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111
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/23/2008

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

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Term

andr/o

Definition
male
Term
crin/o
Definition
secrete
Term
estr/o
Definition
female
Term
gonad/o
Definition
sex glands
Term
kal/i
Definition
potassium
Term
natr/o
Definition
sodium
Term
hirsutism
Definition
Condition of having an excessive amount of hair. Term generally used to describe females who have tha adult male pattern of hair growth. Can be the result of a hormonal imbalance.
Term
radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU)
Definition
Test in which radioactive iodine is taken orally (PO) or intravenously (IV). the amount that is eventually taken into the thyroid gland (The uptake) is measured to assist in determining thyroid function.
Term
cephal/o
Definition
head
Term
gli/o
Definition
glue
Term
meningi/o
Definition
meninges
Term
myel/o
Definition
spinal cord
Term

neur/o

Definition
nerve
Term
--kinesia
Definition
movement
Term
--sthenia
Definition
strength
Term
--taxia
Definition
musle coordination
Term
the brain is
Definition
one of the largest organs in the body and coordinates most body activities.
Term
each part of the brain is responsible for what?
Definition

for controlling different body functions, such as temperature regulation and breathing.

Term
there are four sections to the brain:
Definition

1.cerebrum,

2.cerebellum,

 3.diencephalon,

and 4.brain stem.

Term
the largest section of the brain is
Definition

cerebrum

it is located in the upper portion of the brain and is the area that processes thoughts, judgment, memory, association skills, and the ability to discriminate between items.

Term
the outer layer of the cerebrum is the
Definition
cerebral cortex
Term
the cerebrum is subdivided into left and right halves called
Definition
cerebral hemispheres
Term
each hemishphere has four lobes which has their locations and functions are as follows:
Definition

Frontal lobe: most anterior portion of the cerebrum; controls motor funtion, personality, and speech.

parietal lobe: The most superior portion of the cerebrum; receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors and interprets language.

occipital lobe: the most posterior portion of the cerebrum; controls vision.

Temporal lobe: the left and right lateral portion of the cerebrum; controls hearing and smell.

Term
the diencephalon, located below the cerebrum, contains two of the most critical areas of the brain,
Definition
the thalamus and the hypothalamus.
Term
the thalamus is composed of
Definition
gray matter and acts as a center for relaying impulses from the eyes, ears, and skin to the cerebrum. our pain perception is controlled by the thalamus.
Term
the hypothalamus is
Definition
laying just below the thalmus, controls body temperature, appetite, sleep, sexual desire, and emothios, such as fear. the hypothalamus is actually responsible for controlling the autonomic nervous system, cardiovascular system, the gastrointestinal system, and the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.
Term
the cerebellum is
Definition
the second largest portion of the brain, is located beneath the posterior part of the cerebrum.This part of the brain aids in coordinating voluntary body movements and maintaining balance and equilibrium. the cerebellum refines the muscular movement that is initiated in the cerebrum.
Term
the brain stem is
Definition

the final portion if the brain.

 

Term
the brain stem area has three components:
Definition

Midbrain,

Pons, and

medulla oblongata.

Term
the midbrain
Definition
acts as a pathway for impulses to be conducted between the brain and the spinal cord.
Term
 the pons
Definition
a term that means bridge connects the cerebellum to the rest of the brain.
Term
the medulla oblongata is
Definition
the most inferior positioned portion of the brain; it connects the brain to the spinal cord.however, this vital area contains the centeres that control respiration, heart rate, temperature, and blood pressure. Additionally this is the site where nerve tracts cross from one side of the brain to contrrol functions and movement on the other side of the body
Term
pia mater:
Definition
the name means soft mother; it is the innermost membrane layer and is applied directly to the surface of the brain.
Term

Cranial nerves name:

the blue is to remamer the name

s= sensory

M=motor

B= both

Definition

1, Olfactory: transports impuses for sense of smell  ON   Some

2.optic: carries impulses for secse of sight .OLD

Say

3.oculomotor: motor impulses for eye muscle mocement and the puuil of eye    OLYMPUS  Marry

4. trochlear: controls oblique muscle of eye on each side. Towering Money

5. trigeminal: carries sensory facial imulses and controls muscles for chewing; branches ino eyes, forhead, upper and lower jaw. Tops  But

6.adducens: controls an eyeball muscle to turn eye to side. My

7. facial: controls facial nuscles for expression, salivation, and taste on two-thirds of tongue (anterior) Fin   Brother

8.vestibulocochlear: responsible for impulses of equlibrium and haring; also called auditory nerve . VON Says

9.glossopharyngeal: carries sensory impulses from pharynx (swallowing) and taste on one-third of tongue. German Bad

10.vagus supplies most organs in abdominal and thoracic cavities VIEWED   Business

11.accessory: controls the neck and shoulder muscles A       Marries

12. hypoglossal: controls tongue muscles HOP

Money

Term
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Definition
Disease with muscular weakness and atrophy due to degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord. also called Lou Gehrig's disease, after the New York Yankees baseball player who died from the disease.
Term
anesthetic
Definition
durgs that produce a loss of sensation or a loss of consciousness.
Term
Afferent neurons, also called sensory neurons carry what?
Definition
carry sensory information from a sensory receptor to the CNS.
Term

neur/o      

--lysis

Definition

neurolysis

nerve destuction

Term
neuroplasty
Definition
surgical repair of nerves
Term
--phasia       a--
Definition

aphasia

lack of speech

Term

-- plegia  hemi-

Definition

hemiplegia

paralysis of half

Term

--phasia   dys--

Definition

dysphasia

difficult speech

Term
syncope
Definition
Fainting
Term
concussion
Definition
injury to the brain that results from the brain being shakeninside the skull from a blow or impact. Can result in unconsciousness, dizziness, vomitting, unequal pupil size, and shock. symptoms last 24 hous or less.
Term
electronencephalography
Definition

Recording the electrical activity of the brain by placing electrodes at various positions on the scalp. Also used in sleep studies to determine if there is a normal pattern of activity during sleep.

Term
the endocrine system  is collection of what?
Definition
is a collection of glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood stream.
Term
the endocrine system is instrumental in maintaining what?
Definition
homeostasis, that is adjusting the activity level of most of the tissues and organs of the body to maintain a stable internal environment.
Term
the body actually has two distinct types of glands:
Definition
exocrine glands and endocrineglands
Term

Exocrine glands release

Definition
release their secretions into a duct that carries them to the outside of the body. for example, sweat glands release sweat into a sweat duct that travels to the suface of the body.
Term

Endocrine glands, release what?

Definition
hormones directly into the bloodstream. the secretion of the thyroid gland directly enters the bloodstream. because they have no ducts, they are referred to as ductless glands.
Term
the endocrine system consists of the following glands:
Definition

adrenal glands,

two ovaries in the female,

four parathyroid glands,

the pancreas,

the pineal glands

the pituitary gland,

two testes gland, and the thyroid gland.

the endocrine glands as a whole affect the functions of the entire body.

Term
the two adrenal glands are located which part of our body.
Definition

above each of the kidneys. .

Term
each adrenal glands is composed of two sections:
Definition
adrenal cortex, and adrenal medulla.
Term
THE outer adrenal cortes manfuactures several different families of hormones:
Definition

mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and steroid sex hormones.

howerer, because they are all produced by the cortex they are collectvely referred to as corticosteroids

Term
the adrenal cortex of both  men and women secretes steroid sex hormones:
Definition

androgens ,

 estrogen and

progesterone. these hormones regulate secondary sexual  characteristics. all hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex are steroid hormones.

Term
the mineralocorticoid hormone, aldosterone, regulates what?
Definition
sodium (Na+) and potassium, (K+) levels in the body.
Term
the glucocorticoid hormone, cortisol regulates what?
Definition
 regulates carbohydrates in the body.
Term
the inner portion of the adrenal medulla is responsible for what?
Definition
responsible for secreting the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Term

Epinephrine is also called what?

Definition
Adrenaline. these hormones are critical during emergency situations because they increase blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration levels. this helps the body perform better during emergencies or otherwise stressful times.
Term

The exocrine portion of  the pancrease releases what?

Definition
digestive enzymes through a duct into the duodenum ofthe small intestines.
Term
the endocrine sections of the pancreas, Islets of Langerhans are named after who?
Definition
Dr. Paul Langerhans, a German anatomist.
Term
there are two distinctly different types of diabetes mellitus:
Definition
type 1.  and type 2
Term
In type 1 is
Definition
there is a destruction of the islet cells and the person fails to produce an adequate amount of insulin. therefore, he or she must take insulin injections to replace the insulin the pancrease is unable to produce.
Term
type 1 is called
Definition
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Term
type 2 diabetes mellitus
Definition
the person makes a sufficient amount of insulin, but it has lost its ability to influence the cells of the body. this patients do not take insulin.
Term

type 2 is also called

Definition

non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.(IDDM)

this type of DM is usually treated by diet, exercise, and oral hypoglycemic agents-medications that result in a more normal blood sugar level.

Term

insulin will reduce what?

Definition
the blood sugar level.
Term
glucagon will do what?
Definition
will increase the blood sugar.
Term
the thyroid gland which resembles a butterfly in shape has what?
Definition

has right and left lobes.

it is located on either side of the trachea and larynx. the thyroid cartilage, or Adam's apple, is located just above the thyroid gland.

Term
the tyroid gland produces what?
Definition
hormones thyroxine, which is also known as T4, and triiodothyronine which is called T3. These hormones are produced in the thyroid gland from the mineral Iodine.
Term
T3 and T4 help to regulate what?
Definition
regulate the production of energy and heat in the body to adjust the metabolic rate of the body
Term
the thyroid gland also secretes what?
Definition
secretes calcitonin in response to hypercalcemia( too high blood calcium level). Its action is the opposite of parathyroid hormone and stimulates the increased deposition of calcium into bone, thereby lowering blood levels of calcium.
Term
the actual eyeball is composed of three layers:
Definition
the sclera , the choroid, and the retina.
Term

The outer layer of the sclera, provides what?

Definition
 provides a tough protectrive layer fo the inner structures of the eye. another term for the sclera is the white of the eye.
Term
EENT
Definition
eye, ear, nose, and throat
Term
every drug has three different names:
Definition

1. Chemical name

2.Generic, or nonproprietary, name

3.Brand, trade, or proprietary name

Term
Oral:
Definition
this method includes all drugs that are given by mouth
Term
prophylasix
Definition
prevention of disease. For example, an antibiotic can be used to prevent the occurrence of a disease.
Term
Po
Definition
by mouth
Term

qd

Definition
once a day. every day
Term
ergonomics
Definition

study of human work including how the requirements for performing work and the work environment affect the musculoskeletal and nervous systems.

Term
electromyogram
Definition
graphic recording of the contraction of a muscle.  The result of applying an electrical stimulation to the muscle.
Term
nerve conduction velocity
Definition
a test to determine if nerves have been damages by recording the rate at which an electrical impulse travels along a nerve.  If the nerve is damages, the velocity will be decreased.
Term
anesthesiologist
Definition
a physician who specializes in the practive of administering anesthetics.
Term
metastasis
Definition
movement and spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another. metastases is plural
Term
protocol
Definition
plan of treatment for cancer patients developed by examining all the options available. including radiation therapy, chemotherapy, removal of entire organ with the tumor, removal of only the tumor, removal of surrounding lymph nodes, and others.
Term
palliative therapy
Definition
treatment designed to reduce the intensity of painful symptoms, but does not produce a cure.
Term
Hormones are?
Definition
chemicals that act on their target orgnans to either increase or decrease the target's  activity level.
Term

suffixes from chapter 11

--crine

Definition
secrete
Term
--dipsia
Definition
thirst
Term
--emia
Definition
blood condition
Term
--tropin
Definition
stimulate
Term
--uria
Definition
urine condition
Term
the thyroid release which of the follwoing in response to hpercalcemia?
Definition
calcitonoin
Term
which of the following is a type of glucocorticold?
Definition
cortisol
Term
where do exocrine glands release secretions?
Definition
into a duct that carries them to the body
Term
the _______ cranial nerve controls the neck and shoulder muscles
Definition

accessory

motor   the eleventh (11) cranial nerve

Term
the _________ carnial nerve is responsible for impulses of equilibrium and hearing, it also called the auditory nerve.
Definition

vestibulocochlear

The eighth cranial nerve. It is responsible for hearing and balance. (8)

sensory

Term
pituitary gland
Definition
An endocrine gland located behind the optic nerve in the brain. It is also called the master gland since it controls the functions of many other endocrine glands. It is divided into two lobes: anterior and posterior. The anterior pituitary gland secretes hormones that aid in controlling growth and stimulating the thyroid gland, sexual glands, and adrenal cortex. The posterior pituitary is responsible for the antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin.
Term
Afferent neurons, another term is sensory neurons that carry what?
Definition
carry sensory information from a sensory receptor to the CNS
Term
Efferent neurons, another term is motor neurons, carry what?
Definition
carry activity instrutions from the CNS to muscles or glands out in the  body.
Term

The_________ cranial nerve supplies most organs in abdominal and thoracic cavities

Definition

vagus

it is the tenth carnial nerve

both

Term

The __________ carnial nerve carries impulses for sense of sight.

Definition

optic

the second carnial nerve

sensory

Term

The __________ carnial nerve transports impulse for sense of smell

Definition

olfactory

the first carnial nerve

sensory

Term
The _________ carnial nerve motor impulses for eye muscle movement and the pupil of eye
Definition

Oculomotor

the third carnial nerve

motor

Term
The__________ carnial nerve controls oblique muscle of eye on each side
Definition

Trochlear

the fourth of the carnial nerve

motor

Term
The_________ carnial nerve carries sensory facial impulses and controls muscles for chewing; branches into eyes, forehead, upper and lower jaw.
Definition

Trigeminal

the fiveth carnial nerve

both  or sensory and motor.

Term
The ______ carnial nerve control an eyeball muscle to turn eye to side.
Definition

Abducens

the sixth carnial nerve

motor

Term
The__________ carnial nerve controls facial muscles for expression, salivation, and taste on two-thirds of tongue (anterior)
Definition

Facial

the seventh carnial nerve

both

Term
The _________ carnial nerve carries sensory impulses from pharynx (swallowing) and taste on one-thirds of tongue
Definition

Glossopharyngeal

the nienth carnial nerve

both

Term

The______ carnial nerve controls tongue muscles.

Definition

Hypoglossal

the tewelveth carnial nerve

motor

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