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125 Lecture 1
Nervous System
29
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/25/2013

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Term
the nervous sytems allows rapid and flexible change to the internal and external environment of the body?
Definition

true.

it has sensory, intergrative and motor functions.

Term

sensory function sense internal and external changes. which function stores and analyses this information?

 

Definition
the intergrative function. this makes decisions on appropriate voluntary and involuntary responses 
Term
which function initiates muscular activity or glandular functions?
Definition
motor function of the nervous system.
Term

the nervous sytem is divided into CNS and PNS. which of these intergrates seonsory information, generates thoughts and emotions, stores memory, makes decisions and initiates motor activity?

 

Definition

CNS

consists of brain and spinal cord

Term
the PNS arises from the brain and spinal cord. it carries nerve impulses to and from CNS and connects CNS to sensory receptors, muscles and glands. what is it composed of?
Definition
cranial and spinal nerves
Term
NS cells are composed of neurons and glia (neuroglia). neurons are specialised for signalling and do not divide. what about glia cells?
Definition

they have diverse functions and can divide to form glial scars in brain disease.

the brain contains 1011 neurons, 1012 glial cells.

Both contribute approximately equally to brain weight

Term
neurons consist of 3 parts: the soma or perikaryon (cell body), dendrites and axon. which part is the only site of protein synthesis and contains the Nissl substance?
Definition
the soma, cell body. this contains the cells normal organelles. the soma has a pronounced RER known as Nissl substance and one can stain a nerve cell with Nissl stain to see this RER.
Term
im part of a neuron. i'm short, bristle like and have highly branched processes. I receive nerve input and i am not myelinated. what am i?
Definition
a dendrite
Term
which part of a neuron is a long thin process containing many microtubules that propagates nerve impulse to another neuron, muscle fibre or gland? it is often myelinated by oligodendrocytes in CNS or Schwaan cells in PNS?
Definition

Axon

 

this terminates at the axon terminals/synapses

Term
what is axonal transport?
Definition

it is transport between cell body and axon terminals via microtubules.

neurons can have very long axons so nerve terminals are remote from the cell body, the main site of protein synthesis and degradation

Term
if materials are being transported from the cell body to axon terminals what type of movement is it? orthograde/ antergrade or retrograde?
Definition

orthograde/antergrade.

 

movement from positive to negative so frm axon terminals to cell body would be retrograde

Term
neurons have a well-defined cytoskeleton composed with a special type of intermediate filament called neurofilament. what 3 things make up neurofilament?
Definition

actin filaments (6nm)

microtubules (25nm, hollow)

neurofilaments (10nm)

Term

actin microfilamnets form the meshwork under the cell surface. microtubules and neurofilaments are cross-linked to themselves and to each other by microtubule associated proteins eg. tau

 

tau accumulates inside nerve cells in the brain in which disease?

Definition
Alzheimer's disease. it accumulates in the form of neurofibrillary tangles.
Term

true or false?

neurofilaments are a type of intermediate filament?

Definition

true.

they are not globular subunits but long extended filaments

Term
in fast/slow components of a neuron if i were hauling ass from negative to positive very quickly say 200-400mm/day what type of movement would i be classed as?
Definition

fast anterograde

 

slow anterograde is ~7mm/day

 

the retrograde transport has only the FAST component.

the slow system transports components of the cytoskeleton of the cell.

Term

small vesicles and enzymes for transmitter metabolism

are transported from cell body to axon terminals at 200-400mm/day. this type of axonal transport would be classed?

Definition

fast anterograde.

 

mitochondria is transported at a rate of 40mm/day.

 

slow anterograde 1-5mm/day transports tubulin, neurofilament proteins and tau proteins

Term
retrograde only has fast component at 200mm/day. it transports larger vesicles, NGF and can be hijacked by viruses and toxins eg herpes and rabies. it also transports peroxidase tracer. what is peroxidase tracer used for?
Definition
used in studies to trace where axon connects nerve terminal to appropiate cell body of nerve
Term
kinesin and dynein are two motor proteins but which transports orthograde and which transports retrograde?
Definition

kinesis - ortho/anterograde

 

dynein - retrograde

Term

structural classifications of neurons. we have bipolar, unipolar and multipolar neurons.

 

i have one main dendrite and one axon and you'll find me in the retina of the eye, inner ear and olfactory area of brain. which one am i?

Definition
bipolar.
Term

structural classifications of neurons. we have bipolar, unipolar and multipolar neurons.

 

i have just one process from my cell body which is part way down my axon. i am always involved in sensory neurons including pain, temp, touch and pressure. what type of neuron am i?

Definition

uni polar neuron

 

this consists of one process that bifocates giving dendrites and axon of nerve cells

Term

structural classifications of neurons. we have bipolar, unipolar and multipolar neurons.

 

i have many dendrites and one axon and mostly found in CNS. which type am i yo?

 

Definition
Multipolar neuron
Term
list the 4 types of glial cells in the CNS
Definition

astrocytes (star shaped) - can multiply in disease and form glial scars.

 

oligodendrocytes

microglial cells

ependymal cells

Term
which glial cell of the CNS surround neuron and blood vessels and aid neuronal cell migration and axon growth?
Definition

astrocytes. 

they also contribute to blood-brain barrier, regulate ionic environment of nerve cells, take up transmitters and make growth factors.

Term
which glial cells are a source of CNS myelin?
Definition

oligodendrocytes.

a single cell can myelinate >50 axons with each myelin segment from a single oligodendrocyte.

Term
what is the brains equivalent of a macrophage called?
Definition
microglial cells. these are scavenger cells that can remove debris from dying neurons - may enter from blood.
Term
Ependymal cells line fluid filled ventricles. which fluid extracted in a lumbar puncture, do they produce and circulate
Definition
cerebrospinal fluid.
Term
there are two types of astrocytes...what are they?
Definition
protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes.
Term
name the 2 types of glial cells of the PNS
Definition

schwaan cells - source of PNS myelin, each cell produces part of the myelin around a SINGLE axon

 

satellite cells - flattened cells around cell bodies of neurons in PNS ganglia.

Term
what speeds up cell conduction?
Definition
the myelin sheath
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