightmares, attributed by their elders as witchcraft.
Accusations began to snowball and citizens were executed.
1692 the governor of Massachusetts dissolved the Salem court and released the remaining prisoners. |
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1740 Slave population had reproduced itself in the Chesapeake.
Slaves were continuously exposed to white cultures, learning English, and religion.
Gullah, a language that mixed various African roots and was unintelligible to most whites, had been learned through their own communities. |
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1735 Trial of John Peter Zenger, lambasted the governor for corruption, influence peddling, and "tyranny."
Lawyer Andrew Hamilton urged the judge to judge the governor instead of the publisher.
Zenger was found not guilty, and the case sent a warning to prosecutors that libel cases might be difficult to win. |
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| 1763 revolt against the British by the Ohio Native Americans following their defeat in the seven years war. |
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