Term
| the nervous sytems allows rapid and flexible change to the internal and external environment of the body? |
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Definition
true.
it has sensory, intergrative and motor functions. |
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Term
sensory function sense internal and external changes. which function stores and analyses this information?
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Definition
| the intergrative function. this makes decisions on appropriate voluntary and involuntary responses |
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Term
| which function initiates muscular activity or glandular functions? |
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Definition
| motor function of the nervous system. |
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Term
the nervous sytem is divided into CNS and PNS. which of these intergrates seonsory information, generates thoughts and emotions, stores memory, makes decisions and initiates motor activity?
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Definition
CNS
consists of brain and spinal cord |
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Term
| the PNS arises from the brain and spinal cord. it carries nerve impulses to and from CNS and connects CNS to sensory receptors, muscles and glands. what is it composed of? |
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Definition
| cranial and spinal nerves |
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Term
| NS cells are composed of neurons and glia (neuroglia). neurons are specialised for signalling and do not divide. what about glia cells? |
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Definition
they have diverse functions and can divide to form glial scars in brain disease.
the brain contains 1011 neurons, 1012 glial cells.
Both contribute approximately equally to brain weight |
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Term
| neurons consist of 3 parts: the soma or perikaryon (cell body), dendrites and axon. which part is the only site of protein synthesis and contains the Nissl substance? |
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Definition
| the soma, cell body. this contains the cells normal organelles. the soma has a pronounced RER known as Nissl substance and one can stain a nerve cell with Nissl stain to see this RER. |
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Term
| im part of a neuron. i'm short, bristle like and have highly branched processes. I receive nerve input and i am not myelinated. what am i? |
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Definition
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Term
| which part of a neuron is a long thin process containing many microtubules that propagates nerve impulse to another neuron, muscle fibre or gland? it is often myelinated by oligodendrocytes in CNS or Schwaan cells in PNS? |
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Definition
Axon
this terminates at the axon terminals/synapses |
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Term
| what is axonal transport? |
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Definition
it is transport between cell body and axon terminals via microtubules.
neurons can have very long axons so nerve terminals are remote from the cell body, the main site of protein synthesis and degradation |
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Term
| if materials are being transported from the cell body to axon terminals what type of movement is it? orthograde/ antergrade or retrograde? |
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Definition
orthograde/antergrade.
movement from positive to negative so frm axon terminals to cell body would be retrograde |
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Term
| neurons have a well-defined cytoskeleton composed with a special type of intermediate filament called neurofilament. what 3 things make up neurofilament? |
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Definition
actin filaments (6nm)
microtubules (25nm, hollow)
neurofilaments (10nm) |
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Term
actin microfilamnets form the meshwork under the cell surface. microtubules and neurofilaments are cross-linked to themselves and to each other by microtubule associated proteins eg. tau
tau accumulates inside nerve cells in the brain in which disease? |
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Definition
| Alzheimer's disease. it accumulates in the form of neurofibrillary tangles. |
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Term
true or false?
neurofilaments are a type of intermediate filament? |
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Definition
true.
they are not globular subunits but long extended filaments |
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Term
| in fast/slow components of a neuron if i were hauling ass from negative to positive very quickly say 200-400mm/day what type of movement would i be classed as? |
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Definition
fast anterograde
slow anterograde is ~7mm/day
the retrograde transport has only the FAST component.
the slow system transports components of the cytoskeleton of the cell. |
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Term
small vesicles and enzymes for transmitter metabolism
are transported from cell body to axon terminals at 200-400mm/day. this type of axonal transport would be classed? |
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Definition
fast anterograde.
mitochondria is transported at a rate of 40mm/day.
slow anterograde 1-5mm/day transports tubulin, neurofilament proteins and tau proteins |
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Term
| retrograde only has fast component at 200mm/day. it transports larger vesicles, NGF and can be hijacked by viruses and toxins eg herpes and rabies. it also transports peroxidase tracer. what is peroxidase tracer used for? |
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Definition
| used in studies to trace where axon connects nerve terminal to appropiate cell body of nerve |
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Term
| kinesin and dynein are two motor proteins but which transports orthograde and which transports retrograde? |
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Definition
kinesis - ortho/anterograde
dynein - retrograde |
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Term
structural classifications of neurons. we have bipolar, unipolar and multipolar neurons.
i have one main dendrite and one axon and you'll find me in the retina of the eye, inner ear and olfactory area of brain. which one am i? |
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Definition
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Term
structural classifications of neurons. we have bipolar, unipolar and multipolar neurons.
i have just one process from my cell body which is part way down my axon. i am always involved in sensory neurons including pain, temp, touch and pressure. what type of neuron am i? |
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Definition
uni polar neuron
this consists of one process that bifocates giving dendrites and axon of nerve cells |
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Term
structural classifications of neurons. we have bipolar, unipolar and multipolar neurons.
i have many dendrites and one axon and mostly found in CNS. which type am i yo?
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Definition
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Term
| list the 4 types of glial cells in the CNS |
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Definition
astrocytes (star shaped) - can multiply in disease and form glial scars.
oligodendrocytes
microglial cells
ependymal cells |
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Term
| which glial cell of the CNS surround neuron and blood vessels and aid neuronal cell migration and axon growth? |
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Definition
astrocytes.
they also contribute to blood-brain barrier, regulate ionic environment of nerve cells, take up transmitters and make growth factors. |
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Term
| which glial cells are a source of CNS myelin? |
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Definition
oligodendrocytes.
a single cell can myelinate >50 axons with each myelin segment from a single oligodendrocyte. |
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Term
| what is the brains equivalent of a macrophage called? |
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Definition
| microglial cells. these are scavenger cells that can remove debris from dying neurons - may enter from blood. |
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Term
| Ependymal cells line fluid filled ventricles. which fluid extracted in a lumbar puncture, do they produce and circulate |
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Definition
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Term
| there are two types of astrocytes...what are they? |
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Definition
| protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes. |
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Term
| name the 2 types of glial cells of the PNS |
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Definition
schwaan cells - source of PNS myelin, each cell produces part of the myelin around a SINGLE axon
satellite cells - flattened cells around cell bodies of neurons in PNS ganglia. |
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Term
| what speeds up cell conduction? |
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Definition
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