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| basic unit of the nervous system, each composed of a cell body, receptive extensions (dendrites), and a transmitting extension |
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hypothesis that brain is composed of separate cells that are distinct structurally, metabolically, and functionally.
Proposed by Waldeyer
information transmitted at synapses |
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| tiny gap between neurons where information is passed from one to the other |
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| (glia or neuroglia) non neuronal brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain |
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| one of the extensions of the cell body that are the receptive surfaces of the neuron. |
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| part of a neuron that receives information from other neurons or from specialized sensory structures. usually corresponds to the cells dendrites |
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| region of a neuron that is defined by the presence of the cell nucleus. |
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| the part of the neuron that initiates nerve electrical activity. usually corresponds to the neurons axon hillock |
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single extension from the nerve cell that carries nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons
responsible for signal conduction plus transport of materials
consists of microfilaments, neurofilaments, microtubules |
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| part of the neuron over which the nerve's electrical signal may be actively propagated. usually corresponds to the cells axon. |
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| (synaptic bouton) the end of an axon or axon collateral which forms a synapse on a neuron or other target cell |
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| part of a neuron usually corresponding to the axon terminals at which the cell sends information to another cell |
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| nerve cell that has many dendrites and a single axon |
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| nerve cell that has a single dendrite at one end and a single axon at the other end |
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| responsible for stain (silver) visualize all components of some neurons |
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| visualize all cell bodies |
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| Neurons originating in spinal cord or brain |
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| Groups of neurons (ganglia) ourside the spinal cord or close to target organs. |
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| Sympathetic nervous system |
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Preganglionic cells: Spinal cord
Ganglia: organized in chains along spinal column
Noradrenergic-post ganglionic transmitter
Cholinergic-pre ganglionic neurotransmitter
effects on organs: "activational" |
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Preganglionic cells: brain and sacral spinal cord
Ganglia: near organs
All cholinergic transmitters
Effects: deactivational |
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| acetylcholine as neurotransmitter |
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| noradrenaline is the transmitter |
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| away from the cell body or a nucleus |
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| projections arriving at a place |
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star shaped glial cells that sense neuronal activation and then increase blood supply.
synthesis and metabolism of some neurotransmitters. |
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| migrate to injury locations and clean up region (phagocytes in region also) |
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| oligodendrocytes/schwann cells |
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outside brain and spinal cord, myelinate many neurons
myelinate one cell per segment |
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| transport of things to soma from terminal |
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| Discovered that electrical stimulation in the brain causes movement |
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increase in polarity, increases in voltage, increased asymmetry in the charge distributions
IPSP |
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decreased polarity, decreases in voltage, decreased asymmetry in the distribution of charges across the membrane
EPSP |
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demonstrated electricity flowing down axon, impulse conduction 25 m/s
discovered synapse from delay of conduction speed across neurons |
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| Blocks voltage regulated Na channels |
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all receptors that are ion channels
all ion channels that are transmitter regulated
all receptors that generate either EPSPs or IPSPs |
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| acts as an agonist for acetylcholine |
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| opens chloride channels (IPSP) |
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Temporal summation
Spatial summation |
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Definition
graded potentials that occur at approximately the same time on a membrane are added together
graded potentials that occur at different locations on a membrane are added together. |
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| Chemicals are involved in signal transmission |
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| Open at AP, cause signaling chain to release neurotransmitters |
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| Cleaves proteins involved in releasing neurotransmitter. transmitter no longer released, causing paralysis |
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When receptors activated, cause signaling mechanisms requiring energy to induce cellular changes.
stimulated by aCH
In post synaptic membrane, stimulated by muscarine |
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Activated after binding to muscarinic receptor.
intracellular pathways. are activated by G protein coupled receptors (muscarinic receptor) and make lasting functional and structural changes |
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| requirements for definition of neurotransmitter |
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Definition
Substance in presynaptic neuron
Synthesis pathway
impulse dependent release
receptors
postsynaptic effect |
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| Neuropeptide neurotransmitters |
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Definition
short chains of amino acids
biosynthesis in cell body/transported to terminal
diversity in distribution and function |
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| Steps of Acetylcholine synthesis and metabolism |
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Definition
Acetyl CoA carries acetate to the transmitter synthesis site
Choline acetyltransferase transfers acetate to choline to form acetyl choline
In synaptic cleft, Acetylcholinesterase detaches acetate from choline
The products of the breakdown can be taken up and reused.
Rate limiting step of Ach synthesis: high-affinity choline uptake, through choline transporters |
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| Cholinergic systems affects... |
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Definition
| cognition, REM sleep, dreaming, Alzheimers, schizophrenia, ADHD |
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| Catecholamine synthesis and metabolism |
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Definition
Tyrosine-L.Dopa-Dopamine-Norepinephrine
rate limiting step tyrosine to L.Dopa |
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| Mesolimbic dopaminergic systems affects... |
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| Cognition, reward; schizophrenia; addiction; ADHD? |
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| Noradrenergic system affects... |
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| Cognition, arousal, depression, addiction, ADHD? |
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| Serotonergic systems affect... |
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| Cognition, arousal, depression, addiction, ADHD? |
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| improved Golgi stain, stained individual neurons and started mapping out different types of neurons, demonstrated that neurons weren't continuous |
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| mapped cortex based on cytoarchitectonics |
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| demonstrated motor and sensory functions of ventral and dorsal roots respectively |
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| described how action potentials occured |
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| opens both 'gates' of sodium-potassium pump [free flowing channel] |
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| Alpha bungarotoxin/curare |
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| blocks nicotinic receptors |
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| agonist for muscarinic ACh receptors |
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| stains nucleus (histones) purple |
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