Term
What are the 6 steps of the scientific method? |
|
Definition
1. Background Information 2. Hypothesis 3. Experiment 4. Analyze 5. Support or reject hypothesis 6. Report results |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A logical, concise prediction for an experimental outcome
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A broad explanation of a phenomenon that has a great deal of experimental logic and support |
|
|
Term
What is the advantage to doing lab experiments? Disadvantage? |
|
Definition
Advantage: High internal validity Disadvantage: Low external validity |
|
|
Term
What is the advantage to doing field experience? Disadvantage? |
|
Definition
Advantage: High external validity Disadvantage: Low external validity |
|
|
Term
What five things must be true for something to be "science?" |
|
Definition
1. Must be guided by natural laws 2. Has to be explained by reference to natural laws 3. Must be testable against the observable world 4. Conclusions are tentative 5. It is falsifiable |
|
|
Term
What are three examples of theories? |
|
Definition
Natural selection Gravity Plate Tectonics |
|
|
Term
What are seven characteristics of living things? |
|
Definition
1. Chemically unique 2. Complexity 3. Metabolism 4. Grow and develop 5. Reproduce 6. Posess a genetic program 7. Interact with the environment |
|
|
Term
What is an organic molecule? |
|
Definition
A molecule that contains the element carbon and is usually synthesized by cells |
|
|
Term
What are macromolecules made up of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How are monomers made into polymers? |
|
Definition
Through dehydration synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What are four characteristics of macromolecules? |
|
Definition
1. They are important (volume-wise) 2. They are large (as far as molecules go) 3. Monomers made into polymers 4. Biologically important |
|
|
Term
| What are four different types of macromolecules? |
|
Definition
1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Nucleic acid 4. Proteins |
|
|
Term
| What is the monomer that makes up carbohydrates? The polymer? |
|
Definition
Monomer = Monosaccharides Polymer = Polysaccharides |
|
|
Term
| What is the monomer that makes up nucleic acids? The polymer? |
|
Definition
Monomer = nucleotides Polymer = DNA / RNA |
|
|
Term
| What is the monomer that makes up proteins? The polymer? |
|
Definition
Monomer = amino acids Polymer = polypeptides |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a polypeptide and a protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why aren't vitamins considered a macromolecule? |
|
Definition
| Because they are small (in comparison) |
|
|
Term
| What are two functions of carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
1. Provide structure (plants) 2. Store energy |
|
|
Term
| What are three polymers of glucose? What are their functions? |
|
Definition
1. Cellulose--used for plant structure 2. Starch--used for plant energy 3. Glycogen--used for animal energy |
|
|
Term
| What are three functions of lipids? |
|
Definition
1. Energy storage 2. Structural (in cell membranes) 3. Messenger (hormones) |
|
|
Term
| What are the four different protein structures? What are they made up of? What do they look like? |
|
Definition
1. Primary--type and order of amino acids...looks like a necklace of beads 2. Secondary--coiled or folded amino acid...looks like a pleated sheet or a helix 3. Tertiary--modified secondary structure...folded alpha helix...that looks like intestines 4. Quaternary--more than one polypeptide...like hemoglobin...looks like a brain) |
|
|
Term
| What are four examples of proteins? Give an example. |
|
Definition
1. Structural proteins (hair) 2. Contractile proteins (muscle) 3. Defensive proteins (antibodies) 4. Enzymes (well...enzymes, I suppose) |
|
|
Term
| Proteins don't die...they just ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three factors that affect protein structure? |
|
Definition
1. pH 2. Temperature 3. Salinity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a biological catalyst that is capable of speeding up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy of a reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what an enzyme affects/bonds with/acts upon |
|
|
Term
| What model describes how enzyme/substrates connect/bond (how much/how fast)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if you change an enzyme's shape? |
|
Definition
| You reduce the reaction rate (or stop it, depending on how much you change it) |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the reaction rate if the amount of substrate is held steady and the amount of enzyme increases? |
|
Definition
| The reaction rate increases, then plateaus once the substrate runs out |
|
|
Term
| Who was the first scientist to synthesize organic molecules? What year did he do it in? What organic materials did he use/make? What did this prove? |
|
Definition
Stanley Miller--in 1953 Used water to make amino acids, fatty acids, sugars, urea, and nitrogenous bases. He proved that organic chemicals are not always produced by an organism |
|
|
Term
| What is the cell/plasma membrane? What does it do? |
|
Definition
| the cell/plasma membrane is a selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer that separates the cell from its surroundings |
|
|
Term
| What does the nucleus of a cell do? What is its structure? |
|
Definition
| the nucleus is the site of nuclear DNA and the genetic "control center"...that is bound by a 2-membrane nuclear envelope |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the nucleolus? |
|
Definition
| to synthesize ribosomal RNA to form proteins |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the mitochondria? |
|
Definition
| harvests energy (ATP) during cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the cytoskeleton? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the golgi complex? |
|
Definition
| store and modify the protein products of the rough E.R. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vesicles that contain digestive enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What does microvilli do for a cell? |
|
Definition
| greatly increases its surface area |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum? What are the functions of each? |
|
Definition
1. Rough E.R.--studded with ribosomes and is associated with protein translation 2. Smooth E.R.--no ribosomes...is associated with lipid synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Temporary cytoplasm protrusions used for engulfing food or movement |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the model that represents the structure of the cell membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What three things are the cell membrane composed of? |
|
Definition
Phospholipid bilayer Glycolipids Glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
| What are three ways that materials pass through the cell membrane? Describe each method. |
|
Definition
1. Simple diffusion--molecules travel from an area of high concentration to low concentration 2. Mediated Transport--molecules cannot pass the barrier via simple diffusion 3. Endocytosis--encapsulated by a vesicle (amoeba) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the dissolved materials within a liquid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the dissolving medium...in biological systems, it's water |
|
|
Term
| What assists in transporting materials across a membrane in facilitated transport? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of the cell membrane that results in engulfment of a particle |
|
|
Term
| What are two basic kinds of endocytosis? |
|
Definition
Phagocytosis Receptor mediated endocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the capacity for doing work |
|
|
Term
Where does almost all of the energy used by Earth's organisms come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much of the energy stored in chemical bonds of food is converted to energy the body can use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetic changes in a population over time |
|
|
Term
| Who believed that inheritance of acquired characteristics was the mechanism for evolution? |
|
Definition
| Jean.....etc......Lamarck |
|
|
Term
| What is natural selection? |
|
Definition
| the differential survival and reproduction of phenotypes with a genetic basis |
|
|
Term
| What was the name of the ship that Charles Darwin was captain's mate on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Charles Darwin study in college? |
|
Definition
| went to medical school....studied divinity @ Cambridge |
|
|
Term
What years did Charles Darwin go on his trip to South America aboard the HMS Beagle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| While he was gone, he read a book by Charles Lyell. What was it about? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is uniformitarianism? |
|
Definition
| A way to apply scientific concepts...current processes/patterns that we see today are ones you apply to the past |
|
|
Term
| What did Darwin see on his trip to South America? (generally speaking) |
|
Definition
| Interesting patterns in nature |
|
|
Term
| What is selective apoptosis? |
|
Definition
programmed cell death (why fingers aren't webbed) |
|
|
Term
| What are two models of speciation? Describe them. |
|
Definition
Allopatric speciation--occurs when two populations are geographically isolated, therefore reproductively isolated Sympatric speciation--two populations live in the same geographic area, but reproduction isolation still evolves |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of how sympatric speciation can occur? |
|
Definition
| The apple maggot fly...used to mate on plum trees, but a mutation caused some to mate on apple trees, became reproductively isolated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of organisms that are reproductively isolated |
|
|
