Term
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Definition
| Carbohydrates, Protein, Nucleic Acids, Lipids |
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Definition
| Chains of (CH2O)n; think glucose (C6H12O12) |
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Definition
| Amino acids linked together; elements of proteins are OHNC; think muscle tissue |
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Definition
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Definition
| Long C-H chains with some O |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Water is polar and polar molecules hate nonpolar molecules |
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Definition
| Our cells are surrounded by this layer; contain a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic bilayers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Maximum amount of hydrogen (bad fats) |
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Term
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Definition
| Not a lot of hydrogens on C-H chain (good fat) |
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Term
| What determines if it's a bad/good fat? |
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Definition
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Term
| Structure and Function of Cells |
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Definition
| Nerve cells send signal (AP); evolved from natural selection and do nothing else. Muscle = protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Every cell in your body has evolved via natural selection and form meets the function (note they only perform one function!) |
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Term
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Definition
| Concave design where air hits the leading edge, goes underneath and pressure below and above are different so the wing lifts the bird up. This is the design of both bird wings and airplane wings |
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Term
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Definition
| Upward force created by pressure above the wing being less than the pressure below the wing |
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Term
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Definition
| Force propelling bird through air by flapping (rowing motion) |
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Term
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Definition
| Must be greater than drag (force resisting forward motion) |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolved via natural selection to fit form and food(?) |
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Term
| T/F: Form has evolved to optimize function in the environment at all hierarchal levels |
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Definition
| True; we can use this to predict things |
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Term
| Hierarchical Levels of Function/Form |
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Definition
| Molecular, Cellular, Organ/System, Organism |
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Term
| List groups of animals in order of # alive today. |
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Definition
| Fish (29k) > Bird (9.8k) > Reptiles (8k) > Amphibians (6.5k) > Mammals (5.5k) |
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Term
| Why are there so many fish? |
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Definition
| Number of fish (29K) based on niches and time |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 Classes: Chondrichthyes, Sarcopterygii, Actinopterygii |
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Term
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Definition
| Sharks, rays, skates; they have no bones, just cartilage |
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Term
| Sarcopterygii (lobe finned) |
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Definition
| Bony-fishes, potentially predecessor to limbs. Example: coelacanth |
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Term
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Definition
| Fish that have "spines"/rays; have dorsal, pectoral, anal, tail, and pelvic fins |
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Term
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Definition
| Rainbow, Brook, Brown trouts |
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Term
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Definition
| Largemouth, smallmouth bass; picivores so they eat fish |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| White, Hybrid, Striped Temperate Bass; they are picivores |
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Term
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Definition
| Bluegill, redbreat, pumpkinseed, redear/shell cracker; they eat insects and worms |
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Term
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Definition
| Threadfin, alewife, gizzard shad; they are planktivore (eat plankton in reservoirs) |
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Term
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Definition
| Really small fish with lots in "schools"; planktivores |
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Term
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Definition
| Around the bottom; snail darters restricted and stopped building of Tellico Dam |
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Term
| Amphibians Gastrointestinal System |
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Definition
| Larva are herbivores, adults are carnivores |
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Term
| Amphibians Respiratory System |
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Definition
| Larva have gills, but adults have lungs |
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Term
| Amphibians Execratory System |
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Definition
| Larva excrete ammonia, adults excrete urea (saves water) |
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Term
| Amphibians Integumentary System |
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Definition
| Larva have epidermis (2 cells thick) and adults have multi-layered epidermis |
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Term
| Amphibians Locomotory System |
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Definition
| Larva swim with tails, but adults create legs and kind of hop/walk around |
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Term
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Definition
| Larva have "underwater eyes" and adults eyes change completely |
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Term
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Definition
| Lives in woods and are rarely seen; they have explosive breeding, where they all breed at once and leave huge egg masses |
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Term
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Definition
| Sings for us; early breeder |
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Definition
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Definition
| Not really around water that much |
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Term
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Definition
| Deep ribbit, completely aquatic and long-legged |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Reptiles and amphibians of a particular area/region |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Frogs, other 1/5 is salamanders |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Goes through 3 phases; larva phase: tadpoleish with external gills, terrestial red-eft stage where it's bright orange and then finally its aquatic phase: teal, swims around. Has aposomatic coloration |
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Term
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Definition
| Warning colors; shows to predators that they are toxic/have toxicity |
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Term
| Southern Redback Salamander |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Always in water and quite robust. Lungless salamander (no gills, takes oxygen in directly through skin and secretes CO2 out of skin) |
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Term
| Northern Slimy Salamander |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 2500ft - 5000ft; aposomatic coloration; black |
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Term
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Definition
| Batesian mimicry of Jordan's Salamander; not all that toxic; brown |
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Term
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Definition
| Nontoxic animals mimic the color of toxic ones |
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Term
| Blue Ridged Two Lined Salamander |
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Definition
| Yellow with 2 lines down back |
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Term
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Definition
| Tail is 2/3 length of body |
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Term
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Definition
| Nocturnal, no lungs, cold water which it never leaves, and largest of all the salamanders we will see |
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Term
| Basic Characteristics of Reptiles |
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Definition
| Amniotic Egg, Thick epidermal layer, sex determination, and ectothermic |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 parts: yolk (food), chorian (protection), amnion (keeps it moist), and allantois (waste depository) |
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Term
| Reptile Thick Epidermal Layer |
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Definition
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Term
| Reptile Sex Determination |
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Definition
| Determined by temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| Temperature of body; gets body temperature from environment/external sources |
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Term
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Definition
| 7 species; logger-head sea turtles have largest head; not enough resting grounds. Hawkins-bill turtle => patterned/steamlined from Finding Nemo I think too |
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Term
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Definition
| Red dots on the side; neck is painted too |
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Term
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Definition
| Large/huge head, uses lure to attract food in its mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| Red colorization on ear; flat |
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Term
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Definition
| Torpedo, super small with a pig nose |
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Term
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Definition
| Carapace = very concave, lots of angles; plastron = bottom part of shell |
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Term
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Definition
| Olive drab, no lines, large red head |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Body mimics bark, large scales; crypsis |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal camouflage nature of animal is like that of environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Kind of friendly; dark large pupils |
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Term
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Definition
| Triangular head, hourglass pattern and copper toned |
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Term
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Definition
| American Alligator and Crocodile; alligators are indicators for environmental health (sentinels) |
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Term
| Birds are from what class? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many orders of birds? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 65; pelicans, cormorants, anhingas; large and eat fish |
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Term
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Definition
| 162; waterfowl like ducks, geese, and swans |
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Term
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Definition
| 304; raptors (birds of prey) |
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Term
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Definition
| 429; hummingbirds; means "without feet"; in ETN, we have the ruby throated hummingbird |
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Term
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Definition
| 5753; these are the song birds and where most birds fall |
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Term
| Bird/Reptile Similarities |
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Definition
| Single occiptal condyle, one bone in middle ear (h = 3), jaws with 5/6 bones (m = 1); scales; in genetic sex determination, females are heterogametic; nucleated erythrocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| Sex chromosomes are different |
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Term
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Definition
| Red blood cells have nucleus, but in mammals they don't |
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Term
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Definition
| Skeletons and endothermy/ectothermic |
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Term
| Archyopteryx Litographica |
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Definition
| 1861 (Origin of Species in 1859); "ancient wings in rocks mind for stone"; shows up ~150million years ago at the end of Jurassic Era |
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Term
| Archyopteryx Litographica (Characteristics) |
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Definition
| Reptile Char: True teeth, separate hand/pelvic bone, flat sternum Bird Char: Bipedal (walked on back legs), true feathers, fusion of clavicle and sternum (wishbone) |
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Term
| Early vs Late Jurassic Era |
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Definition
| Early: 10% Oxygen, Late: 21% Oxygen; increase in atmosphere oxygen let birds start to increase metabolic rate, speed up, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| Microraptor GUI, Confuciusornithus Sanctus, Anchiornis Huxleyi |
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Term
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Definition
| Darwin's Bulldog; said that birds were just glorified reptiles |
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Term
| T/F: Birds are theropod dinosaurs |
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Definition
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Term
| Geographic Distribution and Endothermy |
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Definition
| Pole to pole; endothermy = source of their own heat is metabolism and internal |
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Term
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Definition
| Turkey/black turkey = red, 2-toned; black = not red, whiteish tips |
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Term
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Definition
| Fruigavore; tips of tail look like its dipped in wax & has a black mask |
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Term
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Definition
| Eats small seeds, black cap (feeds with Titmouse) |
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Term
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Definition
| Eats bigger seeds (feeds with Chickadee) |
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Term
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Definition
| Help another so you will be helped later on |
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Term
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Definition
| Long, projected beak, white streak above eye |
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Term
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Definition
| Thrush; M is bright orange, F is muted |
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Term
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Definition
| Thrush; M is blue/russet, F isn't as blue. Cavity nesters, so they nest in boxes and cavities |
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Term
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Definition
| Looks like an Eastern Bluebird but brown with white dot on eye |
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Term
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Definition
| Thrashers/Mockingbirds; long tail, 2 white wingbars |
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Term
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Definition
| Thrasher; brown, prominent bill and long tail |
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Term
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Definition
| Crow and Jay; extremely "smart" |
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Term
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Definition
| Colonization, Resource Specialization, Fragmentation |
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Term
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Definition
| Pioneering individuals colonize new area; over time population changes (due to food, environment, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| Widely distributed species that are split by climate change |
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Term
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Definition
| Nothing moves nor is there climate change, so they "specialize" in 1 resource while other parts of a population specialize in other resources |
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Term
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Definition
| Black-headed and rose-breasted Grosbeak |
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Term
| Resource Specialization Example |
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Definition
| Song and White Throated Sparrows |
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Term
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Definition
| Royal and adelie (went to island, THEN changed ONCE THERE) |
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Term
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Definition
| 3x visual acuity of humans; monocular (to deal with this they have large eyes that have bones and do weird head movements), 3rd eyelid (nictating membrane, some use this as transparent goggles) |
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Term
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Definition
| Brilliant blue, yellow, and bright red are used as male attraction. Color indicates fitness and is based on diet |
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Term
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Definition
| Have 4 cones (RGB and UV) vs 3 for humans (RGB); this is tetrachromatic vs trichromatic |
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Term
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Definition
| Almost nonexistant; humans have 10k buds vs 400 for birds |
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Term
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Definition
| About the same as humans besides owls that have special adaptions (eartufts and offset ears) |
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Term
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Definition
| Generally same as humans EXCEPT vultures have 1/2 "smell-dar" |
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Term
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Definition
| Birds sense magnetic field at base of eye and retina and use this to navigate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Band of rising water along equator that replaces westward-flowing surface water displaced by by Coloris effect due to earth's rotation |
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Term
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Definition
| Insectivorous; stay in the canopy. Yellow, black/white, and yellow-rumped warbler |
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Term
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Definition
| Song & White Throated Sparrows |
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Term
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Definition
| Eat large seeds; north cardinal, gold finch, indigo bunting, house finch |
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Term
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Definition
| Slate, colorless besides white/slate |
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Term
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Definition
| Probe for insects and eats seeds |
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Term
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Definition
| Has red wing on his black body |
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Term
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Definition
| Invasive exotic from Europe; introduced in Central Park in 1890; creates starling murmuration which are the shapes created by flocks in the sky |
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Term
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Definition
| Camo-back, brilliant yellow breast |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Endothermy, specialized teeth, hair, and mammary glands |
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Term
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Definition
| Reintroduced in 2001 with 25 elk in Catalooche, now up to ~150. <1849, southern most range of Ellk |
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Term
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Definition
| Settlers extirpated deer. 1940 only ~20. Population has exploded without any predators. Flechmen Gesture |
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Term
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Definition
| First recored in 1982; eat moles, voles, and mice, sick turkeys/fawn might be prey too. Filling niche of predator. Scat is full of feathers, bones, and white (because of nitrogen waste) |
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Term
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Definition
| "Feral hogs" = domesticated pigs that escaped BUT wild hogs were made by breeding feral hogs and Russian hogs that were shipped over for hunting. Extremely destructive, eat grubs/salamanders/etc. Paid to hunt |
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Term
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Definition
| Crashed simultaneously with deer populations; eat a lot during fall and enter torpor-like state like a bear |
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Term
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Definition
| Altruistic behavior: bark when predators/hawks are nearby |
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Term
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Definition
| Huge eyes, nocturnal (tons of rods instead of cones), but they glide instead of fly |
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Term
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Definition
| Eats some meet (least common), so they are omnivores. Spring 90% of diet is chutes/grass/squaw root. Love nuts, fall berries, and will eat salamanders if need be |
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Term
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Definition
| Grown off beach tree root without photosynthesis. Candy for bears |
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Term
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Definition
| Before 1800s, river otter population was healthy. Reintroduced in late 1980s - 1990s. Eat fish (crayfish) and crustaceans |
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Term
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Definition
| Live in caves and other dark places; enter torpor like state in winter because of lack of insects. Tons of condensation forms on them |
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Term
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Definition
| Larger bats who eat insects |
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Term
| Southeastern Shrew (border) |
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Definition
| Plump, long-nose, lives in leaf litter with small eyes (coyotes love them!) |
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Term
| Eastern Mole (subterranean) |
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Definition
| Subterranean, evolved to live underground, dig, and smell. Don't come out a lot |
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Term
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Definition
| No long nose, active on surface |
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Definition
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