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who- charlamagne and alcuin of york and scholars
what- a flowering of culture, especially Greek and Latin literature
where- charlamagne's empire
when- 768 - 814
sig.- charlamagne brought back the use of Latin because it was efficient for the government and that it was crucial fir the propagation of christianity |
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who- charlamagne and his empire
what- he was leader of the Carolingian Empire
where- Empire of Charlamagne
when- 768 - 814
sig.- he became the first emperor in over five centuries |
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who- Germanics
what- what an individual was woth in case he/she suffered from injury/death
where- germanic communities
when- eighth century
sig.- showed the first of legal system punishment |
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who- Carolingians
what- a social system common in the middle ages that granted fiefs to vassals
where- empire of charlamagne
when- ninth and tenth centuries
sig.- it shows the connections of a lord-vassal relationship and the holding of a fief |
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who- people everywhere in Europe
what- bubonic, pneumonic, and systemic virus that killed 1/3 of Europe's population
where- Europe
when- 1348 - 1600
sig.- killed 1/3 of Europe's population |
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who- Cyril and Methodius
what- they were missionaries. they guaranteed the autonomy of Bulgarian Church and made the slavic alphabet
where- Moravia
when- Cyril (826 - 869) Methodius (815 - 885)
sig.- helped Bulgarian Church and made cultural ties that still exist today |
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who- Macedonian Dynasty (Basil I)
what- a stretch of time when aristocrat families, the church, and monasteries devoted their riches to making Constantinople better
where- Byzantine Empire
when- 867 - 1056
sig.- kept Constantinople in really good shape |
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who- Emperor Leo III
what- destruction of religious images in the Byzantine Empire
where- Byzantine Empire (Constantinople)
when- 730
sig.- Leo III tried to stop a tradition that occurs still today in Orthadox Christian Churches, but failed |
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who- King John
what- when King John was forced to sign the "great charter" and stated that he had to respect the feudal privileges of nobility, towns, and clergy
where- England
when- 1215
sig.- made kings accept the law |
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who- scholars in Europe
what - a broad theological movement that dominated medieval thought and university training
where- universities throughout Europe
when- 14th and 15th centuries
sig.- it helped schools with a better understanding of philosophy and theology |
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who- William I, the Conqueror
what- the king of England
where- England
when- 1066 - 1087
sig.- made England's land all a fief, made himself Lord of all Lords and transformed England's hierarchy |
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who- Popes and German Emperors
what- a dispute that began in 1076 between Popes and German Emperors over the right to invest bishops into their offices
where- Rome
when- 1076
sig.- led to the excommunication of King Henry |
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who- Copernicus and Galileo
what- men who studied astronomy and anatomy
where- Italy
when- 14th and 15th centuries
sig.- were both very interested in astronomy and anatomy. Galileo invented the telescope. Copernicus believed that the Earth revolved around the Sun. |
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who- Brunelleschi
what- painted and architect during the Italian Renaissance
where- Florence
when- he was most important during the reign of Cosimo de Medici (1434 - 1464)
sig.- he discovered the use of linear perspective and finished the dome in Florence |
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who- Isabella (Queen of Castile) and Ferdinand (King of Aragon)
what- they were 2 people who were married for an alliance between Castile and Aragon and they later became King and Queen of Spain
where- Castile and Aragon, later Spain
when- were married in 1469, unified Spain in 1479
sig.- they made the alliance between Castile and Aragon and later unified Spain |
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who- Petrarca and other humanists
what- humanists which were people who studied the purest form of Latin and Greek and base everything they learn off late antiquity
where- Europe
when- Petrarch lived from 1304 - 1374 and during that time were the high points for humanists
sig.- they discovered many important ancient manuscripts and letters and Petrarch wrote letters to Ciero, and this was important because Petrarch thought that the ancient heroes were perfect but he discovered they were imperfect just like him. |
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who- Pope Julius II
what- he was a Pope and son of Pope Alexander VI
where- Papal State in Central Italy
when- 1503 - 1513
sig.- continued trying to gain control of the Papal State. |
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who- Pope Urban VI and the papacy
what- when Pope Urban VI decided to move the papacy back to Rome from Avigon, France
where- Rome
when- 1378 - 1417
sig.- completely split the church according to political and territorial affiliation to France and Italy and lead to the start of the Concilliar Movement |
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Term
| Babylonian Captivity of the Church |
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Definition
who- popes and the papacy
what- when popes decided to move the papacy from Rome to Avigon, France
where- Avigon, France
when- 1305 - 1378
sig.- enemies of France, soon became enemies of the Pope |
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| Patron/ Client Relationship |
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Definition
who- upper class aristocrats and lower/middle class artists
what- when upper class people would provide for lower class artists and the artists would paint or sculpt pieces of art for the upper class person
where- Europe, especially Florence
when- started with Cosimo de Medici and lasted for many centuries
sig.- because of the patron/client relationship artists could afford what they needed so new artwork was created |
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who- Paul of Tarsus
what- a Jewish man who was first against the new Christian religion in the first century. But he then ha d a calling and started to help develop the religion.
where- Roman Empire and Asia Minor
when- d. ca 65 C.E.
sig.- he helped develop the Christian religion and wrote letters to Christian communities about the Christian faith and these letters were the first documents written and these helped divide Christianity from Judaism. |
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who- senators and imperial personnel
what- Center of political and public life in the city of Rome and it was where the treasury, records office, the law house, and the Senate are located. It is where public business and legal trials were held, but mainly the Forum was to show off the power of the emperors.
where- in the middle of the city Rome
when- used in the reign of Augustus
sig.- to organize and run the whole political business. W/o it the Roman Empire wouldn't have been able to be so powerful and emperors wouldn't be able to show off their power. |
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who- the Roman Empire
what- the "Roman Peace", when the Roman Empire was at it's highest power
where- the Roman Empire
when- 27 BC - 192 AD
sig.- The Pax Romana was significant because it was the foundation for one of the most powerful empires in European history, which later influenced government, laws, and religion. It also set up a succession system, which was used for many centuries even past the fall of the Roman Empire. |
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who- Constantine and Maximian
what- a bridge located in Rome that ran across the Tiber River
where- Rome, Tiber River
when- 312
sig.- Maxmian and Constantine were in a battle at the Milvian bridge and Constantine conquered Maximian putting Constantine in complete contril of the Roman Empire. Also at the Milvian Bridge, Constantine had a vision after his win of the Christian God, which made him convert to the Christian religion which started spreading the Christian faith all through Rome. |
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who- monks and nuns
what- a period of religion where people focused on prayers, working, and ascemilition.
where- Roman Empire
when- 375 - 450
sig.- because of this movement, the Christian religion began to grow stronger and stronger |
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who- Muhammad
what- he was a man who made the Islamic faith that is still used today
where- born in Mecca, later traveled to Medina
when- 570 - 632
sig.- invented the Islamic faith and also his teachings are practiced world wide and known as the Pillars of Islam |
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who- Umme Ayman
what- a 16 year old Islamic girl living in modern day Pakistan
where- modern day Pakistan
when- told her story to a reporter in 2007
sig.- she was raped while her family was being threatened and hurt. She lives a very different life compared to American girls and she got to share her story and try and help American understand how hard it is to live in Pakistan as a young girl. |
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who- Gregory the Great
what- one of the greatest Popes in Italy
where- Italy
when- 590 - 604
sig.- he supported missionaries all over and he was helpful to all who needed it and helped with the Christian Church |
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who- Charles the Bold, Luthaire, and Louis the Great
what- a treaty that split Charlamagne's Empire into 3 equal parts
where- East Francia, West Francia, and "Middle Kingdom"( Rome and up though the North Sea)
when- 843
sig.- kept Charlamagne's Empire standing b/c it might have collapsed from the 3 grandsons fighting |
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who- Ghenhis Khan
what- a Mongol King
where- Mongolian Empire
when- 1206 - 1227
sig.- destroyed Great Wall of China, conquered Jin Empire in Northern Europe, and conquered Beijing |
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who- Council of Nicea
what- bishops of Nicea who were summoned by Emperor Constantinople in relationship about the divine members of the Holy Trinity
where- Constantinople
when- 325
sig.- created the Nicene Creed (Jesus is identical in the nature and essence to the Father) |
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who- Huns
what- a fierce nomadic tribe
where- central Asia
when- 4th and 5th centuries
sig.- had many successful battles like defeating the Visigoths |
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who- Rus tribesmen
what- fierce tribesmen
where- attacked Constantinople
when- 860
sig.- when they attacked Constantinople, people in Constantinople were told to repay their sins. The Rus retreated and this was looked at as a divine intervention. |
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who- Avars
what- nomadic tribe
where- first appeared on the steppes north of the Black Sea
when- 6th century
sig.- they created an empire by forcing conquered people to serve in their armies |
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who- Muslims in Spain and Christians
what- battles caused by Christians (N. Spain) trying to capture Muslim-controlled cities (S. Spain)
where- Spain
when- 1085 - 1492
sig.- over a 400 year battle between Christians and Muslims that ended in a Christian win |
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who- St. Francis of Assisi
what- he was the son of a merchant
where- Italy
when- 1182 - 1226
sig.- he supposedly got a direct command while praying to go and repair the crucifix's house. He repaired churches and chapels and raised money. He then continued to live a life of poverty. |
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who- Europeans
what- a period of time where people invented machines that helped bring agriculture and economics up.
when- 11th and 12th centuries
where- Europe
sig.- in this period of time some of the most useful inventions were created such as the plow, 3-field system, wind power, and medal armor. |
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who- Pope Innocent III
what- a Pope who was tough minded and up-ed the papal monarchy b/c of family connections in Italy and Germany and his training in theology and the cannon law
where- Italy
when- 1198 - 1216
sig.- was very focused on his job as Pope, this made people take religion even more seriosuly |
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who- Baldassare Castiglone and courtiers
what- people who helped the prince's household function by doing any kind of service: cleaning, wardrobe, ect. Badassare wrote the Book of the Courtiers which stated that courtiers should have nonchalance and ease.
where- Europe
when- during the Italian Renaissance
sig.- they helped keep prince's kingdoms in order |
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who- Ghiberti
what- Italian Renaissance painter and sculptor
where- Florence
when- 1378 - 1455
sig.- his idea for the doors in the Baptistry in Florence won over Brunelleschi's, he also created other many wonderful pieces of artwork throughout his lifetime |
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who- English and French knights
what- a battle between France and England, England won, but King Philip escaped leaving 3,000 of his men behind, 1,500 of them soldiers
where- Crecy
when- 1346
sig.- one of the many battles between France and England that killed thousands of Frenchmen. It was also one of the battles in the 100 years war. |
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who- Augustus
what- the first emperor of Rome
where- Rome
when- 27 bc - 14 ce
sig.- he created the Roman Empire, which lasted for over one thousand years, during his reign the Pax Romana was in the Roman Empire |
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who- Tacitus
what- an author
where- Rome
when- was most important from the years 50 - 95 C.E.
sig.- wrote the Burning of Rome, Dinner With Atilla the Hun, and a biography on Agricola the General |
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who- Diocletian
what- an Emperor who after ruling alone for 2 years decided to make a tetrarchy
where- Rome
when- 284 - 305
sig.- he made the tetrarchy rule in Rome in order to try and protect the Emperors b/c many emperors had been getting assented |
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who- Justinian
what- emperor of Rome
where- Rome
when- 527 - 565
sig.- was very religious and created Justinian's Code, which was when he made all his lawyers sort through all the laws that had been made over the past centuries and decide which ones were important and still used today and to keep those but not use the others |
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who- barbarian tribe, also called NOrsemen
what- silver-hungry tribe
where- from steppes and "the North", entered Western half of Roman Empire
when- 350 - 1100
sig.- were converted to Latin Christianity when they entered Western half of Roman Empire |
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who- Latin Christians
what- Latin Christians launched 4 crusades in order to try and get control of Jerusalem
where- Jerusalem
when- 1095 - 1261
sig.- almost 200 years of fighting over Jerusalem |
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