Term
| How did complex eukaryotic cells form? |
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Definition
| eukaryotic cells formed when they engulfed prokaryotic cells; 'eaten' prokaryotic cells eventually became the organelles that make up complex eukaryotic cells |
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Term
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Definition
Theory that eukaryptic cells developed when they formed a symbiotic relationship with organisms they 'ate'; evidence of this is that the mitochondria inside cells contain their own set of DNA
(endo = inside; symbiosis = intimate relationship) |
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Term
| 2 advantages of being multicellular and 1 disadvantage |
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Definition
Advantage 1) more cells means more specialized body regions: organs, digestive system, circulatory system, etc.
Advantage 2) more cells makes a larger organism
Disadvantage 1) larger cells need more energy |
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Term
| To which phylum do sponges belong? |
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Definition
Porifera, means 'pore bearing'
9,000 species of sponges |
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Term
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Definition
'para' = side; 'zoan' = animal
not considered true animals |
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Term
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Definition
1) Calcarea
2) Demospongia
3) Hexatinella |
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Term
| 6 characteristics of sponges (pg 119) |
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Definition
1) all aquatic filter feeders
2) sessile (immobile)
3) pore filled bodies
4) have skeletal elements called spicules
5) asymmetrical
6) asexual and sexual reproduction |
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Term
| 2 characteristics of sponge class Demospongia |
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Definition
1) spicules made of silica
2) 1-4 rays on spicules |
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Term
| 2 characteristics of sponge class Calcarea |
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Definition
1) spicules made of calcium carbonate
2) 2-4 rays on spicules |
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Term
| 2 characteristics of sponge class Hexatinellida |
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Definition
1) spicules made of silica
2) spicules have 6 rays |
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Term
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Definition
| water current system sponges have that helps pump water through their bodies in order to sift the water for food |
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Term
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Definition
| large excurrent opening at the top of a sponges body |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that line inside of a sponge body; have tiny hair-like projections (flagellum) that cause water to flow through sponge in order to filter feed |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny skeletal elements inside sponge bodies, provide support; made of calcium carbonate or silica |
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Term
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Definition
| cavity inside sponge bodies; also called spongocoel |
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Term
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Definition
| pores in sponge bodies that open into the atrium; food and water flow in and out of them |
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Term
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Definition
| gelatinous mix of cells in between the outer layer (pinacoderm) and inner layer (choanoderm) of sponge bodies; contain spicules and other types of important cells |
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Term
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Definition
| cells in sponge bodies that are able to change into any type of cell the sponge needs it to be |
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Term
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Definition
| flattened cells that make up the outer layer (pinachoderm) of a sponge body |
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Term
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Definition
| ring-shaped cells on the pinachoderm (outer layer) of sponge bodies; water flows through |
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Term
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Definition
| outer, skin-like layer of sponge bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| simplest sponge shape, has least amount of surface area; U-shaped (figure 6.8, pg 126) |
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Term
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Definition
| more complex sponge shape with larger amount of surface area; squiggly U-shape (figure 6.8, pg 126) |
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Term
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Definition
| most complex sponge shape with the greatest amount of surface area; maze-like (figure 6.8, pg 126) |
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Term
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Definition
| sexually and asexually; gemmules = egg-like mass that comes off sponge, can remain dormant until favorable conditions 'wake it up'; budding = tiny sponge clone breaks off 'parent' sponge and floats to a new location to grow (pg 126) |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 cell layers; such as (but not always) endoderm and ectoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 cell layers; such as (but not always) ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
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Term
| To which phylum do Cnidarians belong? |
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Definition
Cnidaria, means 'stinging'
9,000 species of Cnidarians |
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Term
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Definition
1) Hydrozoa, 'water serpent animal'
2) Scyphozoa, 'cup animal'
3) Cubozoa, 'cube animal'
4) Anthozoa, 'flower animal' |
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Term
| 6 characteristics of Cnidarians (pg 136-37) |
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Definition
1) have radial symmetry
2) are diploblastic (epidermis, gastrodermis)
3) can have dimorphic life cycles
4) have hydrostatic skeletons
5) have gastrovascular cavities
6) have nerve nets (simple nervous system) |
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Term
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Definition
| outer layer of a Cnidarian body |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue layer surrounding the gastrovascular cavity of a Cnidarian |
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Term
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Definition
| all the matter between the Epidermal and Gastrodermal layers of a Cnidarian body |
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Term
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Definition
| structures that contain the stinging cells (nematocysts) in Cnidarians |
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Term
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Definition
| stinging cells of Cnidarians (figure 7.19, pg 151) |
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Term
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Definition
| cavity where food is digested and wastes are expelled through the same hole the food was taken in |
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Term
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Definition
| simple nervous system of the Cnidarians; net of nerves through out the body |
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Term
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Definition
| cells in Cnidarians that produce the cnidocytes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a type of algae that forms a symbiotic relationship with some Cnidarians; provides food for and give color to these cnidarians |
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Term
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Definition
| happens when Cnidarians expel their zooxanthellae which causes them to turn white and die; caused by temperature change and pollution |
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Term
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Definition
| a tube that goes from the mouth to the gastrovascular cavity of sea anemone (figure 7.11, pg 144) |
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Term
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Definition
| ability that some Cnidarians have to go from a sessile body form to a medusile, free-floating form |
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Term
| 2 characteristics of Hydrazoa |
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Definition
1) most simplified Cnidarians
2) live in colonies |
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Term
| 2 characteristics of Scyphozoa |
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Definition
1) these Cnidarians are all marine
2) have dimorphic lives |
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Term
| 2 characteristics of Anthozoa |
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Definition
1) can construct hard coral skeletons
2) have pharynx |
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Term
| 2 characteristics of Cubozoa |
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Definition
1) very small Cnidarians
2) have cube-shaped bodies with 4 tentacles |
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Term
| Polyploidal Cnidarian form |
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Definition
| body form of some Cnidarians with a palm tree-like shape; basal disc secures this sessile form while tentacles pull food into mouth (figure 7.1a, pg 137) |
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Term
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Definition
| body form of some Cnidarians with an umbrella-like shape that are free floating (figure 7.1b, pg 137) |
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Term
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Definition
| ciliated grooves on a sea anemone's oral disc that drives water into the gastrovascular cavity (figure 7.11, pg 144) |
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Term
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Definition
| the flattened base of a sea anemone that helps with attachment (figure 7.11, pg 144) |
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Term
| To which phylum do flatworms belong? |
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Definition
belong to Platyhelminths
'platy' = flat; 'helminth' = worm
25,000 species of flatworms |
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Term
| 4 classes of Platyhelminths |
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Definition
1) Turbellaria
2) Trematoda
3) Monogeneans
4) Cestoda |
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Term
| 6 characteristics of Platyhelminths (page 164) |
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Definition
1) have simple urinary system
2) have incomplete guts
3) bilaterally symmetrical
4) most are hermaphroditic
5) unsegmented bodies
6) acoelomate |
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Term
| 2 characteristics of Turbellarians |
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Definition
1) free living
2) move with ciliary action
(page 171, figure 8.7) |
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Term
| 2 characteristics of Trematodes |
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Definition
1) parasitic
2) have oral suckers
(page 166, figure 8.2a; page 178, figure 8.13) |
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Term
| 2 characteristics of Monogeneans |
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Definition
1) parasitic
2) have prohaptor and opisthaptor
(page 166, figure 8.2c) |
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Term
| 2 characteristics of Cestodes |
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Definition
1) parasitic
2) have scolex
(page 180, figure 8.15) |
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Term
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Definition
| lots of folds that increase surface area of some Platyhelminth bodies |
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Term
| To which phylum do Nemerteans belong? |
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Definition
phylum = Nemertia
also called ribbon worms |
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Term
| 3 characteristics of Nemerteans |
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Definition
1) have complete digestive tracts
2) have closed circulatory systems
3) have 4-lobed brains |
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Term
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Definition
| head regions of some Platyhelminths, usually has hooks and/or suckers for attachment to host |
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Term
| Prohaptors and Opisthaptors |
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Definition
1) Prohaptors are hooks on the anterior (head) used for attachment of a platyhelminth to its host
2) Opisthaptors are hooks and/or suckers on the posterior (end) of a platyhelminth body |
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Term
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Definition
| the rest body of a platyhelminth after its scolex (head) and neck; consists of repeating body sections called proglottids |
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Term
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Definition
| repeating body sections of platyhelminth that makes up the strobila; comes after the scolex (head) |
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Term
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Definition
| hookless suckers that surround the mouths of some platyhelminth, helps them attach to host |
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Term
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Definition
| hair-like projections that help some organisms like platyhelminth to move |
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Term
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Definition
| a fluid filled body cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| acoelomate animals do not have fluid filled cavities ('a' = without, 'coulomate' = coelum) |
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Term
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Definition
'pseudo' = false
these animals have a fluid filled body cavity that is less organized than that of a true coelomate |
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Term
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Definition
| animals that possess a true, well organized coelum |
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Term
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Definition
| have trochaphor larvae, small larva form that has bands of cilia (ex: platyhelminths, annelidia, mollusca) |
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Term
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Definition
| animals that must molt their cuticles in order to continue growing (ex: artrhopods, nematodes) |
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Term
| To which superphylum and phylum do Rotifers belong? |
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Definition
Lophotrochozoa rotifera
1,800 species |
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Term
| 4 characteristics of Rotifera |
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Definition
1) body covered in cuticle
2) have a 'foot' with 'toes' that help them attach
3) have corona, cilia at the anterior ends
4) have jaws (trophi) for grinding food
(page 194) |
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Term
| to which superphylum and phylum do Nematodes belong? |
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Definition
Ecdysozoa nematoda
25,000 species (half a million still unidentified) |
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Term
| 4 characteristics of Nematodes |
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Definition
1) unsegmented
2) muscle fibers run lengthwise the body
3) complete digestive system
4) have no cilia anywhere on or in the body
(page 200, figure 9.8a) |
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Term
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Definition
| thin, transparent covering secreted by the epidermis; important for protection |
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Term
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Definition
| process of shedding the cuticle in order to continue growing |
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Term
| to which phylum do Annelids belong? |
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Definition
Annelida, meaning segmented
15,000 species |
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Term
| 3 major classes of Annelids |
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Definition
1) Polychaeta - 9,000 species
2) Oligochaeta - 3,000 species
3) Hirudinea - 500 species |
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Term
| 4 characteristics of Annelids |
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Definition
1) some have setae, or fleshy appendages
2) have closed circulatory systems
3) have non-shedding cuticles
4) are protostomes |
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Term
| 2 characteristics of Polychaetes |
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Definition
1) have a larval stage
2) have many long, hair-like projections
(page 212, figure 10.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| fleshy lobes projected off the body of Polychaetes, help with movement |
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Term
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Definition
1) Dioecious- organism has either female or male sex organs
2) Monoecious- organism has both male and female sex organs |
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Term
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Definition
| band around the anterior half of an oligochaete or leech that secretes mucus for mating and forming cocoons around the eggs |
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Term
| 2 characteristics of Oligochaetes |
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Definition
1) don't have distinct heads
2) live underground
(page 215, figure 10.5) |
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Term
| 2 characteristics of Hirudineas (leeches) |
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Definition
1) have exactly 34 segments
2) have no parapodia or setae
(page 216, figure 10.7) |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory tenticles on the head of polychaetes |
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Term
| To which phylum do Molluscs belong? |
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Definition
Mollusca, means 'soft bodied'
100,000 species |
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Term
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Definition
1) Gastropoda ('stomach foot')
2) Bivalvia ('two valves')
3) Cephalopoda ('head foot')
4) Polyplacophora ('many plates')
5) Scaphopoda ('tusk shells') |
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Term
| 6 characteristics of Molluscs |
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Definition
1) have mantles
2) have visceral mass (internal organs)
3) mantle cavities (houses visceral mass)
4) use muscular foot for movement and attachment
5) have radula, used to 'lick up' food
6) some have siphons for movement, filtering and respirating |
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Term
| 2 characteristics of Gastropods |
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Definition
60,000 species; 1 or no shell
1) have a radula for eating
2) shells use torsion to keep up-right
(ex: snails, slugs, abolone, conches) |
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Term
| 2 characteristics of Bivalves |
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Definition
30,000 species, 2 shells
1) no heads
2) have 2 shells
(ex: clams, oysters, muscles, scallops) |
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Term
| 2 characteristics of Cephalopods |
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Definition
700 species, 1 or no shells
1) all are predators
2) all have 8 legs (squids & cuttlefish have 2 tenticles as well)
(ex: nautilus, cuttlefish, squid, octopus) |
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Term
| 2 characteristics of Polyplacophora |
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Definition
1) have 8 interlocking shells
2) strictly marine |
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Term
| 2 characteristics of Scaphopods |
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Definition
1) strictly marine
2) tusk shaped shells, bury themselves under the sand |
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Term
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Definition
| tongue-like file in many mollusc mouths that help them scrape up food |
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Term
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Definition
| attachment on many mollusc that can be used to filter water, for the respiratory system and propelling through the water |
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Term
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Definition
| the organ mass inside a mollusc |
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Term
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Definition
| holds the visceral mass of a mollusc |
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