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12 study guide
12 study guide
417
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/20/2010

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
[image]
Definition
A single axon and dendrite arise at opposite poles of the cell body. Found only in eyes and nose
Term
[image]
Definition

every sensory neuron except eyes and nose

 conduct impulses across the afferent pathways to the CNS for interpretation

found chiefly in the ganglia of the PNS

Term
[image]
Definition
have 3 or more processes. 1 axon and the rest dendrites. 99% of neurons belonging to this class in humans
Term
 beta
Definition
b receptors is generally inhibitory
Term
– coarse connective tissue that bundles fibers into fascicles
Definition
Perineurium
Term
(What kind of signals do the pyramids carry?)
Definition

motor

are on the ventral side

Term
4th ventricle
Definition
found in the hindbrain dorsal to the pons
Term
: Exteroceptors
Definition
Respond to stimuli arising outside the body
Found near the body surface
Sensitive to touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
Include the special sense organs
Term
A dermatome
Definition

 

§is the area of skin innervated by the cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve

All spinal nerves except C1 participate in

Term
A reflex
Definition
Involve only peripheral nerves and the spinal cord
Term
ACh binds to receptors resulting in:
Definition
Movement of Na+ and K+ across the membrane
Depolarization of the interior of the muscle cell
An end-plate potential that triggers an action potential
Term
Absence seizures, or petit mal
Definition
Epileptic Seizures

mild seizures seen in young children where the expression goes blank
Term
Adaptation of Sensory Receptors
Definition
occurs when sensory receptors are subjected to an unchanging stimulus
If though you are getting a stimulus Receptor membranes become less responsive (because you’ve adapted to it.
Receptor potentials decline in frequency or stop
Term
Alpha waves
Definition
Types of Brain Waves regular and rhythmic, low-amplitude, slow, synchronous waves indicating an “idling” brain. A person who has completed a task and sits down to rest is often in this state.
Term
Alpha-blocker
Definition

 

§drugs interfere with vasomotor fibers and are used to treat hypertension
Term
Alzheimer’s disease –
Definition
a progressive degenerative disease of the brain that results in dementia
Term
Amplitude (high)
Definition
intensity of a sound measured in decibels (dB)
Term
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
lou gerig's disease
Definition
Symptoms – loss of the ability to speak, swallow, and breathe
Death occurs within five years
Linked to malfunctioning genes for glutamate transporter and/or superoxide dismutase
Term
Anencephaly
Definition
missing part of cerebrum or brain stem – vegetative
Term
Arachnoid Mater
Definition
The middle meninx, which forms a loose brain covering
It is separated from the dura mater by the subdural space
Beneath the is a wide sub? space filled with CSF and large blood vessels
villi protrude superiorly and permit CSF to be absorbed into venous blood
Term
Association Areas
Definition

 

§Prefrontal cortex
§Language areas
§General (common) interpretation area
§Visceral association area
Term
Association fibers
Definition
– connect different parts of the same hemisphere
Term
Autonomic dysreflexia
Definition
– uncontrolled activation of autonomic and somatic motor neurons in those with quadriplegia and spinal cord injuries, results in flexor spasms, sweating, ­ BP, stroke.  Mechanism unclear
Term
Babinski’s sign
Definition

 

abnormal plantar reflex indicating corticospinal damage where the great toe dorsiflexes and the smaller toes fan laterally

Term
Beta waves
Definition
Types of Brain Waves – rhythmic, more irregular waves occurring during the awake and mentally alert state. A debater or a teacher would all be in a state when they are engaged in their work.
Term
Binding of the food chemical:
Definition

 

§Depolarizes the taste cell membrane, releasing neurotransmitter
§Initiates a generator potential that elicits an action potential
Term
Bitter
Definition
alkaloids such as quinine and nicotine
Term
Blockage of what structure could cause hydrocephalus?
Definition
The cerebral aqueduct is blocked
Term
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy:
Definition
a fatal, neurodegenerative disease in cattle caused by a prion. Brain deterioates. Brain takes on the form of a sponge
Term
Brain Waves
Definition
Normal brain function involves continuous electrical activity An electroencephalogram (EEG) records this activity Patterns of neuronal electrical activity recorded are called
Term
Can not see conjunctiva on the sclera
Definition
cause it is clear however you can  see the conjuntiva on the inner eyelid cause it is the pink part in the lower part of your eyelid on the eye model.
Term
Cerebral Cortex: Motor Areas
Definition

 

§Primary (somatic) motor cortex

§Premotor cortex

§Broca’s area

§Frontal eye field

Term
Cerebral Cortex: Motor Areas
Definition

 

§Primary (somatic) motor cortex
§Premotor cortex
§Broca’s area
§Frontal eye field
Term
Cerebral White Matter
Definition
Consists of deep myelinated fibers and their tracts It is responsible for communication between: The cerebral cortex and lower CNS center, and areas of the cerebrum
Term
Cerebral dominance
Definition
designates the hemisphere dominant for language
Term
Cerebral edema
Definition
– swelling of brain
Term
Cerebral palsy
Definition
due to lack of oxygen during delivery or otherwise causing poor control of voluntary muscles, crippling spasticity, speech and vision difficulties, retardation, seizures
Term
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Definition
Prevents the brain from crushing under its own weight Protects the CNS from blows and other trauma Nourishes the brain and carries chemical signals throughout it
Term
Cerebrovascular Accidents (Strokes)
Definition
Caused when blood circulation to the brain is blocked (blocked arteries) and brain tissue dies
Most commonly caused by blockage of a cerebral artery
Other causes include compression of the brain by hemorrhage or edema, and atherosclerosis
Term
Chemical senses
Definition

gustation (taste) and olfaction (smell)

 

§Their chemoreceptors respond to chemicals in aqueous solution
§Taste – to substances dissolved in saliva
§Smell – to substances dissolved in fluids of the nasal membranes
Term
Chemoreceptors –
Definition
respond to chemicals (e.g., smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry)
Term
Choroid Plexuses
Definition
Clusters of capillaries that form tissue fluid filters, which hang from the roof of each ventricle
Have ion pumps that allow them to alter ion concentrations of the CSF
Help cleanse CSF by removing wastes
Term
Circuit level
Definition
ascending pathways. Have to send it up to our brain through the spinal cord
Term
Commissures –
Definition
connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres
Term
Concussion
Definition
slight injury, symptoms mild and short-lived
Term
Conduction deafness
Definition
something hampers sound conduction to the fluids of the inner ear (e.g., impacted earwax, perforated eardrum, osteosclerosis of the ossicles)
Term
Cones:
Definition

 

§Respond to bright light
§Have high-acuity color vision
§Are found in the macula lutea
§Are concentrated in the fovea centralis
Term
Contusion
Definition
– (you bruise your brain)can be severe and cause coma
Term
Conus medullaris
Definition
terminal portion of the spinal cord
Term
Corrugator muscles
Definition

move the eyebrows medially

When you furrow your brow that’s called a

Term
Cross sectioning
Definition
of the spinal cord at any level results in total motor and sensory loss in regions inferior to the cut
Term
Decussation of the pyramids
Definition
– crossover points of the corticospinal tracts. Where your corticospinal tracts cross.
Term
Descending (Motor) Pathways
Definition

deliver efferent impulses from the brain to the spinal cord, and are divided into two groups:

  •  Direct pathways equivalent to the pyramidal tracts
  • Indirect pathways, essentially all others involve two neurons (upper and lower)
Term
Different cones
Definition
in the retina respond to different wavelengths of the visible spectrum.
Term
Dorsal and ventral roots
Definition
Gray Matter: Organization

fuse laterally to form spinal nerves
Term
Dura Mater
Definition
Leathery, strong meninx composed of two fibrous connective tissue layers
The two layers separate in certain areas and form _____ sinuses
Term
Effectors
Definition

 

§of the SNS are skeletal muscles

of the ANS are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

Term
Efferent Pathways
Definition

 

§Heavily myelinated axons of the somatic motor neurons extend from the CNS to the effector
§Axons of the ANS are a two-neuron chain
§The preganglionic (first) neuron has a lightly myelinated axon
§The ganglionic (second) neuron extends to an effector organ
Term
Embryonic Development of the Spinal Cord
Definition
Neural crest cells form the dorsal root ganglia Brain and spinal cord comes from the ectoderm
Term
Emmetropic eye
Definition
normal eye with light focused properly
Term

Emotional state

 

beta

Definition
we learn best when we are alert, motivated, and aroused (Hmm…Which waves do we find here?)
Term
Endocrine Functions of the Hypothalamus
Definition
The supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei produce ADH and oxytocin
Term
Endoneurium –
Definition
loose connective tissue that surrounds axons
Term
Epidural space –
Definition
space between the vertebrae and the dural sheath (dura mater) filled with fat and a network of veins
Term
Epilepsy
Definition
A victim of may lose consciousness, fall stiffly, and have uncontrollable jerking
is not associated with, nor does it cause, intellectual impairments
occurs in 1% of the population
Term
Epineurium
Definition
– tough fibrous sheath around a nerve
Term
Eyelashes
Definition

 

§Project from the free margin of each eyelid
§Initiate reflex blinking
Term
Fact (declarative) memory:
Definition
Entails learning explicit information
Is related to our conscious thoughts and our language ability
Is stored with the context in which it was learned
Term
Fainting/syncope
Definition
(not enough oxygen going to the brain) results from inadequate cerebral blood flow due to low blood pressure
Term
Feature abstraction
Definition
used to identify a substance that has specific texture or shape
Term
Fiber tract
Definition
names reveal their origin and destination are composed of axons with similar functions
Term
Fibers of the pons:
Definition
Connect higher brain centers and the spinal cord Relay impulses between the motor cortex and the cerebellum (cerebellar peduncles)
Term
First-order neurons
Definition
– soma reside in dorsal root or cranial ganglia, and conduct impulses from the skin to the spinal cord or brain stem
Term
Flaccid paralysis
Definition
– severe damage to the ventral root or anterior horn cells Lower motor neurons are damaged and impulses do not reach muscles There is no voluntary or involuntary control of muscles
Term
Flexor Reflexes
Definition
 is initiated by a painful stimulus (actual or perceived) that causes automatic withdrawal of the threatened body part
Term
For skeletal muscles to perform normally:
Definition

 

§The Golgi tendon organs (proprioceptors) must constantly inform the brain as to the state of the muscle
§Stretch reflexes initiated by muscle spindles must maintain healthy muscle tone
Term
Four rectus muscles
Definition
originate from the annular ring
Term
Four zones are evident within the gray matter
Definition
somatic sensory (SS), visceral sensory (VS), visceral motor (VM), and somatic motor (SM)
Term
Frequency
Definition
the number of waves that pass a given point in a given time
Term
Functions of the meninges
Definition
Cover and protect the CNS Protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Form partitions within the skull
Term
Fungiform and circumvallate
Definition
papillae contain taste buds
Term
Ganglion cell axons:
Definition
Run along the inner surface of the retina
Leave the eye as the optic nerve
Term
General Interpretation Area
Definition
Ill-defined region including parts of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes Found in one hemisphere, usually the left Integrates incoming signals into a single thought Involved in processing spatial relationships
Term
Golgi Tendon Reflex
Definition

 

§The opposite of the stretch reflex
§Contracting the muscle activates the Golgi tendon organs
§Afferent Golgi tendon neurons are stimulated, neurons inhibit the contracting muscle, and the antagonistic muscle is activated

As a result, the contracting muscle relaxes and the antagonist contracts

Term
Grand mal seizures
Definition
epileptic seizures victim loses consciousness, bones are often broken due to intense convulsions, loss of bowel and bladder control, and severe biting of the tongue
Term
Gray Matter: Organization
Definition
Dorsal half – sensory roots and ganglia
Ventral half – motor roots
Dorsal and ventral roots fuse laterally to form spinal nerves
Term
Gray commissure
Definition
connects masses of gray matter; encloses central canal
Term
Gray matter
Definition
consists of soma, unmyelinated processes, and neuroglia
Term

Gustatory cortex (taste)\

Hypothalamus and limbic system (appreciation of taste)

Definition

 

§Cranial Nerves VII  and IX  carry impulses from taste buds to the solitary nucleus of the medulla
§These impulses then travel to the thalamus, and from there fibers branch to the:
Term
Hippocampal structures
Definition

part of the limbic system that convert new information into long-term memories

(seahorse)

Term
 cerebellar homunculi
Definition
He is right side up and left controls the left and right controls the right. He is ipsilateral
Term
Huntington’s disease
Definition

a fatal hereditary disorder caused by accumulation of the protein huntingtin that leads to degeneration of the basal nuclei. Exaggerated leg and arm motions.

overstimulation of basal nuclei)

Term
Hydrocephalus:
Definition
accumulation of CSF in the ventricles which exerts pressure on the brain
Treated by inserting a shunt into the ventricles to drain excess fluid into a neck vein
Term
Hyperopic eye (farsighted)
Definition

the focal point is behind the retina

§Corrected with a convex lens

- eyeball is Too short. Convex lens helps fix this

Term
Hypertension -
Definition
overactive sympathetic vasoconstrictor response promoted by stress increases workload on heart
Term
Indirect (Extrapyramidal) System
Definition
These motor pathways are complex and multisynaptic, and regulate: Axial muscles that maintain balance and posture Muscles controlling coarse movements of the proximal portions of limbs Head, neck, and eye movement
Term
Inner Ear
Definition
Bony labyrinth
Tortuous channels worming their way through the temporal bone
Contains the vestibule, the cochlea, and the semicircular canals
Filled with perilymph
Membranous labyrinth
Series of membranous sacs within the bony labyrinth
Filled with a potassium-rich fluid
Term
Innervation of Joints
Hilton’s law:
Definition
any nerve serving a muscle that produces movement at a joint also innervates the joint itself and the skin over the joint
Term
Innervation of Skeletal Muscle
Definition

§Takes place at a neuromusclular junction
§Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft
§ACh binds to receptors resulting in:
§Movement of Na+ and K+ across the membrane
§Depolarization of the interior of the muscle cell
§An end-plate potential that triggers an action potential
Term
Innervation of Visceral Muscle and Glands
Definition
Autonomic motor endings and visceral effectors are simpler than somatic junctions
Branches form synapses en passant via varicosities
Term
Is there any conjunctiva on the cornea?
Definition

 

§No cause when you get conjunctivitis your eye turns pink you will become blind. The cornea is one of the fastest healing parts of your body.
Term
Lacrimal Apparatus
Definition

 

§Consists of the lacrimal gland and associated ducts
§Lacrimal glands secrete tears
Term
Lateral and ventral temporal lobe
Definition
coordinate auditory and visual aspects of language
Term
Lateralization
Definition
each hemisphere has abilities not shared with its partner
Term
Lemniscal pathway:
Definition

ascending pathway

decussate in the medulla oblongata

sensory

affects the same side

Term
Lens fibers
Definition
cells filled with the transparent protein crystallin (catarats when lens turns white)
Term
Levator palpebrae superioris
Definition
(lift eyelid up) – gives the upper eyelid mobility
Term
Light is refracted:
Definition

 

§At the cornea
§Entering the lens
§Leaving the lens
Term
Light passing
Definition
through a convex lens (as in the eye) is bent so that the rays converge to a focal point (when light is bent u have a focal point)
Term
Limbic System
Definition

parasympathetic 

§Parts especially important in emotions:
§Amygdala – deals with anger, danger, and fear responses
§Cingulate gyrus – plays a role in expressing emotions via gestures, and resolves mental conflict
fornix (arch)
Term
Lou Gehrig’s disease –
Definition
neuromuscular condition involving destruction of anterior horn motor neurons and fibers of the pyramidal tract
Term
Loudness
Definition
 subjective interpretation of sound intensity
Term
Lubricating glands associated with the eyelids
Definition

 

§Meibomian glands and sebaceous glands
§Ciliary glands lie between the hair follicles
§Can get a stiy in eye if one gets clogged
Term
Magnitude estimation
Definition
how much of a stimulus is acting. How big is it
Term
Mechanoreceptors
Definition
– respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch
Term
Melatonin –
Definition
a hormone involved with sleep regulation, sleep-wake cycles, and mood
Term
Memory traces
Definition
– chemical or structural changes (the shape, number and length of dendrites) that encode memory
Term
Meniere’s syndrome
Definition
labyrinth disorder that affects the cochlea and the semicircular canals, causing vertigo, nausea, and vomiting
Term
Mesencephalon
Definition
brain stem: midbrain- cerebral aqueduct
Term
Metencephalon
Definition
– brain stem: pons, 4th ventricle
Term
Microcephaly
Definition
formation of small brain
Term
Mitral cells send impulses to:
Definition

 

§The olfactory cortex
§The hypothalamus, amygdala, and limbic system
Term
Moving hair cells
Definition
stimulates the cochlear nerve that sends impulses to the brain
Term
Muscarinic receptors
Definition
 occur on all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers
§The effect of ACh binding:
§Can be either inhibitory or excitatory
§Depends on the receptor type of the target organ:
§ACh binding to cardiac receptors slows heart
§Ach binding to smooth muscle receptors increases intestinal motility
Term
Myelencephalon
Definition
brain stem: medulla oblongata, 4th ventricle
Term
Myopic eye (nearsighted) –
Definition

 the focal point is in front of the retina.

 

§Corrected with a concave lens

- eyeball is too long. Can fix w/ a concave lens that bends and focuses correctly right there on the macula lutea.

Term
NREM
Definition
One passes through four stages of ____ during the first 30-45 minutes of sleep
Term
Neural layer, which contains:
Definition

 

§Photoreceptors that transduce light energy
§Bipolar cells and ganglion cells
§Amacrine and horizontal cells

circular muscles

Term
Neurotransmitter Effects
Definition

 

§All somatic motor neurons release Acetylcholine (ACh), which has an excitatory effect
§In the ANS:
§Preganglionic fibers release ACh
§Postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine or ACh and the effect is either stimulatory or inhibitory
§ANS effect on the target organ is dependent upon the neurotransmitter released and the receptor type of the effector
Term
Nicotinic receptors are found on
Definition

 

§Motor end plates (somatic targets)
§All ganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
§The hormone-producing cells of the adrenal medulla
§The effect of ACh binding to these receptors is always stimulatory
Term
Nociceptors
Definition
– sensitive to pain-causing stimuli
Term
Olfactory receptors
Definition

respond to several different odor-causing chemicals. Are chemical receptors

are bipolar neurons with radiating olfactory cilia

synapse with mitral cells

Term
Somatosensory System
Definition

Input comes from exteroceptors, proprioceptors, and interoceptors

The three main levels of neural integration in the __________ are: Receptor level Circuit level Perceptual level

Term
Palpebral fissure
Definition
separates eyelids
Term
Papillae
Definition
come in three types: filiform, fungiform
, and
circumvallate (circles that form a v)
Term
Paralysis
Definition
– loss of motor function
Term
Paraplegia
Definition
– transection between T1 and L1
Term
Parasympathetic tone:
Definition

 

§Slows the heart
§Dictates normal activity levels of the digestive and urinary systems
Term
Parkinson’s disease
Definition

– degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra

inhibition of basal nuclei)

Term
Pattern recognition
Definition
ability to recognize patterns in stimuli (e.g., melody, familiar face).
Term
Perception
Definition
is the conscious interpretation of those stimuli. What your brain says “oh I feel that”
Term
Perceptual detection
Definition
detecting that a stimulus has occurred and requires summation. Does it need to be summed up
Term
Perceptual level
Definition
– neuronal circuits in the cerebral cortex. Gotta figure out whats going on. In the postcentral gyrus
Term
Pharyngotympanic tube
Definition
connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx Equalizes pressure in the middle ear cavity with the external air pressure
Term
Photoreceptors –
Definition
respond to light energy (e.g., retina)
Term
Pia Mater
Definition
Deep meninx composed of delicate connective tissue that clings tightly to the brain
Term
Pitch
Definition
perception of different frequencies (we hear from 20–20,000 Hz)
Term
Poliomyelitis
Definition
Destruction of the anterior horn motor neurons by the poliovirus
Early symptoms – fever, headache, muscle pain and weakness, and loss of somatic reflexes
Term
Pons
Definition
Origin of cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), and VII (facial)
Contains nuclei of the reticular formation
Regulates normal breathing rhythm
Term
Prefrontal Cortex
Definition

Involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality Necessary for judgment, reasoning, persistence, and conscience

 Closely linked to the limbic system

 

Term
Premotor Cortex
Definition

 

§Located anterior to the precentral gyrus
§Controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills
§Coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions 
§Involved in the planning of movements
Term
Processing
Definition
– accomplished by the hippocampus and surrounding structures
Term
Processing at the Receptor Lever
Definition
The receptor must have specificity for the stimulus energy
The receptor’s receptive field must be stimulated
Stimulus energy must be converted into a graded potential
A generator potential in the associated sensory neuron must reach threshold. So it can be an action potential
Term
Projection fibers
Definition
– enter the hemispheres from lower brain or cord centers
Term
Pyramidal tract ventral
Definition

descending pathway

motor

decussate in the lumbar

effects the opposite side

Term
Pyramidal tract: lateral
Definition

descending pathway

motor

decussate in the medulla

do not switch

Term
Quadriplegia
Definition
– transection in the cervical region
Term
Quality discrimination
Definition
the ability to identify submodalities of a sensation (e.g., sweet or sour tastes)
Term
Rabies:
Definition
viral infection of CNS transmitted by bite of infected mammal. Salivatory glands are overloading
Term
Raynaud’s Disease
Definition
skin of fingers and toes pale, then cyanotic and painful due to cold or emotional stress.  Exaggerated vasoconstriction response.
Term
Receptor Class by Location: Exteroceptors
Definition
Respond to stimuli arising outside the body
Found near the body surface
Sensitive to touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
Include the special sense organs
Term
Receptor Class by Location: Interoceptors
Definition
Respond to stimuli arising within the body
Found in internal viscera and blood vessels
Sensitive to chemical changes, stretch, and temperature changes
Term
Receptor Class by Location: Proprioceptors
Definition
Respond to degree of stretch of the organs they occupy
Found in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles
Constantly “advise” the brain of one’s movements
cerebellum
Term
Receptors for hearing and balance
Definition

 

§Respond to separate stimuli
§Are activated independently
Term
Receptors responding
Definition
slowly include Merkel’s discs, Ruffini’s corpuscles, and interoceptors that respond to chemical levels in the blood
Term
Red nucleus
Definition
– largest nucleus of the reticular formation; red nuclei are relay nuclei for some descending motor pathways
Term

Reflex Arc

§Sensory neuron – 
Definition
 transmits the afferent impulse to the CNS
Term
Reflexes may:
Definition

 

§Be inborn (intrinsic) or learned (acquired)/ many sports deal w/ learned reflexes
§Involve only peripheral nerves and the spinal cord
§Involve higher brain centers as well
Term
Refraction
Definition

 

§When light passes from one transparent medium to another its speed changes and it bends (light bends when it moves from one median to another)
Term
Regeneration involves coordinated activity among
Definition
Macrophages – remove debris
Schwann cells – form regeneration tube and secrete growth factors
Axons – regenerate damaged part
Term
Regeneration involves coordinated activity among:
Definition
If the soma of a damaged nerve remains intact, damage can be repaired
1. Macrophages – remove debris
2. Schwann cells – form regeneration tube and secrete growth factors
3. Axons – regenerate damaged part
Term
Relay
Definition
White Matter: Pathway Generalizations
Most consist of two or three neurons in order
Term
Resonance of the Basilar Membrane
Definition
Audible sound waves: Penetrate through the cochlear duct Vibrate the basilar membrane Excite specific hair cells according to frequency of the sound
Term
Respiratory centers
Definition
Medulla Nuclei
control rate and depth of breathing
Term
Reticular Activating System
Definition

send impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert

ex: vasomotor, cardiac, and respiratory centers

Term
RAS and Motor Function
Definition
Sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert Filters out repetitive and weak stimuli (99% ) LSD interferes with this damper and promotes sensory overload
Term
Rods
Definition

 

§Sensitive to dim light and best suited for night vision
§Absorb all wavelengths of visible light
§Perceived input is in gray tones only
§Sum of visual input from many __ feeds into a single ganglion cell
§Results in fuzzy and indistinct images
Term
Rubrospinal tract:
Definition

descending pathway

motor

decussate in the midbrain

dont switch sides

Term
Rubrospinal tracts
Definition
Extrapyramidal (Multineuronal) Pathways
control flexor muscles
Term
Salt
Definition
 metal ions
Term
Second-order neurons
Definition
soma reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord or medullary nuclei and transmit impulses to the thalamus or cerebellum
Term
Sensation
Definition
is the awareness of changes in the internal and external environment. Its affecting your receptors
Term
Sensorineural deafness
Definition
results from damage to the neural structures at any point from the cochlear hair cells to the auditory cortical cells
Term
Sensory Receptors
Definition
results in depolarizations that trigger impulses to the CNS The realization of these stimuli, sensation and perception, occur in the brain
Term
Simple Receptors: Encapsulated
Definition
Meissner’s corpuscles (tactile corpuscles)
Pacinian corpuscles (lamellated corpuscles)
Muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and Ruffini’s corpuscles
Joint kinesthetic receptors
Term
Simple Receptors: Unencapsulated
Definition
Free dendritic nerve endings
Respond chiefly to temperature and pain
Merkel (tactile) discs (between the dermis and epidermis)
Hair follicle receptors (help u feel lice)
Term
Skill Memory
Definition
is less conscious than fact memory and involves motor activity
It is acquired through practice

do not retain the context in which they were learned
Term
Sleep apnea
Definition
temporary cessation of breathing during sleep
Term
Small vessels
Definition

 radiate out from the optic disc and can be seen with an ophthalmoscope

 

changes may indicate you have some sort of disease

Term
Somatotopy
Definition
most exhibit [precise spatial relationship between nerve tract and body region
Term
Sound is:
Definition

 

§A pressure disturbance (alternating areas of high and low pressure) originating from a vibrating object
Term
Sour 
Definition
hydrogen ions
Term
Spastic paralysis –
Definition
only upper motor neurons of the primary motor cortex are damagedSpinal neurons remain intact and muscles are stimulated irregularly
There is no voluntary control of muscles
Term
Spatial discrimination
Definition
identifying the site or pattern of the stimulus
Term
Spina bifida –
Definition
incomplete formation of vertebral arches – leads to myelomeningocele
Term
Spinal Cord
Definition

(has gray matter in the middle/ white to the outside)

opposit of brain which has gray on the outside and white on the inside

 most sensory dorsal

most motor ventral

Term
Spinal Cord Trauma: Transection
Definition
Cross sectioning of the spinal cord at any level results in total motor and sensory loss in regions inferior to the cut
Term
Spinal nerves branch from the developing spinal cord and neural crest cells
Definition
Supply motor and sensory function to developing muscles
Term
Spinocerebellar tract:
Definition
ascending pathway
sensory
doesnt decussate
affect the same side
Term
Spinothalamic tract:
Definition
asending pathway
sensory
effects opposite side
decussate in lumbar spinal cord

crosses in the medulla oblongata. If it doesn’t cross before the lesion it will affect the same side as the lesion.

Term
Storage
Definition
– occurs in stages and is continually changing
Term
Stretch Reflex
Definition
stretching muscles activates muscle spindles
Excited g motor neurons of the spindle cause the stretched muscle to contract
§Afferent impulses from the spindle result in inhibition of the antagonist
§Example: patellar reflex
§Tapping the patellar tendon stretches the quadriceps and starts the reflex action
§The quadriceps contract and the antagonistic hamstrings relax
Term
Subdural or Subarachnoid hemorrhage –
Definition
(brain is bleeding) bleeding increases pressure on brain
Term
Substantia nigra –
Definition
functionally linked to basal nuclei (review Parkinson’s Disease)
Term
Superficial Reflexes
Definition

 

§Initiated by gentle cutaneous stimulation
§Example: 
§Plantar reflex is initiated by stimulating the lateral aspect of the sole of the foot/
§The response is downward flexion of the toes
§Indirectly tests for proper corticospinal tract functioning
Term
Superior colliculi and tectospinal
Definition
Extrapyramidal (Multineuronal) Pathways
tracts mediate head movements
Term
Suspended in its perilymph are two sacs:
Definition
: the saccule and utricle
Term
Sweet
Definition
sugars, saccharin, alcohol, and some amino acids
Term
Symmetry:
Definition
White Matter: Pathway Generalizations
: Pathways are paired (one on each side of the spinal cord or brain)
Term
Tarsal plates
Definition
plates(striped plates u see above the palprabrae/ thickening of the eyelid which gives it some substance) of connective tissue support the eyelids internally
Term
Taste Buds
Definition
are found in papillae of the tongue
Term
Tear glands
Definition
located laterally so tears flush medially
Term
Telencephalon
Definition
cerebrum: cortex, white matter, and basal nuclei
lateral ventricles
Term
Tentorium cerebelli –
Definition
horizontal dural fold extends into the transverse fissure
Term
Thalamic Function
Definition

Sensual afferent impulses converge and synapse here Impulses of similar function are sorted out, edited, and relayed as a group All inputs ascending to the cerebral cortex pass through here Mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory

where third ventricle is

Term
The ANS differs from the SNS in the following three areas
Definition
§Effectors
§Efferent pathways
§Target organ responses
Term
The Direct (Pyramidal) System
Definition
Direct pathways originate with the pyramidal neurons in the precentral gyri
Impulses are sent through the corticospinal tracts and synapse in the anterior horn
Stimulation of anterior horn neurons activates skeletal muscles
Parts of the direct pathway, called corticobulbar tracts, innervate cranial nerve nuclei
The direct pathway regulates fast and fine (skilled) movements
Term
The brain is protected by bone
Definition
bone, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid
the blood-brain barrier
Term
The crista ampullaris (or crista):
Definition

 

§Is the receptor for dynamic equilibrium
§Is located in the ampulla of each semicircular canal
§Responds to angular movements
 
§has support cells and hair cells that extend into a gel-like mass called the cupula
§Dendrites of vestibular nerve fibers encircle the base of the hair cells
Term
The inner ear
Definition
functions in both hearing and equilibrium
Term
The projection level consists of:
Definition

 Cortical motor areas that produce the direct (pyramidal) system

Brain stem motor areas that oversee the indirect (multineuronal) system
Helps control reflex and fixed-pattern activity and houses command neurons that modify the segmental apparatus
Term
The sympathetic division controls:
Definition

 

§Thermoregulatory responses to heat
§Release of renin from the kidneys
§Metabolic effects
Term
The three levels of motor control are
Definition

 

§Segmental level (lowest )
§Projection level (goes up to here)
§Precommand level (then up to here up to the precentral gyrus)
Term
The three types of functional areas are:
Definition

 

§Motor areas – control voluntary movement
§Sensory areas – conscious awareness of sensation
§Association areas – integrate diverse information
Term
There are five components of a reflex arc
Definition

 

§Receptor
§Sensory neuron
§Integration center
§Motor neuron

Effector

Term
Thermoreceptors
Definition
sensitive to changes in temperature
Term
Theta waves
Definition
Types of Brain Waves greater amplitude, slower frequency waves of a daydreaming state. A person who is driving on a freeway, and discovers that they can't recall the last five miles, is often in a
Term
Third-order neurons
Definition
located in the thalamus and conduct impulses to the somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum
Term
Three dural septa
Definition
extend inward and limit excessive movement of the brain falx celebri falx cerebelli tentorium cerebelli
Term
Tinnitus
Definition
ringing or clicking sound in the ears in the absence of auditory stimuli
Term
Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)
Definition
) is the only approved treatment for stroke
Term
Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs
Definition
– temporary episodes of reversible cerebral ischemia
Term
Umami
Definition
elicited by the amino acid glutamate (seen in msg)
Term
Vestibular apparatus
Definition

equilibrium receptors in the semicircular canals and vestibule Maintains our orientation and balance in space 

 receptors monitor static equilibrium Semicircular canal receptors monitor dynamic equilibrium

Term
Wallerian degeneration.
Definition
Within a few hours, the axon and its myelin sheath distal to the injury begin to disintegrate b/c they cannot receive nutrients from the soma (cell body)
Term
When a convex lens forms an image,
Definition
the image is upside down and reversed right to left. The visual cortex flips everything back to normal. If a lens is biconvex it does this
Term
White Matter in the Spinal Cord
Definition
Fibers run in three directions – ascending, descending, and transversely Divided into three funiculi (“columns”) – posterior, lateral, and anterior
Term
adapt quickly. cant smell your own bad breathe
Definition
Receptors responding to pressure, touch, and smell
Term
afferent
Definition
impulses that go up the spine
Term
alar plate
Definition

embryonic development of the spinal cord

 

will become interneurons

Term
aldesterone
Definition

 tells your kidneys to hold onto salt. If your are holding onto salt you are holding onto water.  

Term
alpha
Definition
receptors is generally stimulatory
Term
ampullae
Definition
is the swollen end of each canal and it houses equilibrium receptors in a region called the crista ampullaris
Term
anterior horn
Definition
Gray Matter and Spinal Roots

interneurons and somatic motor neurons
Term
anterograde amnesia 
Definition
consolidated memories not lost, new inputs are not associated
Term
appendable cells
Definition
line four ventricles push cerebral spinal fluid around brain, down and back up
Term
aqueous humor
Definition

A plasmalike fluid that fills the anterior segment Drains via the canal of Schlemm

 

(lets out extra humurous/ if don’t let out will build up pressure u get glacoma)

Term
association somatosensory cortex
Definition
Integrates sensory information
Forms comprehensive understanding of the stimulus
Determines size, texture, and relationship of parts
Term
association visual cortex
Definition

§Surrounds the primary visual cortex
§Interprets visual stimuli (e.g., color, form, and movement)
Term
axillary
Definition
Brachial Plexus: Nerves

innervates the deltoid and teres minor
Term
basal plate
Definition

embryonic development of the spinal cord

 

will become motor neurons

Term
basilar membrane
Definition
supports the organ of corti
Term
beta, to alpha, to theta and finally, when we fall asleep, to delta.
Definition
When we put the book down, turn off the lights and close our eyes, our brainwaves will descend from
Term
brachial plexus
Definition
There are four major branches of this plexus
Roots – five ventral rami (C5-T1)
Trunks – upper, middle, and lower, which form divisions
Divisions – anterior and posterior serve the front and back of the limb
Cords – lateral, medial, and posterior fiber bundles
Term
brain stem
Definition
Consists of three regions – midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
Similar to spinal cord but contains embedded nuclei
Controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival
Provides the pathway for tracts between higher and lower brain centers
Associated with 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves
Term
brain waves
Definition
Each person’s are unique
Continuous train of peaks and troughs
frequency is expressed in Hertz (Hz)
Term
brocas area
Definition
  • Located anterior to the inferior region of the premotor area Present in one hemisphere (usually the left)
  • A motor speech area that directs muscles of the tongue Is active as one prepares to speak
  • where we learn to speak
Term
cauda equina
Definition
– collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal
Term
cerebellar cortex
Definition

calculates the best way to perform a movement

uses propiocepters

Term
cerebellar peduncles
Definition
Three paired fiber tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem
Term
cerebellum
Definition

Provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction activity for smooth cordinated movements

 

Term
cerebellum
Definition

receives impulses of the intent to initiate voluntary muscle contraction

has gray matter in nuclei

 

Term
cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of sylvius)
Definition
midbrain structure hollow tube that connects the third and fourth ventricles
Term
cerebral cortex
Definition

 

§It enables sensation, communication, memory, understanding, and voluntary movements
§Each hemisphere acts contralaterally (controls the opposite side of the body)
§Hemispheres are not equal in function
§No functional area acts alone; conscious behavior involves the entire cortex
Term
cerebral motor cortex
Definition
cerebellar processing
A “blueprint” of coordinated movement is sent to the
Term
cerebral peduncles
Definition
structure of the midbrain
two bulging structures that contain descending pyramidal motor tracts
Term
cervical plexus
Definition
plexus is formed by ventral rami of C1-C4
Most branches are cutaneous nerves of the neck, ear, back of head, and shoulders
The most important nerve of this plexus is the phrenic nerve
Term
choroid plexus
Definition
Clusters of capillaries that form tissue fluid filters, which hang from the roof of each ventricle Have ion pumps that allow them to alter ion concentrations of the CSF Help cleanse CSF by removing wastes
Term
choroid region
Definition
A dark brown membrane that forms the posterior portion of the uvea
Supplies blood to all eye tunics
Term
ciliary body
Definition

A thickened ring of tissue surrounding the lens Composed of smooth muscle bundles 

 Anchors the suspensory ligament that holds the lens in place

pulls on lens

Term
cochlea
Definition
A spiral, conical, bony chamber that:
Extends from the anterior vestibule
Coils around a bony pillar called the modiolus
Contains the cochlear duct, which ends at the cochlear apex
Contains the organ of Corti (hearing receptor)
Term
cochlear nerve
Definition
Moving hair cells stimulates the ____ that sends impulses to the brain

Afferent fibers of the ______ attach to the base of hair cells
Term
cochlear nuclei
Definition
Impulses from the cochlea pass via the spiral ganglion to the
Term
conjunctiva
Definition
Transparent membrane that: Lines the eyelids as the palpebral _____ Covers the whites of the eyes as the ocular ________ Lubricates and protects the eye
Term
conus medullaris
Definition
terminal portion of the spinal cord
Term
cornea
Definition
light is refraed here
lets light enter the eye
Term
corpora quadrigemina
Definition
– four domelike protrusions of the dorsal midbrain
Superior colliculi
Inferior colliculi
Term
cranial nerves

olfatory I
optic II
occulomotor III
trochlear IV
trigeminal V
abducens VI
facial VII
vestibulocochlear VIII
glossopharyngel IX
vagusX
accessory XI
hypoglossal XII
Definition
innervate muscles of the head
arise from the brain
They have sensory, motor, or both sensory and motor functions
Each nerve is identified by a number (I through XII) and a name
oh once one takes the anatomy final very good vacations are heaveningly
Term
delta waves
Definition
high-amplitude waves seen in deep sleep and when reticular activating system is damped. (when you turn off your RAS, man!)
Term
diecephalon
Definition
arise from the forebrain Consists of three paired structures – thalamus, hypothalamus (both involved in fact memory), and epithalamus Encloses the third ventricle
Term
do not exhibit adaptation.
Definition
Pain receptors and proprioceptors
why
Term
dorsal root
Definition
roots arise from sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion and contain sensory (afferent) fibers
Term
dorsal root ganglia
Definition
Neural crest cells form the
Term
ectoderm
Definition

brain n spinal cord

 

Term
efferent
Definition
impulses that go down the spine
Term
endoderm
Definition
lining of guts n organs
Term
epithalamus
Definition
Most dorsal portion of the diencephalon; forms roof of the third ventricle
Pineal gland –
Melatonin – a hormone involved with sleep regulation, sleep-wake cycles, and mood
Choroid plexus –
Term
external auditory canal
Definition
Short, curved tube filled with ceruminous glands
Term
falx cerebelli
Definition
runs along the vermis of the cerebellum
Term
falx cerebri
Definition
folds that dip into the longitudal fissure
Term
filum terminale
Definition
– fibrous extension of the pia mater; anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx
Term
frontal eye field`
Definition
moves eye
Term
functions of basal nuclei
Definition
Influence muscular activity Regulate attention and cognition Regulate intensity of slow or stereotyped movements Inhibit antagonistic and unnecessary movement
Term
hair cell w/ stereocilia
Definition
Protrude into the endolymph
Touch the tectorial membranes
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
part of limbic system
regulates sleep cycle
involved in fact memory
one of the last areas of the CNS to develop
Term
inferior colliculi
Definition
midbrain nuclei
– auditory relay centers
Term
inferior oblique
Definition

elevates eye and turns it laterally

oculomotor III

Term
inferior rectus
Definition

depresses eye and turns it medially

oculomotor III

Term
infundibulum
Definition
stalk of the hypothalamus; connects to the pituitary gland
Main visceral control center of the body
Term
inner ear
Definition
scalas vestibuli and tympani to the cochlear duct
Stimulation of the organ of Corti
Generation of impulses in the cochlear nerve
develop from otic placodes, which invaginate into the otic pit and otic vesicle
functions in both hearing and equilibrium
Term
insula
Definition
underneath temporal lobe
Term
intercoastal nerves
Definition
The thorax is innervated by ventral rami T1-T12 as
Term
intercoastals
Definition
The thorax is innervated by ventral rami T1-T12 as these supply muscles of the ribs, anterolateral thorax, and abdominal wall
Term
ipsilateral
Definition
All fibers in the cerebellum are
Term
iris
Definition
region of the vascular tunic The colored part of the eye
Term
it wont switch sides
Definition
if the lesion is below decussation
Term
lacrimal caruncle
Definition
– contains glands that secrete a whitish, oily secretion (Sandman’s eye sand)
Term
lacrimal gland
Definition
secrete tears
Tears
Contain mucus, antibodies, and lysozyme
Enter the eye via superolateral excretory ducts
Term
lacrimal punctum
Definition
tears Exit the eye medially via the
Term
lateral horn
Definition
Gray Matter and Spinal Roots

contain sympathetic nerve fibers
Term
lateral rectus muscle
Definition
moves eye laterally VI (abducens)
Term
lens
Definition

A biconvex, transparent, flexible, avascular structure that: Allows precise focusing of light onto the retina Is composed of epithelium and lens fibers light is refracted entering and leaving here curvature and shape allow for fine focusing of an image

 

separates the internal eye into anterior and posterior segments

Term
low beta
Definition
When we go to bed and read for a few minutes before attempting sleep, we are likely to be in
Term
lumbar plexus
Definition
Arises from L1-L4 and innervates the thigh, abdominal wall, and psoas muscle
The major nerves are the femoral and the obturator and saphenous
Term
macula lutea
Definition

cones are found here

Image has to land directly on the ______for you to see clearly

Term
mammillary bodies
Definition
Small, paired nuclei bulging anteriorly from the hypothalamus Relay station for olfactory pathways
Term
medial rectus
Definition
moves eye medially III oculomotor
Term
median nerve
Definition

 Nerves branches to most of the flexor muscles of arm

 helps you pick stuff up w/ thumb

Term
medulla
Definition
Cranial nerves X, XI, and XII are associated with the
Term

medulla nuclei

 

cadiovascular control center

Definition
adjust the force and rate of heart contration
Term
medulla oblongata
Definition
Along with the pons, forms the ventral wall of the fourth ventricle
Contains a choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle
Pyramids – two longitudinal ridges formed by corticospinal tracts
Term
mesencephalon
Definition
adult structures derived from the neural canal
cerebral aqueduct
Term
midbrain
Definition
region of the brain stem
Located between the diencephalon and the pons
structures include:
Cerebral peduncles –
Cerebral aqueduct –
various nuclei
Term
middle ear
Definition
A small, air-filled, mucosa-lined cavity Flanked laterally by the eardrum Flanked medially by the oval and round windows
Term
musculocutaneous
Definition
Brachial Plexus: Nerves sends fibers to the biceps brachii and brachialis
Term
nasolacrimal duct
Definition
tears drain into the
Term
nicotinic and muscarinic
Definition

 

§The two types of receptors that bind ACh are
Term
optic chiasma
Definition
Optic nerves pass through the optic canals and converge at the
Term
optic disc
Definition

Is the site where the optic nerve leaves the eye Lacks photoreceptors (the blind spot) Small vessels radiate out from the ____________ and can be seen with an ophthalmoscope

 

no recpters here

 

where nerves abd blood vessesls come into the eye

Term
organ of corti
Definition
Is composed of supporting cells and outer and inner hair cells
Afferent fibers of the cochlear nerve attach to the base of hair cells
The stereocilia (hairs):
Protrude into the endolymph
Touch the tectorial membrane
Term
outer ear
Definition

pinna, auditory canal, eardrum The branchial groove develops into _____ structures

involed w/ hearing

Term
paralysis on one side of your body. reflects brain injuries rather than spinal cord injuries
Definition
what is hemiplegia? how doesthis happen?
Term

periosteal

superior sagittal sinus

meningeal

subdural space

arachnoid

subarachnoid space

pia mater

Definition
What is the correct order of meninges and sub-meningeal spaces from the outside in?
Term
phrenic
Definition
nerve is the major motor and sensory nerve of the diaphragm
Term
pineal gland
Definition

extends from the posterior border and secretes melatonin

 

Term
pons
Definition
Bulging brainstem region between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata Forms part of the anterior wall of the fourth ventricle relay impulses between the motor cortex and thecerebellum (cerebellar peduncles)
Term
posterior horn
Definition

 interneurons

 

Term
posterior medial sulcus
Definition
Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

divides posterior funiculi
Term
primary auditory
Definition
Located at the superior margin of the temporal lobe
Receives information related to pitch, rhythm, and loudness
Term
primary motor
Definition
Located in the precentral gyrus
Pyramidal cells whose axons make up the corticospinal tracts
Allows conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movements
Term
primary somatosensory cortex
Definition
sensory area.
Located in the postcentral gyrus, this area:
Receives information from the skin and skeletal muscles
Exhibits spatial discrimination (able to tell which body region is being stimulated)
Term
primary visual cortex
Definition
  • Receives visual information from the retinas
  • interprets what we are seing
Term
proencephalon
Definition
forebrain
Term
pupil
Definition
central opening of the iris Regulates the amount of light entering the eye during: Close vision and bright light – constrict Distant vision and dim light – dilate Changes in emotional state – dilate when the subject matter is appealing or requires problem-solving skills
Term
radial
Definition
Brachial Plexus: Nerves innervates essentially all extensor muscles
Term
receptor level
Definition
the sensor receptors. Have to receive
Term

reflex arc

 

 

§Integration center –
Definition
either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within the CNS
Term

reflex arc

 

 

§Motor neuron –
Definition
 conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector
Term

reflex arc

 

effector

Definition

 

§– muscle fiber or gland that responds to the efferent impulse
Term

reflex arc

Receptors

Definition
site of the stimulus
Term
renin-angiotensin system  
Definition

 

§Increase blood volume

Increase arterial vasoconstriction

Term
retrograde amnesia
Definition
loss of memories from
distant past
Term
rhombencephalon
Definition
hindbrain
Term
round window
Definition
The scala tympani terminates here
The eardrum pushes against the ossicles, which presses fluid in the inner ear against the oval and
Term
saccule of the vestibule
Definition
extends into the cochlea
Term
sacral plexus
Definition
Arises from L4-S4 and serves the buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures, and the perineum
The major nerve is the sciatic
Term
scala media
Definition
is filled with endolymph
Term
scala tympani and vestibule
Definition
Are filled with perilymph
Are continuous with each other via the helicotrema
Term
sciatic
Definition
is actually composed of two nerves: the tibial and the common fibular (peroneal) nerves

the longest and thickest nerve of the body
Term
sclera
Definition
protects the eye and anchors extrinsic muscles
Term
semicircular canals
Definition
Three canals that each define two-thirds of a circle and lie in the three planes of space Membranous semicircular ducts line each canal and communicate with the utricle These receptors respond to angular movements of the head receptors monitor dynamic equilibrium
Term
septum pellucidum
Definition
wall between lateral ventricles
Term
spiral ganglion
Definition
Impulses from the cochlea pass via the _______ into the cochlear nuclei.
Term
stage 1
Definition
NREM stages include:
– eyes are closed and relaxation begins; the EEG shows alpha waves; one can be easily aroused
Term
stage 2
Definition
– EEG pattern is irregular with sleep spindles (high-voltage wave bursts); arousal is more difficult
Term
stage 3
Definition
– sleep deepens; theta and delta waves appear; vital signs decline; dreaming is common
Term
stage 4
Definition
– EEG pattern is dominated by delta waves; skeletal muscles are relaxed; arousal is difficult
Term
superior colliculi
Definition
midbrain nuclei
visual reflex centers
Term
superior oblique
Definition

depresses eye and turns it laterally

trochlear IV

Term
superior rectus
Definition

elevates eye and turns it medially

oculomotor III

Term
sympathetic division
Definition

 

§Promotes adjustments during exercise – blood flow to organs is reduced, flow to muscles is increased
Term
taste
Definition
Temperature and texture enhance or detract from
Term
tectorial membrane
Definition
stereocilia (hairs) protrude into the endolymph and touch the
Term
tentorium cerebelli
Definition
horizontal dural fold extends into the transverse fissure
Term
thalamus
Definition
Paired, egg-shaped masses that form the superolateral walls of the third ventricle Connected at the midline by the intermediate mass Contains four groups of nuclei – anterior, ventral, dorsal, and posterior Nuclei project and receive fibers from the cerebral cortex
Term
the Parasympathetic Division
Definition

 

§Its activity is illustrated in a person who relaxes after a meal
§Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rates are low
§Gastrointestinal tract activity is high
§The skin is warm and the pupils are constricted
Term
the malleus, incus, and stapes
Definition
Transmit vibratory motion of the eardrum to the oval window
Dampened by the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles
Term
tympanic membrane
Definition
Thin connective tissue membrane that vibrates in response to sound
Transfers sound energy to the middle ear ossicles
Boundary between outer and middle ears
Term
ulnar
Definition
Brachial Plexus: Nerves

supplies the flexor carpi ulnaris and part of the flexor digitorum profundus
Term
utricle of the vestibule
Definition
extends into the semicircular canals
Term
ventral root
Definition
arise from the anterior horn and contain motor (efferent) fibers
Term
ventricles of brain
Definition

Arise from expansion of the lumen of the neural tube hollow spaces in brain

hold up our brain

Term
vitreous humor
Definition
The posterior segment is filled with a clear gel that:
Transmits light
Supports the posterior surface of the lens
Holds the neural retina firmly against the pigmented layer
Contributes to intraocular pressure
Term
wernicke's area
Definition
understanding speech
–sounding out unfamiliar words
Term
you cant feel anything on the right side
Definition
if you have damge on the left side of primary somatosensory what happens?
Term

 

§RAS – Reticular Activating System
Definition

 

§Motor function
§Helps control coarse motor movements
§Autonomic centers regulate visceral motor
functions – e.g., vasomotor, cardiac, and respiratory centers
Term

 nuclei

Definition
Collections of nerve cell bodies w/in the CNs are called
Term

Ganglia

Definition

 is nerve cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system

 If it is  Outside of brain and spinal cord it is _____. Because ____is a series of bodies. If its gray theres no myelin. If there is myelin then it cant be a body. Relay stations. Integration staions. Decision stations. Where nerves are talking to each other.  (same functions as ____)

Term

Impairment of sensory impulses from the left foot

Definition

A lesion to the left side of the spinothalmic tract @ T-6 would result in which of the following?

Term
Basil nuclei
Definition

bodies(somas) to all the white stuff in your brain. Cerebral cortex outside is gray inside is white like a stalk of cauliflower (the heads is on the outside and the stems is on the inside) Hidden inside that stalk are bundles of somas called neclei (_______ nuclei) if its in your brain and spinal cord.

Term
forvea centralis
Definition
Most cones receiving color are in the
Term

Parasympathetic

Definition
makes pupils get smaller (constrict). It’s the circular smooth muscles in the eye that gets tighten
Term

Sympathetic

Definition
 gets your pupils bigger (dialate) cause it works on the radial muscles. It’s the radial muscles in the eye that pull
Term
most of the muscles are located
Definition

Biggest part of the homunculus is the head cause that’s where

Term
Visual cortex
Definition

 in the occipital lobe flips everything back to right place

Term
Close vision
Definition

have to change the shape of our lens, constrict our pupil and rotate our eye together so they can focus on the same point. Whose in charge of us doing close work: parasympathetic.

Term
infrared
Definition

Radio waves are

Term
Sympathetic-
Definition

dialate, constrict blood vessels in intestines, dialate bronchioles,

Term
Parasympathetic-
Definition
constrict blood vessesls in arms and legs, initiates salvatory glands, contrixct  bronchioles
Term
what do varcostities look like
Definition

 

knoblike swellings containing mitochondira and synaptic vessels that make it look like a string of beads

Term
crossed extensor reflex
Definition

has two parts

§The stimulated side is withdrawn
§The contralateral side is extended
Term
somatic nervous system
Definition

nerve communicating w/ voluntary muscles using acetocholine as its neuron transmitter

which has an excitatory effect

Term

autonomic nervous system

 

sympathetic division

Definition

uses two neurons

 

nerve talking to another nerve using  acetycholine then the nerve talk to smooth cardiac or glands using neuroepinephrine

 

nerve talking to adrenal medulla using acetylcholine

adrenal medula talks to blood vessles using epinephrine and norepinephrine

 

Term
autonomic nervous system
Definition

 

§Preganglionic fibers release ACh
§Postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine or ACh and the effect is either stimulatory or inhibitory
Term

autonomic division

 

parasympathetic

Definition

nerve talkto another nerve using acetocholine.

seconrve talks to smooth, cardiac and glands using acetocholine

Term
rami communicates
Definition
are associated only w/ the sympathetic division
Term
blood
Definition
upon stimulation medullary cells secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine into the
Term
[image]
Definition

Reflesxes within the internal organs such as when the small intestine starts peristalsis when it detects food.




Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_visceral_reflexes#ixzz174ZSkIuz
Term
cholinergic fibers
Definition
ACH releasing fibers
Term
adrenergic fibers
Definition
sympathetic postganglionic axons that release NE
Term
Cholinergic Receptors
Definition

 

§The two types of receptors that bind ACh are nicotinic and muscarinic
§These are named after drugs that bind to them and mimic ACh effects
Term
Nicotinic receptors
Definition

 

§are found on:
§Motor end plates (somatic targets)
§All ganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
§The hormone-producing cells of the adrenal medulla
§The effect of ACh binding to nicotinic receptors is always stimulatory
Term
Muscarinic receptors
Definition

 

§occur on all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers
§The effect of ACh binding:
§Can be either inhibitory or excitatory
§Depends on the receptor type of the target organ:
§ACh binding to cardiac receptors slows heart
§Ach binding to smooth muscle receptors increases intestinal motility
Term
Adrenergic Receptors
Definition

 

§The two types of adrenergic receptors are alpha and beta
§Each type has two or three subclasses
(
a1, a2,  b1, b2 , b3)
§Effects of NE binding to:
§ a receptors is generally stimulatory
§ b receptors is generally inhibitory
§A notable exception – NE binding to b receptors of the heart is stimulatory
Term
Sympathetic Tone
Definition

 

§controls blood pressure and keeps the blood vessels in a continual state of partial constriction
§This sympathetic tone (vasomotor tone):
§Constricts blood vessels and causes blood pressure to rise as needed
§Prompts vessels to dilate if blood pressure is to be decreased
§Alpha-blocker drugs interfere with vasomotor fibers and are used to treat hypertension
Term
parasympathetic tone
Definition

 

§Slows the heart
§Dictates normal activity levels of the digestive and urinary systems
§The sympathetic division can override these effects during times of stress
§Drugs that block parasympathetic responses increase heart rate and block fecal and urinary retention
Term
alpha inhibitor
Definition
receptors are on the blood vessels and when epinephrine lands on them causes the blood vessels to constrict which raises blood pressure (so blocking will lower blood pressure
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