Term
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Definition
| all derivatives of the amino acid Tyrosine. Include: thyroid hormones, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of inner adrenal medulla and surrounding adrenal cortex. there are two, one above each kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine. Secrets 4x more epinephrine than norepinephrine because expresses a high amount of PNMT |
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Term
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Definition
| preprohormones are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes in the rough endoplasmic reticulum into prohormones, which are then packaged into secretory vesicles by the golgi apparatus |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by the adrenal cortex and the gonads as well as by the placenta during pregnancy |
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Term
| process of steroid hormone synthesis |
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Definition
| cells are stimulated by the binding of a pituitary gland hormone to its receptor, which is linked to G-proteins, which activate adenylyl cyclase and thus cAMP production. The subsequent activation of protein kinase A results in the phosphorylation of numerous cytosolic and membrane proteins, which facilitate the subsequent steps |
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Term
| How does cholesterol get into the cell |
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Definition
| cholesterol enters the cell in the form of low-density lipoproteins (LDL)-- receptors on the surface bind to LDLs, then endocytosis occurs. The cholesterol is stored in the cell as esterified, non-membrane-bound droplets, and when the cell is stimulated free cholesterol is released by the action of cholesterol esterase (which is activated by protein kinase A). Once at the mitochondria, it is transported through the mitochondrial membrane, where cytochrome P450s process it into steroid hormones |
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Term
| Steroids of the Adrenal Cortex |
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Definition
| aldosterone, cortisol, corticosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and androstenedione |
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Term
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Definition
| a mineralocorticoid meaning its effects are on salt balance. Briefly under the control of hormone ANGIOTENSIN II |
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Term
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Definition
| cortisol and coricosterone are two. they have important effects on the metabolism of glucose and other organic nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| glucocorticoid that controls metabolism, the body's response to stress, and regulation of the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| DHEA and endrostenedione and testosterone. the first two are less potent than testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
| estrogens (estrone and estradiol), progesterone |
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Term
| up-regulation and down-regulation |
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Definition
| up regulation is an increase in the number of a hormone's receptors, often resulting from prolonged exposure to a low concentration of a hormone. down-regulation is the opposite, and this temporarily decreases target-cell responsiveness to the hormone, thus preventing overstimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone A must be present for the full strength of hormone B's effect |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone that stimulates the secretion of another hormone |
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Term
| different types of endocrine diseases |
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Definition
| hyposecretion, hypersecretion, hyporesponsiveness (reduced responsiveness of the target cells) and hyperresponsiveness (increased responsiveness of the target cells) |
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