Term
| Steps of the Scientific Method |
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Definition
1. Make an Observation
2. Ask a Question
3. Generate a Hypothesis
4. Collect data |
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Definition
| Science of naming and classifying organism |
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Definition
Systematics
Binomial Nomenclature |
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Definition
-Acquired characterstics can be passed off to offspring
-Environmental pressures determine evolutionry change
We know that individual characteristics cannot be modified and passed |
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Definition
Surviviors pass on traits
Selection works against certian characteristics |
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Definition
| Reproductive output in a lifetime |
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Definition
| Random removal of genetic material from a population |
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Definition
| Random change in a genetic sequence resulting in a new allele |
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Definition
| producing more offspringe than is needed to replace parents |
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Term
| Mutation occurs during... |
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Definition
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Definition
Variation (50:50 parental contribution)
Genetic recombination(crossing over)
Environmental Pressure
Natural selection |
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Definition
| Changes at population level |
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Definition
| Speciation, extinction, continental drift, climate change |
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Definition
More and more characteristic variation is selected out
Problem: hard to adapt to environmental change |
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Definition
| Selection of trait in a net direction |
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Definition
selection operating against the mean (Bimodal curve)
Often driven by sexual selection |
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Term
| True/False: All cnidarians have gastrovascular cavity |
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Definition
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Definition
Evoluton of a new species
Defined by biological species concept |
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Definition
| Group of a species that is reproductively isolated |
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Definition
Body size cline
Individuals are larger in colder climates and smaller in warmer cimates |
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Definition
| change in a characteristic as you move across a landscape with clear intermediates |
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Definition
| Extremities on an animal tend to be smaller compared to body size the colder the environment |
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Definition
| Wetm cold, foggy environment |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Mesic: darker fur/feathers
Xeric: Lighter fur/feathers
Mesic: darker crypticity
Xeric: lighter crypticity
Mesic: darker thermoregulation
Xeric: lighter thermoregulation |
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Term
| Polymorphism (non-clinal) |
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Definition
Animals with different phenotypes with no intermediates
different populations of same organism develop differences over time |
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Term
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Definition
| two populations are reproductively isolated and beocme more different over time |
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Definition
| Body cavity suspending gut |
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Definition
| Animals with a complete fluid filled body cavity lined with mesoderm |
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Definition
Fully functonal body cavity that is only partially lined with mesoderm
e.g.: Nematoda (Round worms)
e.g.: Rotifera (Rotifers) |
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Definition
No body cavity
e.g.: Platyhelminthes (flatworms, tapeworms)
e.g.: Cnidarians (jellyfish)
e.g.: Ctenophores (comb jellies) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Allopatric speciation (1950)
Biological species concept (1942) |
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Term
| Reproductive isolation mechanisms |
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Definition
Behavior (bird songs)
Temporal (mating seasons)
Mechanical (reproductive organs dont work)
Habitat (fitness to environment)
Genetic (eggs and sperm dont complete fertilization) |
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Definition
Structural Polysaccharide
invertebrates |
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Definition
| Feed on blood and body fluid |
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Definition
| The assumption that the natural processes of the universe never change and have always been the same |
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Term
| Stephan J Gould & Niles Eldredge (1972) |
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Definition
| Punctuated equilibrium: species A splits off a species B |
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Term
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Definition
over the course of 10,000 years a species branches into another, usually due to isolation
species don't really change gradually |
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Definition
Gradual change of organisms through time
A1 > A2 > A3 |
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Definition
Polygenetic taxonomy: evolutionary history of organism
Goal is to include ancestor and all descendants |
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Definition
| a method of classifying species of organisms into groups called clades, which consist of an ancestor organism and all its descendants |
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Definition
| a trait that is shared ("symmorphy") by two or more taxa and their most recent common ancestor, whose own ancestor in turn does not possess the trait |
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Definition
| the smallest irreducible group of organisms that can be defined by one or more apomorphic features |
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Definition
| classifying organisms based on the way they look |
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Definition
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Definition
| Made of Calcium Carbonate |
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Definition
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Term
| Medusa of scyphozoan doesn't have a velum |
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Definition
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Term
| In protostomes, blastopore becomes a... |
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Definition
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Term
| Lophotrochozoan larvae are |
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Definition
| lophophore or trochophore larvae |
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Term
| Platyhelminthes coelome... |
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Definition
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Term
| Platyhelminthes ___blastic |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Group of platyhelminthes that are parasitic |
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Term
| Platyhelminthes common name |
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Definition
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Term
| Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)symmetry |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| posterior structure of Monogenea |
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Definition
smallest animals
propelled by disk called corona |
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Term
| Rotifera (Rotifers) coelome is... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Ectoprocta, brachipoda
Lohpophore cap = feeding structure around mouth |
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Term
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Definition
Colonial (zooid = individual)
e.g.: Pectinatella magnifica |
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Definition
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Term
| Sponge level of organization |
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Definition
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Term
| Flagellated feeding cells of sponges |
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Definition
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Term
| Internal skeleton of sponges |
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Definition
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Term
| internal cavity of sponges |
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Definition
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Term
| Opening of sponge spongocoel |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Phylum Porifera
Class Calcarea
Genus Sycon |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Opening of radial canal into spongocoel |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Sponges with spicules, three or four rayed, canal systems asconoid, syconoid or leuconoid |
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Definition
Phylum Porifera
Class Calcarea |
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Term
| Sponges with three-dimensional, six-rayed |
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Definition
Phylum Porifera
Class Hexactinellida |
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Term
| Sponges with spicules, not six-rayed, leuconoid, freshwater and marine, majority of sponges |
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Definition
Phylum Porifera
Class Demospongiae |
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Definition
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Term
| Body symmetry of radiates |
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Definition
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Term
| Radiate level of organization |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Internal space for digestion in radiates |
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Definition
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Term
| Skeleton type of radiates |
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Definition
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Term
| Forms of radiate in life cycle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Hydrozoa
Genus Hydra |
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Term
| Stinging cells of radiates |
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Definition
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Term
| Stinging organelles of cnidocytes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| non-cellular layer between epidermis and gastrodermis that acts as skeleton for hydra |
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Definition
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Definition
| Organisms with testes and ovaries |
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Definition
| Organisms with separate male and female sexes |
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Definition
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Hydrozoa |
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Definition
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Term
| Nutritive polyp of obelia |
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Definition
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Term
| reproductive polyp of obelia |
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Definition
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Term
| Buds produce break away to become free-swimming |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| flotilla of some jellyfish |
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Definition
Phylum Cnidaria
Class scyphozoa
species Aurelia aurita |
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Term
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Definition
| Stage of Aurelia that attaches to substratum and develops into polyp |
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Term
| Stage of aurelia that buds off young medusae |
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Definition
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Term
| Body part surrounding mouth of Aurelia |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
phylum Cnidaria
Class Anthozoa |
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Term
| Area around Sea Anemone(Anthozoa) mouth |
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Definition
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Term
| Mouth of Anthozoa leads to |
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Definition
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Term
| Platyhelminthes common name |
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Definition
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Term
| Body symmetry of platyhelminthes |
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Definition
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Term
| Number and name of germ layers in platyhelminthes |
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Definition
three layers
Endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm |
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Term
| Flatworm (platyhelminthes) coelome type is |
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Definition
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Term
| Coelome is a cavity lying with what germ layer |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| muscle fibers and loose tissue in flatworm mesodermal space |
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Term
| Turbellaria - Planarians taxonomy |
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Definition
Phylum Platyhelminthes
CLass Turbellaria |
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Term
| Where are planarians (turbellaria) found |
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Definition
| under stones in freshwater |
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Term
| Flatworm reproduction type |
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Definition
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Term
| eyespots of flatworms (platyhelminthes) |
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Definition
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Term
| Digenetic Flukes taxonomy |
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Definition
Phylum platyhelminthes
class trematoda
species Clonorchis sinensis (human liver fluke) |
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Term
| Where are trematodes found |
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Definition
In animals. Human bile duct
parasitic |
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Term
| Digenetic fluke (human liver fluke) intermediate host |
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Definition
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Term
| Schistosoma (human blood fluke) taxonomy |
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Definition
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class trematoda
species Schistosoma mansoni |
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Term
| Where is Schistosoma mansoni found |
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Definition
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Term
| Intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Groove of schistosomes where copulation happens |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Phylum platyhelminthes
class cestoda |
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Term
| Units that compose body of tapeworms (cestoda) |
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Definition
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Term
| Head of tapeworm (cestoda) |
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Definition
| scolex, equipped with suckers and hooks |
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Term
| Part of tapeworm (cestoda) that is ready for break-off |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria (free living)
Class Monogenea (monogetetic flukes)
Class Trematoda (Digenetic flukes)
Class Cestoda (Tapeworms) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Phylum Nematoda
Genus Ascais |
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Term
| Ascaris (Intestinal Roundworm) where found? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ascaris (Intestinal Roundworm) sexual style |
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Definition
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Term
| nematoda prasite in humans, pigs, in muscle |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Two folds on skin in mollusca that elcoses space between body |
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Definition
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Definition
Phylum Mollusca
Class Bivalvia |
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Term
| Oldest thickest part of bivalve shell |
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Definition
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Term
| inner iridescent surface of pearl |
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Definition
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Term
| Layer of bivalve shell made of crystalline calcium carbonate |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Periostracum
Prismatic layer
Nacreous layer |
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Definition
phylum mollusca
class gastropoda |
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Definition
Phylum mollusca
class polyplacophora |
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Definition
phylum mollusca
class cephalopoda |
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Term
| Color changing cells of squid (cephalopoda) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Phylum Mollusca
Class Polyplacophora (chitons)
Class Scaphopoda (tusk shells)
Class Gastropoda (snails)
Class Bivalvia (clams)
Class Cephalopoda (squid) |
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Term
| Distinguishing characteristics of Annelids |
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Definition
| Segmentation and repetition of body parts called metamerism |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Common name of Polychaeta |
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Definition
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Term
| Polychaeta (clamworm) taxonomy |
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Definition
Phylum Annelida
Class polychaeta |
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Term
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Definition
| outgrowths of polychaeta for movement |
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Term
| Bristles coming off of parapodia |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Oligochaeta (earthworm) taxonomy |
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Definition
Phylum Annelida
Class Oligochaeta |
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Term
| Smooth/band-aid part of earthworm |
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Definition
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Definition
| where waste empties from earthworm (oligochaeta) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Phylum Annelida
Class Hirudinida |
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Term
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Definition
Phylum Annelida
Class Polychaeta
Class Oligochaeta (Earthworms)
Class Hirudinida (Leeches) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Gastropoda
Marine snails, limpets, abalone
Illustrate complete torsion |
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Term
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Definition
| Anus and gills over mouth |
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Definition
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Definition
Gastropoda
breathe through mantle cavity |
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Definition
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Term
| How do prosobranchs (marine snails) deal with fouling |
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Definition
| shells have holes so feces can escape |
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Term
| Opistobranch (marine slugs, nudibranchs) info |
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Definition
Complete detorsion
no shell
aposematic
harvest cnidocytes and put into cerata
harvest zooxanthelae which photosynthesize in skin |
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Term
| Antipredator adaptation of warning color |
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Definition
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Term
| Opistobranch (nudibranch) torsion |
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Definition
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Term
| Pulmonate (snails, slugs) torsion |
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Definition
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Term
| Hole in pulmonate mantle cavity where air enters |
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Definition
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Term
| Types of gastropod coiling |
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Definition
planospiral (same plane)
conispiral |
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Term
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Definition
| out pocket of gut which absorbs gasses in nautilus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Organelle of spermatozoa that contains lysins for penetrating ovum |
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Term
| Outer membrane of spermatozoa |
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Definition
| Sperm Plasma Membrane (SPM) |
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Term
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Definition
Lysins
Egg-recognition proteins |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary later of oocyte |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Oocyte Plasma Membrane (OPM) |
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Term
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Definition
Vesicles below Egg Plasma Membrane
Filled with Calcium |
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Term
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Definition
exocytosis of cortical granules(contain Ca) into extracellular space
causes water to enter space between plasma membrane and vitelline
vitelline layer expands away from egg surface |
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Term
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Definition
| Rapid depolarization of two membranes which sperm meets oocyte |
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Term
| When sperm meets oocyte... |
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Definition
1. Rapid depolarization (Fast Block to Polyspermy)
2. Sperm release Ca
3. Cortical reaction
4. Cortical Granules release Ca
5. Water enters extracellular space
6. Vitelline becomes calcified and thickens into fertilization membrane |
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Term
| Sperm lysing through vitelline causes... |
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Definition
| Meiosis of oocyte into ootid, then ovum |
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Term
| Sperm lyse through two layers... |
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Definition
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Term
| Sperm contributes what to oocyte |
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Definition
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Term
| Nuclei of oocyte and sperm fuse into... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Zygote (1-8 cells)
Morula (16 cells)
Blastula (32 cells)
Gastrula |
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Term
| Indentation of Gastrula that forms archenteron |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Internal cavity of blastula |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Dermal layer of Archenteron |
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Definition
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Term
| Organization level of a single cell |
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Definition
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Term
| Phylum of single-celled organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| Line of division in embryo |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| division of cells in early embryo |
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Term
| cleavage ends with the formation of the |
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Definition
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Term
| cleavage ends with the formation of the |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Isolecithal egg
e.g. Echinoderms |
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Term
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Definition
Mesolecithal egg
e.g. Amphibians |
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Term
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Definition
| cells with an even distribution of yolk |
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Term
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Definition
| moderate amount of yolk in a gradient |
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Term
| Holoblastic, unequal, mesolecithal egg |
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Definition
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Term
| In mesolecithal egg, animal pole splits faster |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Meroblastic, telolecithal egg |
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Definition
| Nucleus cleaves a lot, embryo feeds on yolk |
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Term
| Schizocoelous (protostomes) |
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Definition
| Pattern of embryo development where coelom is formed by splitting the mesodermal embryonic tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Schizocoelous layer formation |
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Definition
1st ectoderm
2nd endoderm
3rd mesoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| Pattern of embryo formation where coelom forms from pouches |
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Term
| Nematoda are not segmented, or |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
egg deposited in feces
adults are dioecians and live in small intestines
remain viable for 2 years
transmitted via ingestion
larva burrow through small intestine lining into blood vessles
coughed up and swallowed |
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Term
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Definition
| young are in eggs but develop in mother |
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Term
| Wucheria bancrofti (elephantiasis) |
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Definition
larvae are microfiliarial
intermediate host = mosquito
larval migrains = movement of filarial larvae to sites easy to be picked up by intermediate hosts |
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Term
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Definition
eggs layed near skin
copepods = disease vector |
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