Shared Flashcard Set

Details

08 History CRT Study Guide
For the IB kids and normal kids
161
History
10th Grade
12/09/2008

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What changes took place in European society during the mid and late Middle Ages?
Definition
Nobles lost power as monarchs expanded their control over vast area.
Term
What was one of the first documents to help protect the rights the of free individuals?
Definition
Magna Carta
Term
What was a common European name for the land of Asia?
Definition
the Indies
Term
What happened as a result of Columbus's discovery of lands he believed to be Asia?
Definition
Spain persuaded the pope to create a Line of Demarcation securing its right to lands west of the line.
Term
What were the merchants who invested in a joint-stock company able to accomplish?
Definition
raise $ for new ventures and reduce the individual risk of starting a business
Term
What were trade networks in Africa built around?
Definition
gold, ivory, salt, and slaves
Term
What was a consequence of Portuguese exploration of Africa?
Definition
More warfare among West African kingdoms.
Term
What motivated the Dutch to come to America?
Definition
interest in trade
Term
Why did the French want to prevent English settlement in the Ohio River valley and the area around the Great Lakes?
Definition
In order to protect their already profitable fur trade.
Term
When did Parliament passed the Tea Act?
Definition
when the British East India Trading Company proposed selling its tea directly to the colonies
Term
What was the purpose of the Declaratory Act?
Definition
to ensure Parliament had the power to pass laws for the colonies
Term
What was the first law of Parliament that directly taxed teh colonists, not just trade goods?
Definition
Stamp Act
Term
What was the conflict resulted from British assumption that the Treaty of Paris granted Britain the American Indian lands in France's Northa American territory known as?
Definition
Pontiac's Rebellion
Term
What act was passed by Parliament after the repeal of the Stamp Act?
Definition
Townshend Act
Term
Why did more settlers begin crossing the Appalachian Mountains in the 1760s?
Definition
The British victory in the French and Indian War reduced their concerns about American Indian raids.
Term
Where did the Boston Massacre gain its name and reputation?
Definition
from the propoganda used by Samuel Adams and other Boston protesters
Term
Whose ideas was the slogan "No Taxation without Representation" based on?
Definition
Samuel Adams and James Otis
Term
What was Parliament's right to tax all paper items, such as legal documents and newspapers, called?
Definition
Stamp Act
Term
Why did Colonial merchants and smugglers oppose the Tea Act?
Definition
for fear the British East India COmpany would monopolize trade with its cheap tea and put them out of business
Term
Why was The Albany Plan of Union written?
Definition
to unite the colonies in the same way as the Iroquois League
Term
How did colonists respond to the Townshend Acts?
Definition
with another large-scale boycott of British goods
Term
Who created the Committees of Correspondence?
Definition
Samuel Adams and others to share ideas regarding the new British laws
Term
What was created as a result of the Stamp Act?
Definition
Sons of Liberty
Term
Who was one of the first colonists to protest unfair taxation?
Definition
James Otis
Term
Who viewed the Stamp Act as unjust?
Definition
William Pitt, a member of Parliament
Term
What was the turning point of the French and Indian War?
Definition
General James Wolfe captured Quebec
Term
When did Massachusetts legislature call for a Stamp Act Congress?
Definition
when the Virginia House of Burgesses supported some of Patrick Henry's resolutions
Term
Why did Parliament repeal the Townshend Acts?
Definition
to further reduce colonial tension after the Boston Massacre
Term
What was the first battle of the French and Indian War?
Definition
the Battle of Fort Necessity
Term
As lawyers for the British soldiers charged with murder in 1770, Josiah Quincy and John Adams, used what defense for the soldiers?
Definition
They acted in self-defense.
Term
What were the Colonial Wars of the late 1600s and the 1700s a result of?
Definition
France and England's desire to dominate Europe and North America
Term
Although the original draft of the Declaration of Independence included a passage condemning the slave trade, why was the passage removed?
Definition
the southern delegates objected to it
Term
Who was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence?
Definition
Thomas Jefferson
Term
What was one important advantage that the colonists had over the British?
Definition
a strong belief in the cause for which they fought
Term
When did the colonists' rebellion against Britain become a full-scale revolution?
Definition
when the Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence
Term
What happened when George Washington took command of the Continental Army?
Definition
He did not know whether he could build a strong enough army
Term
Where was the colonists' ability to withstand an assault by the British army proven?
Definition
at the Battle of Bunker Hill
Term
How did Washington and 2400 Patriot soldiers surprise the enemy at Trenton on December 25, 1776?
Definition
by crossing the Delaware River at night
Term
When did the Second Continental Congres convene?
Definition
when the first shots were fired at Lexington and Concord
Term
When did the Marquis de Lafayette, a wealthy French aristocrat, fight for the Patriots?
Definition
beginning in 1777
Term
How did officers from the country of Poland aid the Patriot cause?
Definition
by donating their army engineering and cavalry skills to the Continental Army
Term
What had already happened when King George III rejected the July 5, 1775, Olive Branch Petition?
Definition
General Washington was already gathering troops for the Continental Army
Term
Why did Thomas Paine reach a wider audience than most other pamphlet writers of his day?
Definition
He wrote as a common man to common people.
Term
What established the national borders of the US?
Definition
the Treaty of Paris of 1783
Term
What best describes the Revolutionary War during the winter of 1777-78?
Definition
More than one fifth of Washington's troops died of disease and malnutrition at Valley Forge
Term
Why was General Washington most impressed by Marquis de Lafayette?
Definition
his passion for the Patriot cause
Term
What did supporters of the Constitution call themselves?
Definition
Federalists
Term
What did Enlightenment philosopher John Locke believe?
Definition
The rule of law is more important than the authority of any individual.
Term
What best describes the trade imbalance in America?
Definition
Imports from Britain exceeded exports to Britain.
Term
How did the Three-Fifths Compromise solve the problem of how slaves would be counted?
Definition
The slaves in deciding each state's taxes.
Term
Which of the following best describes the Articles of Confederation?
Definition
They created a central government with limited powers and no president.
Term
What best describes the Federalist Papers?
Definition
They were a series of essays that defended the Constitution.
Term
What did Antifederalists such as Patrick Henry fear?
Definition
They feared that the checks and balances on the federal government were insufficient.
Term
What is the sharing of governmental power between a central authority and the states or provinces that make up a country?
Definition
federalism
Term
What had to happen in order for the COnstitution to go into effect?
Definition
Nine of the states had to ratify it.
Term
Which of the following is a government in which representatives are elected by the people?
Definition
a republic
Term
What best describes the national government created under the Articles of Confederation?
Definition
A confederation Congress with one vote from each state.
Term
Why did the delegates from the smaller states strongly object to the Virginia Plan?
Definition
Because small states would have very few representatives in Congress while large states would have many.
Term
What were The Mayflower Compact and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut examples of?
Definition
self-government documents written by Americans before the Revolution
Term
Why did Northern delegates to the Constitutional Convention agree to let the slave trade continue for another 20 years?
Definition
because if southern delegates would drop the demand that laws in Congress be passed with a two-thirds majority vote
Term
Which of the following are American models for representative government?
Definition
The New England town meeting and the Virginia House of Burgesses.
Term
How is ability of the Constitution to fit the needs of a changing nation best exemplified?
Definition
by the Bill of Rights and other amendments
Term
What system prevents any branch of government from becoming too powerful?
Definition
checks and balances
Term
Where can the words and ideas of John Locke best be expressed?
Definition
They influenced those who wanted to create a new government in America.
Term
What did some southern delegates threaten to do if the Constitution included an immediate ban on the slave trade?
Definition
withdraw from the Union
Term
What did the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom inspire all other states to do by 1833?
Definition
not establish an official church
Term
Why did some Federalists believe the Constitution was itself a bill of rights?
Definition
Because it was written to ensure liberty for all citizens
Term
What was the original purpose of the 1787 COnstitutional Congress?
Definition
to discuss revising the Articles of Confederation
Term
Where did Federalists John Jay and Alexander Hamilton lead the fight for ratification?
Definition
New York
Term
What authority does the Constitution give to the House of Representatives?
Definition
The authority to bring criminal charges against a president.
Term
What are Writs of Assistance?
Definition
They allow law officials to search any colonists
Term
What is the separation of powers referring to according to the Constitution?
Definition
states and the federal government
Term
Who were the only presidents ever to have been impeached?
Definition
Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton
Term
What are life appointments to the federal court system meant to ensure?
Definition
That judges make their decisions free from the influence of a particular party
Term
What powers are retained by the state governments or by citizens?
Definition
reserved powers
Term
Who makes up the president's cabinent?
Definition
heads of the 14 executive departments
Term
Which branch is responsible for enforcing the laws approved by Congress?
Definition
executive branch
Term
What are some of the duties of American citizens?
Definition
obeying laws, paying taxes, protecting the nation, and serving on juries
Term
What is a provision of the 22th Amendment, ratified in 1951?
Definition
It prevents any president from being elected to more than two terms.
Term
How did the idea for the president's cabinent originate?
Definition
Washington began meeting with executive department heads as a group.
Term
What did Washington do when political parties began to form during his presidency?
Definition
He worried that parties posed a threat to national unity.
Term
Which leader supported strict construction, meaning that the federal government should do only what the Constitution specifically says it can do?
Definition
Thomas Jefferson
Term
Why was the election of 1800 most important?
Definition
It weakened the Federalist Party and strengthened th Republicans.
Term
Which of the following is true of the Bank of the US?
Definition
It was chartered by Congress in 1791.
Term
What event brought on the rallying cry of the American people "Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!"?
Definition
XYZ affair
Term
Who supported loose construction, meaning that the federal government can take actions that the Constitution does not specifically forbid?
Definition
Alexander Hamilton
Term
Who and/or what were members of the Whiskey Rebellion protesting?
Definition
taxes on whiskey
Term
Why did Congress organize the government's judicial branch in 1789?
Definition
The Constitution's requirements for the judicial branch were not specific.
Term
Why was Hamilton's plan for debt assumption controversial?
Definition
He wanted the federal government to pay much of the states' war expenses.
Term
Who or what did Washington believe threatened national unity the most?
Definition
regional and political differences
Term
What did Washington advise the US to do when France and Great Britain went to war?
Definition
remain neutral
Term
What was one of the most significant developments of the Renaissance?
Definition
Gutenburg's invention of movable type for European presses
Term
What attracted the Dutch and the Swedish to North America?
Definition
trade and good land
Term
Who led former indentured servants to attack and burn Jamestown?
Definition
Nathaniel Bacon
Term
What crop in the South Carolina colony thrived after African laborers taught the colonist how to raise it?
Definition
rice
Term
Which colonists agreed to work from four to seven years for those who paid their ship fare to America?
Definition
proprietors
Term
As a result of the Great Awakening what did the congregations of some established churches in the colonies divided into?
Definition
Old Lights and New Lights
Term
Why did Parliament pass a series of Navigation Acts between 1650 and 1696?
Definition
trade in the colonies
Term
What was the Glorious Revolution?
Definition
overthrow of King James II
Term
What region is best described as a harsh climate with rocky soil?
Definition
the New England colonies
Term
When was the first attempt to unite the colonists in time of crisis?
Definition
the Albany Plan of Union
Term
What did the Massachusetts legislature invite delegates from the other colonies to do in 1765?
Definition
attend the Stamp Act Congress in New York
Term
What action did British officials take to enforce the Townshend Acts in 1767?
Definition
They used Writs of Assistance that allowed tax collectors to search for smuggled goods.
Term
When did colonists first begin using the slogan "No Taxation without Representation"?
Definition
after the Sugar Act
Term
What actions best describe what colonists called the Boston Massacre?
Definition
British soldiers fired into a civilian crowd, resulting into several deaths
Term
What was the significance of the Battle of Saratoga?
Definition
It was the greatest victory up to that point for the American forces.
Term
What was a requirement to become a state for settlers in a portion of the Northwest Territory under the Northwest Ordinance?
Definition
number at least 60,000 inhabitants and petition Congress
Term
What did James Madison encourage the legislators to do during Congress's first session after the ratification of the Constitution?
Definition
put together a bill of rights
Term
During the Constitutional Convention, what did James Madison agree to do?
Definition
add a bill of rights to the Constitution to protect the rights of individuals
Term
Which nations would the US remain neutral to according to Neutrality Proclamation?
Definition
all nations at war in Europe
Term
What did Hamilton believe debt assumption would accomplish?
Definition
improve business in debtor states and inspire greater support for the federal government
Term
Why did the French establish colonies in the northern part of North America in the early 1600s?
Definition
the explorations of Cartier and Champlain had given France a claim to much of present-day eastern Canada
Term
Which country began the European trade in African slaves?
Definition
Portugal
Term
What was a result of the Treaty of Tordesillas?
Definition
It came under Portuguese control.
Term
What Asian goods were most valued by Europeans?
Definition
slik and spices
Term
What was the rebirth of European interest in the arts and learning of ancient Greece and Rome known as?
Definition
Renaissance
Term
Where did the Renaissance begin in the mid-1300s?
Definition
Italy
Term
What was a result of the Commercial Revolution?
Definition
Merchants became more aggressive about adjusting prices in order to make profits.
Term
What rediscovery contributed to the Renaissance?
Definition
ancient Greek and Roman works
Term
How are inflation in Spain and defeat of the Spanish Armada related to colonization?
Definition
Spain's Golden Age gradually came to an end and it lost power in the New World.
Term
How did England attempt to strengthen it claim to North America?
Definition
esablishing permanent fishing villages
Term
Which of the following was a result of the invention of the printing press?
Definition
It helped spread the Protestant Reformation.
Term
What action did the Spanish take as a result of American Indian resistance, high death rates from disease, and lack of success of the encomienda system in the Caribbean?
Definition
They brough enslaved Africans to work in New Spain.
Term
How is Germany related to the Protestant Reformation?
Definition
The Pope made the people there the main targets of his hatred.
Term
What was Henry VIII's motive for founding the Anglican Church?
Definition
He wanted a divorce and the Pope wouldn't give him one.
Term
How was the defeat of the Aztecs related to their religion?
Definition
They believed the Spanish conquerors were gods.
Term
What best describes the borderlands of New Spain?
Definition
They had little mineral wealth, harsh conditions, and only a few scattered settlements.
Term
What was England's motive for founding Roanoke colony?
Definition
Gaining a foothold in the New World.
Term
What obstructed the growth and success of the Virginia colony most until the 1670's?
Definition
poor colonial leadership
Term
The Pilgrims were persecuted by English authorities because of religious intolerance. What would have been the main reason for this intolerance?
Definition
They left England and moved to the Netherlands in 1608.
Term
What was the motive behind the first settlers arrival in Jamestown?
Definition
They were adventurers who hoped to discover gold without having to establish a settlement.
Term
Why did England's Great Migration occur?
Definition
Economic and political circumstances became unbearable for dissenters.
Term
How is William Bradford related to the English colonies?
Definition
He led Plymouth.
Term
When did the Virginia colony begin to thrive economically?
Definition
when John Rolfe introduced West Indian tobacco in 1612
Term
What was the goal of the first colonies to arrive in Jamestown?
Definition
to search for gold
Term
What was the function of Captain John Smith in the Virginia colony?
Definition
strong leadership
Term
How is gender related to politics in Massachusetts?
Definition
only male church members could vote
Term
What are the features of the Virginia Colony's government?
Definition
a general court with a two-house legislature
Term
How was the year 1607 related to Jamestown?
Definition
the first colonists arrived
Term
What did the Reverend Thomas Hooker establish in 1639?
Definition
Fumdamental Orders of Connecticut, principles of government that gave more people the right to vote
Term
How is William Penn's model of Philadelphia related to other colonial cities?
Definition
Penn's model was used by others
Term
What group of people served as the motive behind Baltimore's establishment of a new colony in America?
Definition
for Catholics
Term
How did the decline in the number of indentured servants in Virginia affect many farmers?
Definition
They preferred enslaved African slaves to indentured servants, who had to be set free at the end of their contracts.
Term
What motive led the Pilgrims to leave the Netherlands?
Definition
to maintain an English culture and heritage for their children
Term
What happened as a result of revivals held during the 1730s and 1740s?
Definition
People throughout the colonies experienced a Great Awakening in their religious beliefs.
Term
Why were slave codes passed by colonial legislatures?
Definition
They controlled slaves by establishing rules of conduct for them.
Term
What was the first colonial legislature formed in the colonies?
Definition
an assembly, established in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619
Term
What motive was behind the production of cash crops such as cotton?
Definition
regional dominance
Term
What was the main idea of the Enlightenment?
Definition
that a scientific thinking could be used to study human nature and improve the world
Term
Which of the following best describes a part of the so-called triangular trade?
Definition
It went from the colonies to the West Indies to Britain.
Term
What was the motive behind the many laws in Massachusetts enforce by the Puritans?
Definition
combine church and state
Term
How are cotton and tobacco related to the southern colonies?
Definition
They were primary cash crops.
Term
What motive led colonists to establish schools in New England?
Definition
They wanted to educate a ministry for future generations
Term
What are the features of a bicameral legislatures?
Definition
a law making body made up of two houses, or groups
Term
What was the focus of the ministers of the Great Awakening?
Definition
sinful state of humanity and everyone's equal chance to be saving
Term
Why did Parliament ask the rulers of the Netherlands to lead England?
Definition
James II wanted to change England back to a Catholic nation.
Term
How are rich fishing waters and abundant timber related to New England?
Definition
It made fishing and shipbuilding two leading industries in New England.
Term
What is a favorable balance of trade?
Definition
having fewer imports than exports
Term
How is diverse New England climate related to its economy and labor demands?
Definition
skilled craftsmen who had trained as apprentices were needed
Term
What were the Navigation Acts?
Definition
trade with England
Term
What did the New England colonies develop a tradition of holding
Definition
one or more town meetings a year
Supporting users have an ad free experience!