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| Recombinant |
| Single Crossover |
| One point of crossover occurs between the selected point on the parent organism |
| NCO |
| No Crossover occurs between the selected points on the parent organism strings |
| Double Crossover |
| Two-point crossover where two points to be selected on the parent organism strings. Everything between the two points is swapped between the parent organisms, rendering two child organisms: |
| Coefficient of coincidence |
| Ratio of observed double crossovers to expected crossovers |
| Interference |
| Degree to which one crossover interferes with additional crossovers |
| Mapping function |
| A function to relate the map distance to the recombination rate. Also takes into consideration that some multiple crossovers will be undetected. Takes into account all crossovers. |
| Quantitative trait |
| Some measurement such as height, weight, yield (not eye color or ordinal numbers like number of bristles) |
| Heritability |
|
Proportion of phenotypic variation due to genetic differences 0 = no genetic variability 1 = no environmental variablilty |
| Broad Sense Heritablity |
| Proportion of the phenotyic variance that can be attributed to genetic variance |
| Narrow Sense Heritability |
| Proportion of the phenotypic variance that can be attributed to additive genetic variance |
| Mass selection |
| Also truncation selection. A type of selection where we are interested in increasing some quantitative trait through selective breeding |
| Selection Differential (SD) |
|
The selection differential is the difference of the base population mean and the mean of the selected parents. I x Sigma |
| Selection Response (SR) |
|
Difference in mean of original vs mean of offspring H2SD |
| Genotypic Array |
|
Set of genomic frequencies PAA+QAa+Raa |
| Gametic Array |
|
Set of allelic frequencies pA+qa p=P+1/2Q, q=R+1/2Q |
| Homozygosity |
|
Organism that possesses two identical alleles at a locus -In regards to Hardy-Weinberg: Fraction of homozygotes in the population |
| Heterozygosity |
|
Organism that possesses two different alleles at a locus -In regards to Hardy-Weinberg: Fraction of heterozygotes in the population |
| Polymorphism |
| having multiple alleles of a gene within a population, usually expressing different phenotypes |
| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium |
|
Important principle of population genetics stating that, in a large, randomly mating population not affected by mutation, migration, or natural selection, allelic frequencies will not change and genotype frequencies stabilize after one generation the proportion is p2, 2pq, q2, where p equals the frequency of allele A and q equals the frequency of allele a. p2AA+2pqAa+p2aa |
| Directional Selection |
| Selection in which one trait or allele is favored over another. Favored allele is eventually fixed in the population and the other is lost. |
| Balancing Selection |
| All alleles remain in population but heterozygous fitness is greatest |
| Dispersive Selection |
| Fitness of heterozygote is smaller than either of the homozygotes |
| Overdominance |
| Selection in which the heterozygote has higher fitness than than of either homozygote; also called heterozygote advantage |
| Underdominance |
| Selection in which the heterozygote has lower fitness than that of either homozygote |
| Mean Fitness |
| The sum of the fitnesses of the genotypes of a population weighted by their proportions; hence a weighted mean fitness. |
| Genetic Drift (Random Drift) |
| Change in allelic frequency due to sampling error |
| Founder Population |
|
Small population colonizing a new area. -Small size -Not representative of entire population -Undergo Strong Selection |
| Ploidy |
| is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a biological cell. |
| Euploidy |
| True copy number. Refers to mutations that involve excess or deficiency of all all all of the chromosome types |
| Aneuploidy |
| Derived from a nondisjunction event within a single species. Normally infertile and have an odd number of copies of haploid number |
| Nondisjunction |
| Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate in meiosis or mitosis |
| Autoreplication |
| Duplication |
| Adding portions of the chromosome |
| Deletion |
| Mutation in which one or more nucleotides are deleted from a DNA sequence |
| Inversion |
| When the order of the DNA is rearranged form normal order on the chromosome |
| Partial Monosomy |
| Monosomy refers to lack of one chromosome of the normal complement. Partial monosomy can occur in unbalanced translocations or deletions, in which only a portion of the chromosome is present in a single copy |
| Partial Trisomy |
| Trisomy refers to the presence of three copies, instead of the normal two |
| Autoploidy |
| Derived from a nondisjunction event within single species. Excess or deficiency in single chromosome |
| Allopolyploidy |
| Having two or more complete sets of chromosomes derived from different species. |
| Translocation |
| Movement of a chromosome segment to a nonhomologous chromosome or to a region within the same chromosome; also movement of a ribosome along mRNA in the course of translation |
| Transposition |
| Movement of a transposable genetic element from one site to another. Replicative transposition increases the number of copies of the transposable element; nonreplicative transposition does not increase the number of copies |
| Fusion |
| Where 2 chromosomes come together |
| Fission |
| Where 2 Chromosomes split |
| Behavior |
| Reaction of an organism to environmental stimuli |
| Chemotaxis |
| is the phenomenon in which bodily cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment. |
| Phototaxis |
| occurs when a whole organism moves in response to the stimulus light. |
| Environmental Bias |
| Example: Fish in streams inevitably face upstream |
| Concordance |
| Percentage of twin pairs in which both twins have a particular trait |
| Twin studies |
| Allows scientists to study human differences based on environment and genetics when they have itentical (monozygotic twins)genetics or are raised in same environment but have similar genes (monozygotic) |
| Single gene behavioral traits |
|
behavioral traits the are the result of single genes Examples: Lesch-Nyhan Disease, Fragile X, Hygienic Bees |
| Threshold trait |
| A trait that falls into natural groups that originate not in categorically distinct causes but in whether or not the outcome attains critical values; e.g., gallstones may result from a categorical cause or from unusual levels of causal factors that themselves show no evidence of grouping. |
| comparative studies |
| studying breeds/species with extreme traits often helps us to understand behavioral traits |
| Plasticity |
| Selection Intensity |
|
Variable in Mass selection equations (I) Given for proportion |
| Standardized Selection Point |
|
Value in Mass selection equations (Z) Given for proportion Z=(x-mu)/sigma |
| Mean |
| Mu |
| Standard Deviation |
| Sigma |
| Proportion selected |
| p |
| Assortative Mating |
| When mates are chosen based on the similarity of their phenotypes. Results in an increase in homozygosity |
| Pericentric Inversion |
| Includes centrosome |