Term
General characteristics of these orders of class Arachnida?
Order Araneae: True spiders
Order Scorpionida: Scorpions
Order Solpugida: Sun or camel spiders
Order Opiliones: daddy longlegs
Order acarina: mites and ticks |
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Definition
Araneae: true spiders
-Terrestrial, freshwater and intertidal
-Pedicel; attaches the abdomen to the cephalothorax
-Silk-producing glands and spinnerets
-Sedentary
-Active hunters
-Trap in web
Order scorpionida:
-Tropical to temperate
-Nocturnal predators
-Stinging apparatus (large pedipalps)
-Oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous
Order solpugida: Sun or camel spiders
Order opiliones: Daddy longlegs
-Legs up to 10cm
-ovoid shape
- no silk or venom
-omnivorous (animal and plant mat.) and predators
Oder Acarina: mites and ticks
-many are ectoparasites (some free living)
-terrestrial and aquatic
-prosoma (cephalothorax) and opisthosoma (abdomen) fused
-modifications for piercing, biting, anchoring and sucking |
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Term
| What is a pedicel and who has it? |
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Definition
| It attaches the abdomen to the cephalothorax in order Araneae |
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Term
| What is a spinneret? What tagma is it located in? |
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Definition
| Opisthosoma, spinnerets are silk-producing glands |
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Term
| Why do we care about brown recluse and black widow spiders? |
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Definition
Brown recluse: bites result in necrotic wounds, only small retreat webs, nocturnal
Black widow: 5 species in the US, webs in dark sheltered areas, neurotoxin, males harmless |
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Term
| Major differences between Araneae and opilionea? |
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Definition
| Opilionea: don't have a pedicle, don't produce silk, oval shaped w/long legs |
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Term
| What are the diseases that ticks cause in Oklahoma? Which ticks are responsible? |
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Definition
-American dog dig: transit rocky Mt. spotted fever
-Black-legged tick: common vector for Lyme disease |
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Term
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Definition
-Adults free living, larvae parasitic
-Humans: accidental host
-Stylostome (hardened tube)
-Dissolve tissue |
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Term
| What are some of the factors that may have allowed aquatic Arthropods to "invade" land? |
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Definition
1) Metamerism (tagmatization)
2) Versatile exoskeleton (secreted by epidermis)- support and water conserving
3) Ecdysis (shedding)
4) Segmentation and appendages
5) respiratory systems (efficient tracheal system, needs lots oxygen)
6) sensory organs
7) complex behavior (activities)
8) metamorphosis (change from one development stage to another -larva to adult) |
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Term
| What are some general characteristics of Myriapoda? |
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Definition
-Myriad-ten thousand, podus-foot
-living species all terrestrial
-two tagmata: head and multi-segmented trunk
-uniramous appendages
-class diplopoda (millipedes)
-class chilopoda (centipedes) |
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Term
| General characteristics of Class Diplopoda? |
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Definition
-Diplo, two + podus, foot
-Two feet per section
-Worldwide distribution
-damp environments
-herbivores
-burrowers
-detritovores
-Repugnatorial glands (aren't harmful to humans)
-Dioecious
-Oviparous
-Parthenogenesis is some
-Spermatophores deposited in environment and picked up by female |
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Term
| what are repugnatorial glands? |
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Definition
| Millipedes; vile substance that works as self defense |
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Term
| What are some general characteristics of Class Chilopoda? |
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Definition
Centipedes
Nocturnal
Moist habitats
1 pair of legs per segment
poison claw
predators; cursorial locomotion
courtship display
dioecious
oviparous; lay eggs outside body |
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Term
| Major differences between Diplopoda and chilopoda? |
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Definition
Diplopoda are herbivores, chilopoda predators
Chilopoda poisonous (claws)
Diplopoda have two legs per segment, chilopoda have one leg per segment,
chilopoda produces silk
Chilopoda are fast unlike millipedes |
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Term
| general characteristics of crustaceans |
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Definition
-Crayfish, lobsters, shrimp, crabs, isopods, amphipods
-Majority aquatic
-Microscopic to several meters
-Widespread, diverse, and abundant
-2 pair of antennae
-Biramous appendages
-2 tagmata (sometimes 3)
-swimmerets
-walking legs (chelipeds-chela)
-maxillipeds
-uropod (tail)
-ecdysis
-all feeding strategies
-enlarged stomach; storing, grinding and sorting
-no cilia; muscles move food, feeding current created by appendages
-open circulatory system- hemocoel
-gills- water driven across, exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
-ocelli and compound eyes (ommatidia)
-chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors
-dioecious (except barnacles)
-Some parthenogenic (cladoerans)
-Naupilus larva
-Mixed or direct dev. |
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Term
| What 2 morphological characteristics distinguish crustaceans from other arthropods? |
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Definition
| Biramous appendages and two sets of antennae |
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Term
| How many tagmata do crustaceans have? What type of appendages? |
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Definition
| 2-3. Mainly cepholothorax and abdomen |
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Term
| Do crustaceans undergo ecdysis? What type of feeding strategies do they exhibit? What type of circulatory system? |
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Definition
Yes they do.
all feeding strategies, enlarged stomach (storing, grinding and sorting)
-No cilia- muscles move food. Feeding current created by appendages |
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Term
| What type of reproductive strategies do crustacean exhibit? what is a nauplii? |
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Definition
Dioecous (except barnacles)
Some parthenogenic (cladoerans)
Nauplilus larva
Mixed or direct development |
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Term
| General characteristics of Branchiopoda? |
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Definition
-fairy shrimp, brine shrimp, water fleas
-primarily freshwater
-parthenogenetic
-Important role in food webs |
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Term
| General characteristics of malacostraca? |
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Definition
-Largest class of crustaceans
-Crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, isopods, amphipods
-All aquatic, few terrestrial |
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Term
| What are some general characteristics of hexapods? |
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Definition
-many classes
-6 legs
-uniramous
-3 tamata; head, thorax, abdomen |
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Term
| How do insects move? How do they feed? |
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Definition
-Flight
-Legs modified for running, swimming, jumping and walking
-all feeding types; predators, herbivores, saprophagous (decaying matter), blood and nectar, endoparasites, exoparasites |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the digestive tract of insects |
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Definition
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Term
| How do they (insects) exchange gases |
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Definition
terrestrial- trachea/spiricles
aquatic- diffusion, spiracles + bubbles, gills |
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Term
| Terrestrial vs. aquatic insects? |
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Definition
Terrestrial- trachea/spiracles
aquatic- diffusion, spiracles +bubbles, gills |
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Term
| Circulatory system of insects? |
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Definition
| Open system; blood transports nutrients, wastes, etc |
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Term
| Major differences between hemimetabolous and holometabolous? |
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Definition
-Hemimetabolous; nyphs
-holometabolous; larva, pupa, adult |
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Term
| How do insects communicate? |
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Definition
| Pheromones; sex, caste-regulating, aggregation, alarm, trailing |
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Term
| What are some of the positive and negative effects of insects on humans? |
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Definition
-Positive: food, wax, honey, silk, pollination, biological control
-Negatives: parasites and/or disease vectors, pests (wood, domestic animals, agriculture) |
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Term
| General characteristics of echinoderms? |
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Definition
-Echinos, spiny + derma, skin + ata, to bear
-Marine
-Endoskeleton- ossicles (covered w/tissue. inside skin. calcium)
-triploblastic, coelomate- large, fluid filled coelom
-pentaradially symmetric at maturation; not bilaterally symmetric- except for larvae
- water-vascular system (madreporite)
- pedicellariae (pinchers)
-dermal branchiae (folds in epidermis) |
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Term
| What are ossicles? Papulae (dermal branchiae)? Pedicellariae? |
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Definition
-Ossicles are calcium, inside the skin, endoskeleton, covered with tissue
-Dermal branchiae are the thin folds of the body wall. go between ossicles. functions in gas exchange
-pedicellariae are pinchers |
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Term
| Describe symmetry in echinoderms? What does it mean to be secondarily radially symmetric? |
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Definition
Adults are pentaradial
larvae are bilateral
secondarily raially symmetric; means that |
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Term
| What are some general characteristics of class Asteroidea |
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Definition
*Aster- star, oeides- in the form of
*5+ arms
*Mouth downward
*Papulae- dermal branchiae
*Pedicellariae |
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Term
| What are the major features of the Asteroidea water vascular system? |
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Definition
oRing canal
oMadreporite: open water vesicles
oTube feet: Extension of water vascular system. For locomotion/prey |
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Term
| What is the difference between the pyloric and cardiac stomachs? |
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Definition
oAsteroidea are predators and scavengers
oMany feed on bivalves
oIngest prey whole
oCardiac: Large stomach that receives the food
oPyloric: absorption/secretion of nutrients of food. Extends material through arms |
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Term
| Can Asteroidea regenerate lost arms? What is autotomy? |
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Definition
oAutotomy: self severing
oSome regrow arms
oSome asexual reproduction
oMost dioecious |
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Term
| What are some general characteristics of class Ophiuroidea? |
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Definition
oOphis, snake + oura, tails + oedie, in form of
oFive branched or unbranched arms
oMouth downward
oNo pinchers
oNo dermabranchia |
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Term
| What type of feeders are Ophiuroidea? |
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Definition
oPredators and scavengers
oBasket stars = suspension feeders
oNo intestines
oTransport food from tube feet to tube feet to stomach. diffusion |
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Term
| What are some of the reproductive strategies of Ophiuroidea? |
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Definition
oAutotomy
oAsexual reproduction
oMost dioecious
oBilateral larvae |
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Term
| What are some general characteristics of class Echinodia? |
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Definition
oEchinos, spiny + oeides, in the form of
oGlobular or disk shaped
oTest ***
oMouth downward
o5 big spines |
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Term
| Identify the major external structures of Echinodia. |
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Definition
oSpine: sometimes contains venom harmful to humans
oPedicellaria: pinchers
oMadreporite
oTube foot
oAristotle’s lantern |
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Term
| What type of feeders are Echinodians? What is aristotles lantern? |
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Definition
oHerbivores, predators, detritivores (dead matter)
oAristotle’s lantern: has 30/40 ossicle plates, help digest/capture food
oNo asexual reproduction
oDioecious
oExternal fertilization only
oLarvae mobile
oEchinopluterus** (Echinopluteus?-larva) |
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Term
| What are some general characteristics of class Holothuroidea? |
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Definition
*Holothourion, sea cucumber + oeides, in the form of
*No arms
*Elongated along oral aboral axis
*oral “tentacles” |
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Term
| What type of feeders are Holothuroidea? |
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Definition
oSuspension and deposit feeders
oExtend mucus-covered tentacles into water
oSluggish burrowers, creepers
oSwim –undulate |
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Term
| What is Evisceration (in Holothuroidea)? Why do they do it? |
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Definition
oExpulsion of the digestive tract
oOccurs naturally and under stress
oLost parts regenerated |
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Term
| Why are we concerned about the conservation status of sea cucumbers? |
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Definition
oOver harvested
oEndangered
oSlow grown
oIncreasing demand
oMedicinal cures |
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Term
| What are some general characteristics of class Crinoidea? |
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Definition
oKrinon, lily + oeides, in the form of
oAncient
o# of synapomorphies make these less related to other classes |
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Term
| What is a major difference between sea lilies and sea feathers? |
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Definition
| oSea feathers have no stalk, they are more mobile, has cirri; movement |
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Term
| What are some major characteristics of Hemichordates? |
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Definition
oHemi, half + chorda, cord
oWorm like
oPhylum hemichordate: Half-chordates: class enteropneusta: acorn or tongue worms. Class pterobranchia: pterobranchs
oMarine
oOpen circulatory system
oComplete digestive tract
oBilaterally symmetric
oPharyngeal gill slits or pouches |
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Term
| What do Hemichordates use Pharyngeal gill slit for? |
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Definition
oUsed in feeding/respiration
oWater --> mouth --> pharynx -->gills collect particles
oAll chordates have these (even humans)
oUnite all chordates; 1st used for filter feeding |
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Term
| What are some major characteristics of class Enteropneusta? |
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Definition
oAbout 70 species
oAcorn or tongue worms
oEntero, intestine + pneustikos, for breathing
oIntertidal, solitary
oSmall
oProboscis- deposit or suspension feeders
oCollar
oTrunk |
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Term
| What are some major characteristics of Class Pterobranchia? |
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Definition
oPteron, wing or feather + branchia, gills
oColonies -10cm+
oProboscis
oCollar- tentacles and arms
oTrunk- U-shaped |
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Term
| What are the five characteristics that all chordates have? Describe each of them – briefly, what does each do? |
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Definition
oChorda, cord
oNotochord (flexible rod; supports, allows for lateral bending, muscle attachment) (most adult vertebrate: replaced by cartilage or bone)
oDorsal hollow nerve chord (single, dorsal – brain), centralization of nervous system, responsible at least in part for chordate success
oPharyngeal slits or pouches (perforated, slit-like openings. Filter feeding/Gas exchange, mainly embryonic (terrestrial vertebrates)
oEndostyle or thyroid gland (only recently recognized as chordate characteristic, endostyle-secretes mucus, thyroid gland- endocrine, hormone)
oPostanal tail (probably evolved for propulsion in water, humans = coccyx) |
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Term
| • What are some general characteristics of Subphylum Urochordata? |
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Definition
oUro, tail + chorda, cord
oTunicates or sea squirts
oMarine
oIncurrent and excurrent siphons- suspension/filter feeders
otunic |
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Term
| Do Urochordates maintain all of the five chordate characteristics throughout their entire life cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some general characteristics of subphylum Cephalochordata? |
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Definition
oKephalo, head + chorda, cord
oLancelets (a small slender translucent animal living in the ocean that is related to the ancestors of all vertebrate animals and lives buried in sand)
oShallow marine and brackish waters
oBody covered by epidermis
oPoor swimmers
oBury in sand
oSuspension feeders - mucus |
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Term
| Do Cephalochordata maintain all of the five chordate characteristics throughout their entire life cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
*Subphylum vertebrata
*Craniata: skull surrounds the: brain, olfactory organs, eyes, inner ear
*ln chordate animals |
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Term
| Characteristics of subphylum vertebra/craniata? |
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Definition
*Vertebrae: surround the nerve cord, primary axial support
*Jawless: Ostracoderms (extinct), hagfish, lampreys
*Jawed: cartilaginous and bony fishes (hinged jaws)- class chondrichthyes and osteichthyes- both have paired appendages |
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Term
| Characteristics of class Myxini |
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Definition
*Hagfishes
*Primitive craniate
*skull= cartilaginous bars
*Marine, coldwater
*Scavengers |
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Term
| Structure of class myxini? |
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Definition
*Sensory tentacles
*Paired, common aperture for all gill pouches
*Slime glands
*Median fin |
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Term
| Class Petromyzontida characteristics |
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Definition
*Lampreys
*Kephale, head + aspidos, shield + morph, form
*Marine and freshwater
*Sucking mouth and teeth |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Class chondrichthyes characteristics? |
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Definition
*chondros, cartilage + ichthyos, fish
*Sharks, skates, rays, ratfishes
*Most marine
*Most carnivores or scavengers
*Cartilaginous endoskeleton
*Less than 1,000 species
*Exoskeleton cartilage, no bones
*No swim bladder |
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Term
| Why are chondrichthyes such successful predators? (5 reasons) |
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Definition
1. Movement
-Light weight
-Heterocercal tail (For efficient mvmt)
-No swim bladder
-Oil in liver- lighter than seawater- helps a bit w/buoyancy
2. Efficient respiration
-Push or pump water across fills (Exchange of O. RAM ventilation)
3. Placoid scales modified into teeth, spines and stings
-Dry shark skin for sand paper
-Some sharks replace 20-30,000 teeth in their lifetime
4. Efficient sensory systems
-Smell, sight
-Lateral-line receptors (detect vibrations)
5. Long-lived
-10/50/100years |
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Term
| How do chondrichthyes reproduce? |
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Definition
*Most are oviparous-lay eggs
*Some ovovivaparous- embryos dev. inside mother, nourishment from yolk sac
*Viviparous- embryo dev. in mother. Nourishment from placenta
*"mermaids purses" |
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Term
| Characteristics of class Osteichthyes |
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Definition
*osteon, bone - ichthyos, fish
*Marine or freshwater
*Bony skeleton or scales
*Operculum- Help regulate water into gills
*Swim bladder or lungs
*Species number? |
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Term
| Osteichthyes two classes? |
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Definition
*Ray-finned fishes
-with swim bladders
*Lobe-finned fishes
-Ancestors with lungs and gills |
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Term
| Ray-finned fishes? (2) Name? # of species? |
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Definition
Neopterygians:
*Primitive Fishes
*Only about 25 species exist today
*Paddlefish, bowfin, gar, sturgeon
Teleost fishes:
*95% species still alive
*About 25k species (Vertebrates 50k)
*Homocercal tail
*Sunfish, catfish, perch, bass, flounder, marlin, yellow tail snapper, sarcastic fingehead |
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Term
| Lobe-finned fishes? Type of tail? Characteristics? |
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Definition
*Lungfish, and coelacanth (thought was extinct for 70+ mill years, 1938 they captured one
*Dificercal tail
*can survive long period of drought
*Just burrow |
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Term
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Definition
*Heterocercal (shark): Efficient; burst of speed
*Diphycercal (lungfish): Stabilizing
*Homocercal (perch): Movement/maneuverability |
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