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Definition
| Change in a population over a period of time |
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Definition
| the development of a new species due to geographical barriers |
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| came up with the very same idea as Darwin, however, was in the Amazon at the time |
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| came up with the "theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics" |
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Definition
1.Overproduction of offspring
2.Genetic Variation between these offspring
3.Competition- limited amount of resources causes struggle
4.Survival to reproduce |
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| have the same evolutionary origins, but they may or may not of had the same function. |
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Definition
| have different origins but often the same funtion. |
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Definition
| "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" |
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Definition
| formation of new species from existing forms; caused by some type of reproduction barrier |
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Definition
| occurs from geographic isolation which leads to adaptive radiation |
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Definition
| As a group of similar individual of species move away from the center of origin they develop new characteristics for their environment |
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Definition
| speciation that occurs in the same area; not geographically separate. |
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Definition
| the result of multiple sets of chromosomes |
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Definition
| A group of individuals that can reproduce and produce viable offspring. |
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Definition
| Darwin's theory that suggest that speciation is occuring slowly |
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Definition
| periods of very rapid change followed by a period of stasis (long pause). |
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Definition
| favors an intermediate form over an extreme form. |
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| refers to a shift to morphology in response to changing environments. |
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Definition
| Favors extreme forms over an intermediate form. |
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Definition
| Bright, elaborate color used as a defense mechanism. |
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Definition
| stated "in the abscence of disturbing factors, the frequencies of different genotypes in a population will reach an equilibrium, and will remain stable from generation to generation" |
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Term
| Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium occurs only when evolution can not occur in what situations? |
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Definition
| Mutations, Infinately large populations, no immigration or emigration, mating must be completely random, and there must be equal viability, fertility, and mating ability of all genotypes. |
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Term
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Definition
| random change in allele frequencies. |
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Definition
| periodic and rapid decrease in the number of individuals in a population due to some outside factor. |
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Definition
| occurs when a few individuals colonize a new area with a small and random sample of alleles. |
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Definition
| migration between demes (local population). |
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Definition
| source of ALL new alleles in any population. |
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Definition
| a whole section of one chromosome is "cut off" and located in another section of the chromosome. |
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Definition
| two different of the chromosome switch places. |
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Definition
| an allele has been duplicated. |
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Definition
| an allele has been deleted. |
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| Most all mutations occur where? |
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Definition
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Definition
| leads to variation of recombination of alleles. |
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Definition
| occurs when the last organism of a species die. once a species is extinct it can never return. |
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Definition
| continous low-level, frequently associated with human misuse of the environments. |
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Definition
| involve many species at the same time. |
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Definition
| studies of the interactions of an organism and its environment. |
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Definition
| study the very methods that organism uses to survive, grow, and reproduce. |
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Definition
| varities of a species in a community |
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Definition
| is species richness in addition to species evenness |
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| eat a wide variety of food |
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| the physical space where an animal lives |
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| an animals role in the environment; what it does. |
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| the study of the age structures, sex ratio, and growth rate of a population |
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Definition
| live in colonies and typicall reproduce A-sexually |
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Definition
| tend to reproduce sexually |
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Definition
| Reproduction without sex. i.e. Pseduocopulation |
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Definition
| typically population with only females, and the females get together go through "false copulation", which stimulates both of them to develop their eggs |
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Definition
| the difference between the rate of growth with the rate of death. (r-selectors and k-selectors) |
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Definition
| when different species live together |
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Definition
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Definition
| one benefits and the other gets nothing |
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Definition
| one benefits and the other is harmed |
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Term
| What type of survivorship do we exhibit? |
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Definition
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Definition
| occurs when two or more species share the same resources |
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Definition
| dividing up the region where niches overlap |
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Definition
| usually appears as differences in morphology or behavior ie. galapagos finches |
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Definition
| refers to a change in a species in response to each other; predator-prey. |
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Definition
| develop many strageties to prevent being eaten |
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| varying shades of color among an animal, particularly fish, that makes them blend in with the environment. |
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Definition
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| occurs when one animal derives protection by resembling another animal |
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Definition
| harmful model, harmless mimicry. ie. Monarch Butterfly |
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Definition
| harmless model, harmful mimicry. ie. coral snakes |
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Definition
| both model and mimicry are harmful. |
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| Greatly effect animal population. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
1.Producers
2.Consumers
3.Decomposers |
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Definition
| transfer of energy among organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Different levels of energy are seperated via this |
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Term
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Definition
| aka Biochemical Cycling involve the exchange between living organisms and the Earths crust |
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Term
| 3 major forms of nutrient cycling |
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Definition
| Carbon Cycling, Water Cycling and Nitrogen Cycling |
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Term
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Definition
| newest form of nutrient cycling caused by the pesticide DDT |
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Term
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Definition
| when soemthing get more concentrated, like DDT, as it moves further up the trophic levels |
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Term
| Three reasons why pesticides are harmful: |
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Definition
1.Biomagnification
2.Many species that are killed by pesticides are not pests, but non-target species
3.Most pesticides remain intact in the environment for a long time |
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Term
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Definition
| major biotic units that have characteristic arrays of animals and plants |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Temperate deciduous forest |
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Definition
| In America, leaves die, distinct seasonal changes |
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Term
| Temerpate Coniferous Forest |
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Definition
| forms a wide band through North America and essentially goes all around the world. aka Taiga |
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Term
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Definition
| between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. Very high temperatures and humidity. Have a wet and dry season. |
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Term
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Definition
North American Praire, Russian Steepes
Many of the Animals are fossorial |
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Definition
| designed for living or digging in burrows |
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Definition
| Has a severe cold climate, treeles, and have permafrost. |
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Term
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Definition
| area under the soil is frozen all year long, causing vegetation to be short. |
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Definition
| Has very low rainfall, and animals have become very well adapted for this harsh environment. |
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Definition
| science of naming anials by comparing animal similarities and differences |
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Term
| The levels of classification in order. |
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Definition
| Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
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Definition
| every organism has two names that is not shared. |
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Definition
| aka "trash can group", majority are unicellular, ekaryotes |
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Definition
| gave rise to animals, all are unicellular, found in very moist habitat, and many are parasites |
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Definition
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Definition
| "false feet" (Kingdom Protista) |
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Term
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Definition
| tend to be numerous and short extensions (Kingdom Protista) |
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Definition
| long and few extensions, have a 9+2 microtubule arrangement. (kingdom protista) |
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Term
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Definition
| "eating cells" ie a protozoan engulfs cell into its food vacuole |
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Term
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Definition
| maintains water balance in protozoans |
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Definition
| a form of a-sexual reproduction in Protozoans |
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Definition
| multiple fissions; one cells divides into many, many cells |
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Definition
| organism produces a very tough cyst wall that allows them to tolerate very harsh environmental conditons. |
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Definition
| largest; seperated into two supbylum |
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Definition
| are flagellates, have 9+2 microtubule arrangements, and the majority are parasites. |
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Term
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Definition
| Divided up into two section based on development: Salivaria and Stercoraria |
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Term
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Definition
| the host in which a-sexual reproduction occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| the host in which a-sexual reproduction occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| is the host in which sexual reproduction occurs |
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Term
| T. gambiense (underlined) |
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Definition
| example of Salivaria trypanasome. Causes African Sleeping Sickness. IH/Vector: Tsetse Fly Glossina. Effects Cattle and other domestic animals. 1/3 of Africa is uninhabitated because of this. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs in the hindgut of the IH, and is transmitted via the feces to the DH |
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Term
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Definition
| the host in which sexual reproduction occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs in the hindgut of the IH, trasmitted via the feces. IH/Vector: kissing bugs Ruburidae. Causes Chagas Disease. |
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Term
| Three important Genres of T.Cruzi: |
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Definition
1. Triatoma
2.Rhodnius
3.Panstrongnylus |
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Term
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Definition
| an indicator of Chagas Disease. Swolen blood vessels around the lip or eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| effects the heart. "disease that killed Darwin". Symptoms include: lethargy, loss of strength. It can cross the placenta into new young. |
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Term
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Definition
| has both old world and forms. IH/Vector: sandflies. Has 2 forms: Visceral and Cutaneous |
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Term
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Definition
| "oriental sore, chiclero ulcer" |
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Term
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Definition
| "kala-azar" Considerably more dangerous, live in phagocytic white blood cells, have certain surface proteins that disguise the protozoan, and typically effects blood producing organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| enlargement of the liver and spleen |
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Term
| Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmanoid |
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Definition
| results in little, rubbery growths all over the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Amoebas, secrete an outer coating of calcium carbonate for protection, many are planktonic |
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Definition
| formed white cliffs of dover because of calcium carbonate |
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Definition
| causes disease amebic dysentery, found in stressful, crowded areas that have poor sanitation, transmitted via fecal route, one of the most common human parasites, and a common STD. |
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Term
| Naegleria Fowleri (underlined) |
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Definition
| facultative parasite, causes amebic meningoencephalitis |
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Term
| Amebic Meningoencephalitis |
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Definition
| inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, can be treated with Amphotericin-B |
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Term
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Definition
| All are endoparasitic, all have apical complex, and most have sexual and a-sexual stages in their lives. |
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for Malaria, IH/Vector: Anopheles mosquitos |
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Definition
| Responsible for Malaria, IH/Vector: Anopheles mosquitos |
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Term
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Definition
1.) Infect humans by sporozoites
2.) Infection goes to liver
3.) Hypnozoites lay dormant in the liver (stress may trigger them to activate)
4.) Others go through Exoerythrocytic Schizogony (multiple fissions outside red blood cells)
5.) These develop into stages called Merozoites
6.) Some Merozoites will lay dormant in the liver, others will infect the red blood cells
7.) In the red blood cell they feed on hemoglobin, going through Erythrocytic Schizogony
8.) Merozoites multiply inside of red blood cells until the red blood cells burst
9.) Will either infect more blood cells, or develop into Gametocytes
10.) Gametocytes tend to migrate towards the peripheral blood
11.) A new mosquito ingests blood which develops into gametes in a process called exflagellation
12.) Stay in the Ookinete in which it leaves the digestive system and migrates to the salivary glands
13.) During this final stage they go through Schizogony. |
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Term
| 2 Major symptoms of Malaria |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| alternating periods of chills and fever |
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Term
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Definition
| most dangerous form of malaria, leads to black water fever |
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Definition
| massive destruction of red blood cells |
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Definition
| an example is when african americans are less susceptible to Malaria than whites |
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Definition
| is the only treatment for Malaria. Originated from Cinchona |
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Definition
| Causes Toxoplasmosis, transmitted via cat feces, are congenital (passed on to offspring) |
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Term
| Phylum Ciliophera (ciliates) |
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Definition
| most are marine or freshwater, by far the fastest moving protozoans, reproduce via Binary fission, has a Pilus to perform conjugation, and has a distinct cytostone |
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Definition
| used for engulfing food in protozoa |
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Term
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Definition
| This genus has a contractile vacuole and have a macronuclues for reproduction |
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