Term
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Definition
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
(KADE) |
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Term
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Definition
B1
B2
B6
Niacin
Folic Acid
Vitamin B12
Biotin
Panthothenic acid
Vitamin C |
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Term
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Definition
| Retinol: needed for vision |
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Term
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Definition
Ca2+ metabolism, bone density
Ergocalciferol + Cholecalciferol + UV light + cholesterol make Vitamin D |
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Term
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Definition
| Associated with hemolytic anemia |
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Term
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Definition
| Needed for blood clotting |
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Term
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Definition
Thiamine
Used for carbohydrate metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
Riboflavin
Needed for oxidation/reduction reactions |
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Term
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Definition
Pyridoxine
amino acid, glycogen & phospholipid metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
Nicotinic acid
Found in bread, yougurt and milk
Needed for oxidation/reduction reactions |
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Term
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Definition
Derivative of glutamic acid for DNA synthesis
Deficiencies cause neural tube defects, and megaloblastic anemia |
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Term
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Definition
Cyanocobalamin
responsible for branched chain keto a.a. metabolism
B12 binds to intrinsic factors (IF), then gets absorbed through the intestines
No IF leads to pernicious anemia (type of meguloblastic anemia)
Use the schilling test to evaluate disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Needed for carboxylation reactions |
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Term
|
Definition
associated with burning feet syndrome
needed for general metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
Ascorbic acid
needed for connective tissue formation
antioxidant
associated with Scurvy |
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Term
| Iron (Clinical Significance) |
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Definition
↓↓ iron: iron-deficiency anemia
↑↑ iron: polycythemia (iron overload)
↓↓ Cu2+ will lead to iron deficiency anemia |
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Term
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Definition
| RBC's last 120 days → lyse → Hb release → Ferrous Iron (Fe2+) → Ceruloplasmin CER → Ferric Iron (Fe3+) → Apotransferrin → Transferrin → Bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
Circulation
Serum iron
Transferrin
Tissue
Ferritin – apoferritin + Fe 3+ (storage form)
Hemosiderin – aggregate of ferritin |
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Term
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Definition
Increased Zn2+ inhibits Cu2+ absorption which will cause anemia
Green tea (phytate) will inhibit Zn2+ and Cu2+
Involved in healing & immune function |
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Term
| Zinc (Clinical Significance) |
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Definition
↓↓ Levels: due to diet
Causes growth retardation, hepatomegaly, testicular disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| Integral part of metalloenzymes (Ceruloplasmin: acts as ferro-oxidase) |
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Term
| Copper (Clinical Significance) |
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Definition
↓↓ levels caused by:
diet
metal-chelating therapy
Menke’s Syndrome – genetic defect in storage & transport of Cu
Kayser-Fleischer Rings – green-brown deposits in the cornea |
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Term
| Lab Analysis of Vitamins & Minerals |
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Definition
No hemolysis (falsely increase results)
Ultrasensitive machines needed
Diet may interfere with testing
Serum gel tubes are necessary, EDTA will chelate everything with a positive charge (cations) |
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Term
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Definition
Part of cyanocobalt amine – Vitamin B12
Deficiency: megaloblastic anemia |
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Term
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Definition
Major intracellular cation
Functions:
1. Integral part of metalloenzymes
2. A cofactor, coenzyme and activator of reactions |
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Term
| Magnesium (Clinical Significance) |
|
Definition
Hypomagnesemia
Alcoholism
Malnutrition/Malabsorption
Nephrotic Syndrom
Lactation
Diarrhea
Hypermagnesemia
Diabetic acidosis
Dehydration
Addison’s Disease
Renal disease that leads to retention of Mg |
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Term
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Definition
Collect blood in serum or heparinized tubes
Add specific calcium-chelating agent to reduce interference : example
EGTA: ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid
Potassium cyanide
Add dyes and measure color complexes using spectrophotometry
Calmagite dye: specific for Magnesium
The followings but with Calcium specific inhibitor such as:
Xylidyl Blue “Magon” with
Formazan
Arsenazo |
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Term
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Definition
folate
lowers intestinal microorganisms
monoglutamate -> blood |
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Term
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Definition
Steely Hair
Cu down
Genetic |
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