Term
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Definition
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n the event of significant disease problems against which there are no commercially available vaccines, an autogenous vaccine can be made under license. Such ‘emergency vaccines’ use the pathogen isolated from a specific farm, in animals on that farm alone. Such vaccines are always killed.
Most of the pig vaccines are killed, exceptions being a PRRS vaccine (live attenuated for use in sows by injection) and the Lawsonia intracellularis vaccine (Enterisol Ileitis®; live attenuated for use in weaners by oral administration).
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Term
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Definition
| connecting epidemiological events with production stages to design multistage intervention strategies |
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Term
| medication in pig production |
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Definition
aims for antimicrobial treatment: o create a reliable inhibitory level of the agent for long enough to ensure elimination of pathogens - ie it is essentially a time-dependent process for most antibacterial drugs. There is evidence that some fluoroquinolones produce a concentration-dependent bactericidal effect. Dose rate to achieve satisfactory level usually specified by marketing authorization, but it pre-supposes that the dosage conditions are complied with, ie, correct dose per unit weight, dose frequency, and normal physiology.
oral admin: in water or food
injection- most reliable for getting drugs into it
SC: good blood supply to skin, but subcutaneous fat is a graveyard for some drugs
- IM: generally avoided in growing and finishing pigs as residues and or reactions could occur and reduce the value of the carcass
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Term
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Definition
applying medication at anticipated time of infection or during the incubation period. also used as part of disease elimination programmes.
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Term
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Definition
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To prevent from infection?
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To protect against clinical signs of infection?
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To reduce signs and effects of disease?
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To prevent spread of disease?
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To eliminate disease?
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To eradicate disease?
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Term
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Definition
1. no vaccination provides protection against infection
2. Vaccination will teach the immune system to effectively and quickly fight the infection so that the negative effects are significantly reduced and or shedding is reduced and or elimination is achieved sooner
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Term
| use of vaccines in adult stock |
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Definition
- to protect the sow/gilt/boar
- to protect the in utero offspring
- to provide the offspring with MD immunity
Routine: E.coli, erysipelas, parvovirus
outdoors: C. perfringens
occasional: atrophic rhinitis |
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Term
| Use of vaccines in Piglets |
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Definition
piglets: to provide protection againts disease
M.hyo, PCV2, PRRS, L.intracellularis |
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Term
| antimicrobial medication individual vs. batch |
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Definition
individual: injections, accurate, minimised use
Batch: water/feed, less accurate /pig
increased use |
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Term
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Definition
- medicated early weaning ( MDA protection)
- colostral antibody, wean, treat, isolate
- difficult, survival rates
Modifications: Isowean- rear clean pigs
- segregated disease control |
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Term
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Definition
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Weaned around 21 days
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With or without medication
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Move to isolated weaner → grower unit
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AI/AO
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Theory: arrive ‘clean’ and remain so throughout
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Biosecurity
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Term
| segregated disease control |
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Definition
eliminate disease from all stages
- more complex, good planning
- best if all buildings emptied at same time
- thorough cleaning + disinfection
- growing stock sold/depopulated
- adults off site
- adults medicated, return to clean unit |
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Term
| control of reproductive function |
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Definition
- synchronising oestrous
- inducing farrowing
- self injections |
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Term
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Definition
1. Local anaesthesia (incl. epidural)
a. Procaine has MRL so can be used in pigs under cascade
b. Lignocaine has no MRL so should not be used in animals for human consumption
2. Stresnil – azaperone – only sedative approved for pigs (0.5-1ml/20kg; 1-2mg/kg bwt)
WDP 10days
3. General Anaesthetics: nothing approved however anaesthetics needed for vasectomies
etc, use under ‘cascade’.
a. Pentobarbitone – 10-20mg/kg bwt i/v b. Ketamine - 10-20mg/kg i/v or i/m
c. Halothane - inhalation
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Term
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Definition
Highest immediate levels of drug by this method, but consequently shortest period of effect. Sterility is essential. A limited range of licensed products are available. Depending on the size of pig, sites for I/V injection are anterior vena cava,jugular or the ear vein. Tuition and practice are needed to become proficient at intravenous administration (and blood sampling) in pigs.
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