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Zoology Strauch Test 2 Mizzou
Trista's second zoo exam
152
Agriculture
Undergraduate 1
03/17/2013

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Term
Porifera Symmetry
Definition
Radial or no symmetry
Term
Porifera tissu layers
Definition
No true tissue layers
Term
Porifera grade of organization
Definition
Cellular grade
Term
Porifera body cavities
Definition
Spongocoel, Ostea (let water in) /Ocullum (big hole at the top, water out)
Term
What serves the basis for sponge classification?
Definition
skeletal strucute and organization of spicuals
Term
What are the Three main types of sponge cells?
Definition
choanocytes
archeocytes
Pinacocytes
Term
How are sponge cells arranged from outer to inner cells?
Definition
Picaderm (pinacocytes make up), archeao is in the center, choanocytes
Term
What organism has Chanocytes? Descibe them and their function
Definition
Porifera; flagella filter and strain food
Term
What organism has Archaeocytes? Describe them and their function
Definition
Porifera; site of ameboid type digestion
Term
What organism has Pinacocytes? Describe them and their function
Definition
Porifera; function make up the picoderm
Term
How do sponges acquire nutrients from their environment?
Definition
Ener through small pores in the side and is filtered. exits through the osteum.
Term
What is absolutely necessary for sponges to acquire food?
Definition
Water flow
Term
How does the complexity of the canals contribute to food acquistition in sponges
Definition
more surface area/longer cannals= more food absorbtion.
Term
What is the symmetry in cnidaria and ctenophora?
Definition
radial or biradial
Term
What are the tissue layers in cnidaria and ctenophora?
Definition
diploblastic epidermis and gastrodermis
Term
What is the grade of organization for cnidaria and ctenophora?
Definition
tissue grade
Term
What are the body cavities for cnidaria and ctenophora?
Definition
acoelomates-incomplete gut with a gastro-vascular cavity-mouth
Term
What are the body types for cnidaria and ctenophora?
Definition
pollyip and medusa
Term
What are the advantages to the body types exhibited in cnidaria and ctenophora?
Definition
Pollyp-low energy required for their asexual reproduction allows for high population/colinization-no extra en to aquire food
Medusa-mobile-allows for sexual repro through gametes and sperm. Statocytes and occelli which allows for predation. Have nerve rig...spread of species and diversity
Term
How are cnidarians able to contract, bend pulse ect?
Definition
epithelieal muscular cells allow for contraction and bending
Term
What is the distinguishing characteristic for cnidarians?
Definition
Cnidocytes-house nematocysts-barb
Term
How does the nematocyst enable cnidarians in terms of predation?
Definition
use to hunt by the trigger in the nematocyts-stabs and pulls them in
Term
Describe the nerve net
Definition
symetricle and asymmetricle synapses
Term
Why is the nerve net important?
Definition
allows for signals to move more than two ways and sense entire environment at once.
Term
How do comb rows accomplish movement in ctenophores?
Definition
8 rows of tenes which beat in synch and
Term
What direction does movement occur in the comb rows of ctenophores?
Definition
Away from the head-moves head first
Term
What exhibit nematocyts?
Definition
cnidaria
Term
What exhibit comb rows?
Definition
ctenophora
Term
How do ctenophora acquire food?
Definition
Copoblasts adhear the food
Term
What are two major evolutionary advances that occur in organisms that actively seek food, shelter, mates, ect?
Definition
cephalization, bilateral symmetry
Term
What are the potential bennefits to a flattened body shape?
Definition
more surface area for food to diffuse through
Term
Why is platyhelinthes not a monophyletic grouping?
Definition
they do not have a distinguishing characteristic (synaphomorphic)
Term
Describe the function of statocyts in platyhelminthes
Definition
balance
Term
Describe the function of ocelli in platyhelminthes
Definition
sense
Term
Describe the function of rheoreceptors in platyhelminthes
Definition
water current
Term
Describe the function of rhabdites in Platyhelminthes
Definition
secreate the mucus for locomotion and protection
Term
Describe the outer covering of member of phylum PLatyhelminthes
Definition
syncytial tegument-non ciliated
Term
What is the importance of the covering type to organisms in Platyhelminthes?
Definition
Natural Defence
Term
How does the outer covering of Platyhelminthes lead to clad Neodermata?
Definition
Protection from host organisms natural defenses
Term
How does osmoregulation occur in planarians?
Definition
flame cells-protonephridia
Term
Describe reproduction and development in phylum Platyhelminthes
Definition
monecious-sexual and asexual
direct development
Term
Describe adaptations for a parasitic lifestyle
Definition
hooks, suckers, poorly developed sex organs,penetration glands
Term
Name 2 digeneans that cause human disease
Definition
clinorchis
Schistoma
Term
Describe a general digenean life cycle
Definition
host-poops eggs. Ingested by intermediate, taken up by second intermediate, ate by defenitive host and cycle starts over
Term
What is the difference between direct and indirect hosts?
Definition
Direct hosts carry the adult forms and indirect hosts is the larval carrier
Term
Describe the body sturcter of a tapeworm (including the digestive tract)
Definition
Proglotids (reopro)
no digestive tract
Term
In what situation does a tapeworm harm its host?
Definition
When there are so many that it blocks the tracts and intestinal rupture
Term
Descirbe the lifecycle of the beef tapeworm.
Definition
cow-snail-aunt-cow
Term
How would you stop a beef tapeworm cycle?
Definition
end intermediates, vaccinate cattle (deworm)
Term
Describe the circulatory system of nemerteans
Definition
Closed-blood moves via movement of body
Term
How do nemerteans capture prey?
Definition
They use their irriversable proboscus
Term
Describe nemertean respiration
Definition
None-diffusion
Term
Describe nemertean excretion
Definition
Flame cells
Term
Describe nemertean nutrient distribution
Definition
Muscle moves through digestion and circulatory system
Term
What are the general charcteristics of phyla Platyhelminthes?
Definition
diecous, compleate digestive system, non ciliated body wall with circular and longitudinal muscles
Term
What are the general characteristics of phyla Nemertea?
Definition
diecous, compleate digestive system, non ciliated body wall with circular and longitudinal muscles
Term
How do lophotrochozoans differ from edysozoans?
Definition
edysozoans must go through ecdysis
first opening becomes the mouth in lohotrochozoans, the second opening becomes the mouth in edysozoans
Term
Why are both lophotrochozoans and edysozoans included in protosomia?
Definition
both have spiral cleavage and mosaic development
Term
What are the advantages of the pseudocoelomate over acolomates body plan?
Definition
o More space for digestive, excretory and reproductive system
o Easier to disteibue materials
o Storage for waste products
o Hydrostatic skeleton
Term
What is the distinguishing characteristic of phylum Rotifera?
Definition
corona-wheel of cilia around the organisms head creating current food requiremnt
Term
What is the advantage of encystment to rotifers?
Definition
can survive until suitable time
Term
What is the ecological importance of rotifers?
Definition
important food source-zooplancton
Term
What is the function of the head in molluscs?
Definition
holds the sense organs-food aquirement
Term
What is the function of the foot in molluscs?
Definition
locomotion, modified for attachment or jet propultion
Term
Describe the radula
Definition
a tounge-like structure with teeth-like projections
Term
What phyla exhibit a radula?
Definition
Mollusca
Term
What is the function of the radula?
Definition
pull food in
Term
What is the importance of the mantle?
Definition
Protection
Term
What is the importance of the mantle cavity?
Definition
Holds all vicera
Term
What structures form the mantle cavity?
Definition
Body wall and mantle
Term
Describe an open circulatory system
Definition
All fluids dump into a sinus, and mix. ONly partially contained in the vessles
Term
Describe a closed circulatory system
Definition
heart organ pumps through vessles blood stays in these vessles
Term
What are the advantages of a closed circulatory system?
Definition
More efficient distribution of nutrients
Term
Describe reproduction in molluscs
Definition
o Most are diecious, some hermaphroditic, non asexual
o Produce free-swimmin trochophore larve
o Gastropoda/bivalves often have advanced form of trochophore larvae called veligor larvae
Term
What is the unique characteristics to the larval forms of molluscs?
Definition
free-swimmin trophophores with indirect development
Term
Describe the process of torsion
Definition
Rotation of the shell counter clockwise 180 degrees
Term
What are the dis/advantages to torsion?
Definition
Allows for head to be pulled in quickly
sense organs are all in front to no where it's going
Anus is over head
Term
Describe coiling
Definition
spiral winding of shell and viscera
Term
What are the dis/advantages to coiling?
Definition
Whirl is up and wt is distibuted evenly
kidney/gills smashed
Term
What is the difference between intra and extracellular digestion?
Definition
Intra-inside gasto cells
extra- outside cells (in gastro vascular cavity)
Term
Describe and name structures used in respiration in pulmonates
Definition
vascularlized lung instead of gills
Term
Describe the locomotion in class Gastropoda
Definition
lay down a track of mucus
Term
Describe locomotion in class bivalvia
Definition
foot extends out and pull in (retracor and extender muscles)
Term
Describe locomotion in class cephalopoda
Definition
Siphon
Term
What is the advnatage of glochidia?
Definition
can move far distances (attach to gills)
Term
What are the general charteristics of phylum mollusca including various sense organs and their fucntion
Definition
True coelomate, meosdermal membranes, blood vessels, alimentary canal growth, head, radula mantle, mantle cavity, open circulatory sytem, and most are dioecious
Term
What class exhibit chromatophores?
Definition
cephalopoda
Term
What are the function of chromatophores
Definition
change color
Term
Describe the reproduction of class cephalopoda
Definition
sperm packets on a specialized tenticle
Term
Describe metamerism
Definition
serial repition of parts
Term
What is an advantage to metamerism?
Definition
Can loose one,and still have more
Term
Describe a hydrostatic skeleton
Definition
coelum fluid filled, volume constant.
Term
Which phyla contain hydrostatic skeletons?
Definition
Annelids
Term
How is movement accomplished in phylum Annelida?
Definition
Longitudinal: shorten and expand
Circular: narrow and lengthen
Paristalsis
Term
What are the major structures that play a roll in movment for phylum Annelida?
Definition
Sections; setae keep separate, push head forward, body out. Setae function as anchor
Term
What is the feature that croups Oligochaeta and Hirudinida into the larger clade, Clitellata?
Definition
Both have a clitella
Term
What are metanephridia?
Definition
kidney like organ-filters counter curren-excreates waste
Term
What class exhibits metanephridia?
Definition
Annelids
Term
What circulatory system does class Oligochaeta exhibit?
Definition
closed
Term
Describe reproductive process of class oligochaeta
Definition
line up anti-parallel so the clitella are on oposite sides. monecious. Clitella slides off in a lemon shape and that houses sperm and eggs-direct development
Term
What is the function of the phyanx in class Oligochaeta?
Definition
food drawn in by the sucking action
Term
What is the function of the crop in class Oligochaeta?
Definition
stores food
Term
What is the function of the gizzard in class Oligochaeta?
Definition
grinds the food
Term
What is the advantage to a hardened outer cuticle
Definition
increased protection
Term
What are the challenges of a hardened outer cuticle?
Definition
must shed because growth is impaired
Term
How are animals with a harded cuticle deal with the changlenges of this feature?
Definition
shed their cuticle and make a new one.
Term
Describe how a hardened outer cuticle important in the classification of those animals.
Definition
evoultionary relationship
Term
How is food moved through the Nematode digestive tract
Definition
Pharnex suck it in, on cell layer and pull anus open with explode
Term
How can efficiency of locomotion in Neatodes be increased?
Definition
Efficiency increased with increased pressure
Term
Describe how locomotion is achieved in Nematodes
Definition
• Have only longitudinal muscle-push against cuticle for locomotion and movement of fluids/food through cavity (very high pressure-waste explodes)
Term
How does deffication occur in Nemadoes
Definition
explotes
Term
What is the function of copulatory spicules.
Definition
Hold open the vulva while ejaculatory muscles inject sperm
Term
Describe the lifecycle of Ascaris
Definition
swallowed, hatch, burrow to blood
Term
What is the significance of Ascaris?
Definition
primitive flatworm
Term
Describe the lifecycle of hookworms
Definition
burrow, hatch, blood
Term
What is the significance of hookworms
Definition
retards mental and physical growth, lethargy
Term
Describe the lifecycle trichina worms
Definition
penetrate blood, circulate skeletal muscle, gene expression
Term
What is the significance of trichina worms?
Definition
have gene expression
Term
Describe the lifecycle of fliarial worms
Definition
microfilarae into blood lymph
Term
What is the significance of flilarial worms
Definition
pennetrate lymph nodes (including heart!)
Term
Explain arthropodization
Definition
stiffening of ancestral soft cuticle, jointts,j flexibility, sequence of molts, hormonal control, hydro skeleton lost and motile cilia lost
Term
What are the major advangages that arthropods share
Definition
versitile exoskeleton, segmentation and appendages, air piped divertly to cells, highly sensory organs, behaviorl paturnes, use of diverse resources
Term
What are the reasons that the cuticle is important to arthropos sucess?
Definition
better protection, verse dehydration and better sturcuture, increases strength, movable joints and creates free movements
Term
What is the subphyla, class and order of spiders?
Definition
Chelicerata
Arachinida
Aranea
Term
What is the subphyla, class and order of scorpions?
Definition
Chelicerata
Archinida
Scorpiones
Term
What is the subphyla, class and order of ticks?
Definition
Chelicerata
Archinida
Acari
Term
What is the basic spider body plan?
Definition
Tagmata-head and abdomen
Cephalothorax
Thorax
Term
What is the function of book lungs in spiders?
Definition
Oxygen exchange
Term
What have book lungs?
Definition
Spiders
Term
Describe the structure of a book lung.
Definition
parallel air pockets exting to blood filled chambers. Slit in body wall is where air enters.
Term
Describe the exretory system of spiders
Definition
mulpighian tubles. Absorb K and other solutes and wates
Term
What is the importnance of order Acari?
Definition
Food source
Term
Describe how crestatians differ from arthropods.
Definition
2 pairs of antenae, 2 pair maxilla and one pair of aditional segments and high metamerism
Term
What is the distiguishing characteristic of crestations
Definition
2 pairs of antenae, 2 pair maxilla and one pair of aditional segments and high metamerism
Term
What is the basic body plan for crestations?
Definition
cephalothorax and abdomen
Term
What is meant by homologous structures?
Definition
derived from a common ancestor or same evolutionary or developmental orgin
Term
What is meant by serial homology?
Definition

The evolution of a series of structures all similar to each other but modified for different functions

Term
What is the difference between biramous and uniramous appendages?
Definition
Biramous appendage splits off of the base
Uniramous- one off of the base (can split later)
Term
How does respiration occur in crayfish?
Definition
gas exchange through cutucile, featherlike gills that draw water in for counter current exchange
Term
How does circulation occur in crayfish?
Definition
single chambered heart with sinuses (open system). go through gills to get more oxygen
Term
How does excreation occur in creayfish?
Definition
green glands. forced into sac by pressure-enters in to spongy labrynth into tube bladder where resorbes salts, a.a., glucose and water
Term
How does the crayfish compound eye function? (Day vs Night)
Definition
ometidia
light: all spread out with gaps(must hit directly), sharper detailed image
dark: all light coming in, general and fuzzy
Term
Hyper, Hypo and Isosomotic pressures.
Definition
Hyper-higher concentration outside vs inside
Hypo-lower concentration outside vs inside
Iso-same inside and out
Term
How do statocytes function in crayfish?
Definition
Balance with statolithes
Term
What is the difference between molting and ecdysis
Definition
molting-process of making a larger cuticle
ecdysis is only the cuticle
Term
What occurs in the intermolt phases?
Definition
animal grows until there is no free space
Term
What occurs in the premolt phases?
Definition
secreation of a new epidermis from the epidermal cells
Term
How does ecdysis occur?
Definition
the new cuticle pushes off the old one-swells whole body to crack it off
Term
What is the function of the pyloric stomach?
Definition
Acid digestion
Term
What is the function of the cardiac stomach?
Definition
gastric mills grind up food
Term
What is the importnace of zooplanctin?
Definition
food source
Term
Cladocerans-krill. copepods ... What is their ecological importance?
Definition
food source
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