Term
|
Definition
| Powerful theories that guide extensive research, are occasionally replaced when they fail to account for our observations of the natural world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cannot be proven wrong, does not refer to a "speculation" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Replacement of one paradigm by another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Common method; purely observational |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a branching geneological tree |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Guided by natural law; has to be explanatory by reference to natural law; testable against empirical world; conclusiosn are tentative and not necessarily final word; falsifiable |
|
|
Term
| Another name for Scientific Method |
|
Definition
| Hypothetico-deductive method |
|
|
Term
| 6 steps of scientific method |
|
Definition
1. observation
2. question
3. hypothesis
4. empirical test
5. conclusion
6. publication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a primary theory that unifies biology and explains why animals have genes, the significance of shared structures (common ancestry), and significance of fossils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alfred Wallace, Charles Darwin |
|
|
Term
| Theories that make up evolution theory |
|
Definition
| Perpetual change, common descent, multiplication of species, gradualism, natural selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the 5 evolutionary theoryes. The living world is not constant but is constantly changing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the evolutionary theoryes. All life descended from a common ancestor |
|
|
Term
| Multiplication of Species |
|
Definition
| One of the 5 evolutionary theories. Evolution produces new species by the splitting and transformation of older species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the 5 evolutionary theories. 3 forms: always variation among organisms, variations are at least partly heriable, organisms with different traits leave different numbers of offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Microevolution, macroevolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concerned with the changes in the frequency of different allelic forms of genes within a species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concerned with the origin of new species. Is more controversial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Comparative anatomy (homologous and vestigial structures), biogeography, and molecular biology / genetic composition --the best evidence |
|
|
Term
| Types of fossils used as evidence of evolution |
|
Definition
| Actual Preservation (frozen in ice, oil seeps, peat bogs), Petrification (hard parts turn to stone and replaced by minerals); molds, casts, imprints (objects imbedded in rock dissolve and leave a mold that is later filled in--usually thin objects like leaves or amber); foodprints and trails in dried riverbeds; coprolites (fossil, mineralized ancient dung, in caves, usually); structures built by ancient life (ancient termite mounds, tunnels, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| Conditions favoring the Preservation of Materials as fossils |
|
Definition
| Possession of hard parts (bones, e.g.); and Quick Burial (result of floods, petroleum seeps, caves, volcanic ash, sediment on sea bottom) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of the genetic events that occur in populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of interbreeding organisms of some species occupying a particular space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sum of all genes carried by all individuals of an interbreeding population; different alleles for each loci |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exchange of genes between populations due to emigration and immigration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different forms of the same gene that occupy the same locus on chromosome pairs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physical position gene occupies on a chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both alleles on a pair of chromosomes at a certain locus are identical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 alleles at the same locus are different |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of genetic information, all genes of an individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| observable expression of the genotype of an individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability of a genotype to give rise to a range of phenotypic expressions depending on environmental conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetically determined characteristic that enhances the ability of an organism to cope with the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the capacity for evolutionary change due to genetic variability within a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in the frequency of alleles in a gene pool. Micro and macro |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms with different traits leave different number of offspring |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of natural selection |
|
Definition
| Directional selection, disruptive selection, stabilizing selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when one phenotypic extreme is at an advantage for leaving offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when both phenotypic extremes are at an advantage for leaving offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when average individuals are at an advantage for leaving offpsring; select against extremes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Helps scientists determine if evolution is occuring. States that the frequency of alleles will not change over time if the following are true (if any of these are not met, evolution occurs): large size population; mating is random-no sexual selection; no movement of individuals into or out of population (no gene flow); mutation does not occur; natural selection does not occur |
|
|
Term
| Factors Resulting in Evolution |
|
Definition
| Genetic drift, gene flow, mutations, natural selection, sexual selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| frequency of change in alleles in a population due to chance events; common in small populations: Founder effect (few individuals colonize new area) and Bottleneck effect (when population size is greatly reduced and some alleles are lost due to chance) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes in gene frequency as a result of emigration or immigration: Genetic swamping |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When Gene flow is so profuse, characteristics are removed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| random events that are the origins of all new genes, both good and bad |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| driving force behind most ...?? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mating is not random. Females/males prefer to mate with an individual that possess certain traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developed hierarchical classification system: Kingdom, Class, Order, Genus, Species |
|
|
Term
| Classification of Species |
|
Definition
| the least inclusive taxon. Each species composed of only one kind of organisms, typically interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring. Members share same gene pool. About 1.7 million species described, approx 5-30 mil exist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Similar, closely related species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar, closely related genera |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar, closely related orders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar, closely related classes |
|
|
Term
| Classification of Kingdom |
|
Definition
| similar, closely related Phyla. Most inclusive taxon. Currently 5 kingdoms |
|
|
Term
| Traits used to place organisms into kingdom |
|
Definition
| Cell type, level of complexity, type of nutrition |
|
|
Term
| Dividing into kingdom by cell type |
|
Definition
| Prokaryotes - no nucleous or membranous organelles; genetic material not surrounded by nucleus. Eukaryotes - nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles |
|
|
Term
| Division into kingdom by level of complexity |
|
Definition
| Unicellular - body composed of one type of cell; single cell or colony. Multicellular - body contains many specialized cells |
|
|
Term
| Dividing organisms into Kingdoms by Type of nutrition |
|
Definition
| autotrophic: photosynthetic, chemosynthetic. Heterotrophic: absorptive, ingestive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| make organic matter from inorganic substances: Photosynthetic obtain energy from light. Chemosynthetic obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obtain energy by oxidizing organic matter made by other organisms. Absorptive absorb nutrients through body wall by diffusion and have no mouth. Ingestive ingest organic matter into an internal digestive cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia |
|
|
Term
| Kingdom Monera/prokaryotae |
|
Definition
| bacteria. Are unicellular and prokaryotic. can be photosynthetic or chemosynthetic autotrophs or absorptive heterotrophs |
|
|
Term
| Kingdom Protista (Protoctista) |
|
Definition
| algae, slime molds, protozoa. Are eukaryotic, unicellular, or multicellular. Have an absent embryo. Can be photosynthetic autotrophs, absorptive heterotrophs or ingestive heterotrophs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| higher plants. Eukaryotic, multicellular, present embryo, photosynthetic autotrophs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molds, Yeast, fungi. Most are eukaryotic. Multicellular absorptive heterotrophs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Invertebrates (except protozoa) and vertebrates. Eukaryotic, multicellular, and most are ingestive heterotrophs. Some are absorptive heterotrophs (tapeworms) |
|
|
Term
| Level of organization in Kingdom Animalia |
|
Definition
Multicellular, embryonic cell layers can be diploplastic (includes phyla Cnidaria and Porifera) or triploblastic - 3 cell layers (all phyla except Porifera and Cnidaria.
Tissue Level - have specialized layers of cells but no true organs (porifera)
Organ level - some organs are present, but no organ system (phylum Cnidaria)
Organ system level - all phyla except porifera and Cnidaria |
|
|
Term
| Symmetry organization of parts within the body of Kingdom ANimalia |
|
Definition
| Asymmetric - no regular symmetry (most protozoa and many Porifera). Radial - parts arranged fairly equally around central axis (Cnidaria and some Porifera). Bilateral Symmetry - parts arranged on right and left side of a central plane (all phyla except Porifera, and adults of Echinodermata) |
|
|
Term
| Types of digestive cavity in Kingdom Animalia |
|
Definition
| Digestive vacuoles - protozoa and phylum porifera - phagocytosis. Gastrovascular Cavity - phyla cnidaria and platyhelminthes (flatworms. Digestive Tract - all other phyla; more efficient; for animals who need a lot of nutrients. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acoelomate - no body cavity (protozoa, phyla Porifera, Cnideria Platyhelminthes. Pseudocoelomate - false body cavity; have a body cavity but it is not lined with mesodermal peritoneum (Phylum nematoda - roundworms). Coelomate (Euceolomate) - true coelom; body cavity lined with mesodermal peritoneum |
|
|
Term
| Classifying Kingdoms by Patterns of Cleavage |
|
Definition
| (The dividing up of a fertilized egg into a large number of cells called blastomeres). Radial cleavage - cleavage planes are symmetrical and cells are stacked on top of each other (Phyla Echinodermata and Chordata). SPiral Cleavage - cleavage planes are oblique and cells are not stacked on top of each other (Found in many invertebrates) |
|
|
Term
| Classifying Kingdom according to Development of the Mouth |
|
Definition
| Protostomia, Deuterostomia |
|
|
Term
| Protostomia mouth development |
|
Definition
| the mouth develops from the first embryonic opening called blastopore. Has spiral cleavage, includes most invertebrates, anus develops from second opening and they eventually bore together. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mouth develops from a secondary opening, the anus develops from the blastopore. Have radial cleavage, includes Echinodermata and CHordata and other minor Phyla |
|
|
Term
| Criteria for species recognition |
|
Definition
| Common ancestry; must be smallest distinct grouping of organisms sharing patterns of common descent; must form a reproductive community that exckludes members of other species under normal conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Biological, evolutionary, and phylogenetic species concept |
|
|
Term
| Biological species concept |
|
Definition
| A species is a reproductive community isolated reproductively from other species. This concept has been strongly criticized; does not cover asexual organisms; cannot consider reproductive criteria in naming fossils; a population may be reproductively isolated because of geography and not genetic incompatability |
|
|
Term
| Evolutionary species concept |
|
Definition
| a simple lineage of ancester-descendant populations that maintains its identity from other such lineages and has its own evolutionary tendency. APplies to asexually reproducing forms. |
|
|
Term
| Phylogenetic species concept |
|
Definition
| A basal grouping of organisms diagnostically distinct from such groups and within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent. Emphasizes common descent; even populations that differ in very minor characteristics will be considered a species |
|
|
Term
| The Process of Speciation |
|
Definition
| Allopathic speciation - speciation occurs when subpopulations become geographically isolated from one another. Sympatric speciation - speciation occurs within a population (by far, the most common) |
|
|
Term
| Reproductive isolation between species |
|
Definition
| Premating and postmating isolation |
|
|
Term
| Premating isolation techniques |
|
Definition
| live in different habitats, have different courtship patterns, reproductive parts do not fit together; breed at different time of day or year |
|
|
Term
| Postmating isolating mechanisms |
|
Definition
| sperm cannot fertilize egg, hybrids all die, hybrids are weak, hybrids are healthy but sterile, hybrids are fertile but may not be able to find mates because of aberrant behavior. Fairly common |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phyletic Gradualism - change occurs over millions of years. Punctuated Equilibrium - change occurs rapidly, followed by long periods of little change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| major goal of systematics is to reconstruct an evolutionary tree (phylogeny) which relates all living and extinct species |
|
|
Term
| Characters used to reconstruct an Evolutionary Tree |
|
Definition
| Any feature that distinguishes one species or group from another (morphological, physiological, behavioral). Characters are found by observing patterns of similarity among organisms. If two organisms posses a similar character it is assumed they may have inherited it from a common ancestor |
|
|
Term
| Sources of Phylogenetic Information |
|
Definition
| Comparative morphology (var. in body structures including embryos); comparative biochemistry (use of sequences of amino acids in proteins, sequences of bases in nucleic acids, etc. to identify variable characters. Comparative cytology - study of variation in the numbers, shpaes, and sizes of chromosomes. Comparative Behavior - study variation in innate - behavior to obtain variable characteristics. Genetic is the most important. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| species that share derived characters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group closely related to study group. ANy characteristic found in both study group and outgroup are considered ancestral characters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Evolved after ancestral characters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar characters that result from common ancestry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a derived character shared by members of a clade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branching diagram presenting a hierarchy of clades |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branches represent real lineages of animals that occured in the past |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Includes the most recent ancestor of the group and some, but not all, the descendants of the ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes the most recent ancestor of the group and some, but not all, the descendants of the ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes at least 2 unrelated ancestors of the group, not the most recent ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Traditional view about evolutionary taxonomy. Uses 2 different principles in recognizing higher taxa: Common descent and Amount of evolutionary change. THis view tolerates mono and paraphyletic groupings. |
|
|
Term
| Phylogenetic Systematics (cladistics) |
|
Definition
| uses only common descent in recognizing higher taxa. Will Not tolerate paraphyletic. More popular view |
|
|
