Term
|
Definition
| Name the two layers that make up skin. |
|
|
Term
| Epidermis - Outer layer Dermis - Inner layer with blood vessels |
|
Definition
| Describe the two layers of the skin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What lies under the dermis? |
|
|
Term
Loose connective tissue
Fat |
|
Definition
| What makes up the hypodermis? |
|
|
Term
| Their thick, keritanized stratum corneum. |
|
Definition
| What helps reptiles resist abrasion on land? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Feathers are epidermal derivatives that arise in the ___ ___. |
|
|
Term
Hair
Nails
Sweat and Sebaceous glands |
|
Definition
| What are some epidermal derivatives of mammals? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the function of Sebaceous glands? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood vessels and nerves are found only in which layer of the skin? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What makes your hairs "stand on end?" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The hair growth starts at the base, called the ___. |
|
|
Term
Hydrostatic Skeleton - Annelids
Exoskeleton - Arthropoda
Endoskeleton - Echinodermata |
|
Definition
| What were the three invertebrate support systems used that we learned? Give an example of a Phylum that uses each. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: All vertebrates have this type of skeleton. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What are the two main supportive tissues? |
|
|
Term
| Site for muscle attachment |
|
Definition
| What is the function of cartilage, besides support? |
|
|
Term
1. Support/protect internal organs
2. Store Calcium and Phosphorus
3. Make RBCs and some WBCs |
|
Definition
| What are the three functions of bone? |
|
|
Term
| Osteocytes are enclosed in lacunae in concentric circles at osteonic canals with blood vessels and nerves. |
|
Definition
| Describe the structure of bone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cartilage and a bony skeleton are first found in what? |
|
|
Term
| Formation of our structure required difficult and complex processes. |
|
Definition
| Why did adaptations for support and movement on land take 200 million years? |
|
|
Term
| More bones and intervertebral disks |
|
Definition
| What added support do we find in the tetrapod skeleton that differs from primitive support systems? |
|
|
Term
Axial skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton |
|
Definition
| What two parts of the skeleton make up the human body? |
|
|
Term
Skull
Vertebrae
Sternum
Ribs |
|
Definition
| What does the axial skeleton in humans consist of? |
|
|
Term
Upper limbs
Lower limbs
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle |
|
Definition
| What does the appendicular skeleton consist of? |
|
|
Term
Ciliary
Flagellar
Cytoplasmic Streaming (amoeba) |
|
Definition
| What three types of nonmuscular movement have we seen in primitive organisms? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What are the three types of muscular tissue? |
|
|
Term
1 nucleus
Involuntary
Non-striated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Multinuceated
Voluntary
Striated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1 nucleus
Involuntary
Striated
Interculated disks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Using waves of contractions for moving over soft substrate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What animals use pedal locomotion? |
|
|
Term
Nematodes only use longitudinal muscles
Earthworms use both longitudinal and circular muscles. |
|
Definition
| What is the difference in muscle usage between Nematodes and Earthworms? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What type of muscles is an Earthworm using when it's long and thin? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What type of muscles is an Earthworm using if it's short and fat? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What type of movements do leeches use? |
|
|
Term
| Parapodia (flaplike appendages) |
|
Definition
| What do Polychaetes use to move? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| True/False: Setae are NOT appendages. |
|
|
Term
Tube feet that drag body
Water-vascular System |
|
Definition
| What do Echinoderms use to move? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Attach skeletal muscle to skeleton. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Lateral undulations of trunk and tail. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What type of animal uses myomere segments for movement? |
|
|
Term
Appendages (for locomotion)
Back Muscles |
|
Definition
| What two parts of the body became more important in the transition to land? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What are the two types of contractile protein? |
|
|
Term
Thin filaments
Z lines attached |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Thick filaments
Z lines NOT attached |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Functional unit of muscle contraction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: From one Z line to the next. |
|
|
Term
| Thin filaments slide towards each other by forming crossbridges with thick filaments. |
|
Definition
| Explain the Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction. |
|
|
Term
| Tropomyosin blocks crossbridges. |
|
Definition
| What happens to muscles when Calcium is absent? |
|
|
Term
| Tropomyosin is pulled of the crossbridges by Troponin, allowing crossbridges to form between myosin heads and thin filament. A rachet like mechanism shortens sarcomere and in turn, the whole muscle. |
|
Definition
| What happens to muscles when Calcium is present? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Nerve impulse via motor nuerons to all muscle fibers it innervates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Membrane around muscle fiber. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Cleft where motor nueron and muscle fiber meet. |
|
|
Term
| Synaptic vessels (in axon terminal) realease Acetocholine (ACh). |
|
Definition
| What happens when a nerve impulse reaches the end of a nueron? |
|
|
Term
| It diffuses across the nueromuscular junction and binds to receptors which reverse the normal polarity of muscle membrane and causes waves of altered polarity across the sarcolemma to T tubules, causing the release of Calcium from sacs. |
|
Definition
| What does Acetocholine do once released? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Sacs in muscle that contain Calcium. |
|
|
Term
| The presence or absence of Calcium. |
|
Definition
| What is skeletal muscle controlled by? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Animal ingests, digests, absorbs, stores, and uses food to meet its metabolic needs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Chemical/Mechanical breakdown of food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Organisms that synthesize their own food. |
|
|
Term
Phototrophs - use Photosynthesis
Chemoautotrophs - no light, do not use photosynthesis |
|
Definition
| Name the two types of autotrophs and the difference between them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Organisms that cannot synthesize all foods. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Give an example of an autotroph. |
|
|
Term
Animals
Fungi
Some bacteria |
|
Definition
| Give an example of a heterotroph. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many of the 20 amino acids available are essential to humans? |
|
|
Term
Herbivores
Omnivores
Carnivores |
|
Definition
| List the three types of Heterotrophs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Animal that eats plants, not animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Animal that eats both plants and animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Animal that eats animals, not plants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Give an example of an herbivore. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Give an example of an omnivore. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Give an example of a carnivore. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Nutrients needed in large quantities. |
|
|
Term
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins |
|
Definition
| What are the primary macronutrients we learned about? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Nutrients needed in small quantities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Give an example of a micronutrient. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| True/False: Dietary requirements require both macro- and micronutrients. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water 1 degree. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Give an example of a carbohydrate. |
|
|
Term
Polysaccharides
Disaccharides
Monosaccharides |
|
Definition
| What are the three different types of carbohydrates? |
|
|
Term
Plants
Cellulose provides fiber which is needed for a healthy colon. |
|
Definition
| What provides cellulose to the body when eaten, and what does this do? |
|
|
Term
Most concentrated energy source
Lipids have 2x the amount of energy than carbohydrates or protein. |
|
Definition
| What's so special about lipids? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: These convert food into useful molecules. |
|
|
Term
Calcium (Ca)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
Sodium (Na)
Magnesium (Mg) |
|
Definition
| What are the most essential minerals? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Amino acids split to form acetyl. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| At the very least, a fatty acid makes how many molecules of pyruvic acid? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What are the most important trace minerals in our bodies? |
|
|
Term
Maintains strong bones and teeth
Clots blood
Maintains normal muscle, nueron, and cellular function |
|
Definition
| What is the function of Calcium in the body? |
|
|
Term
Component of many coenzymes
Carbohydrate and protein metabolism |
|
Definition
| What is the function of Magnesium in the body? |
|
|
Term
Major constituent of bones and blood plasma
Needed for energy metabolism
Part of DNA, RNA, and ATP |
|
Definition
| What is the function of Phosphorus in the human body? |
|
|
Term
Major positive ion in cells
Influences muscle contraction and nueron excitability |
|
Definition
| What is the function of Potassium? |
|
|
Term
The most common ion in extracellular fluid
Important in fluid balance
Essential for conduction of action potentials and active transport |
|
Definition
| What is the function of Sodium in the body? |
|
|
Term
| Component of thyroid hormones |
|
Definition
| What is the function of Iodine in the body? |
|
|
Term
| Component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, enzymes and cytochromes |
|
Definition
| What is the function of Iron in the body? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Small organic chemicals needed in small amounts. |
|
|
Term
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E |
|
Definition
| What are three fat soluable vitamins? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is another name for Vitamin C? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is another name for Vitamin A? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is another name for Vitamin E? |
|
|
Term
Helps synthesize visual pigments, mucoproteins, and mucopolysaccharides
Promotes normal development of bones and teeth
Involved in maintenance of epithelial cells |
|
Definition
| What is the function of Vitamin A (retinol) in the body? |
|
|
Term
Promotes absorbtion of Calcium and Phophorus
Promotes development of teeth and bones |
|
Definition
| What is the function of Vitamin D in the body? |
|
|
Term
Antioxidant: Prevents oxidation of Vitamin A and polyunsaturated fatty acids
Maintains stability of cell membranes |
|
Definition
| What is the function of Vitamin E (Tocopherol) in the body? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Digestion is _____ in simple animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What types of animals use extracellular digestion?
[Hint: Very general answer] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Digestion in which enzymes break down large units. |
|
|
Term
Continuous feeder
Discontinuous feeder
Suspension feeder
Deposit feeder
Herbivory
Predation
Surface-Nutrient Absorption
Fluid feeder |
|
Definition
| What are the eight different strategies of obtaining food? |
|
|
Term
| Sessile, filter feeder (always taking in nutrients). |
|
Definition
| What does it mean to be a continuous feeder? |
|
|
Term
| Mobile, non-continuous feeding (not always eating at every moment). |
|
Definition
| What does it mean to be a discontinuous feeder? |
|
|
Term
Carnivores
Most herbivores |
|
Definition
| Give an example of a discontinuous feeder. |
|
|
Term
| Capture food particle with part of body and send it to the mouth. |
|
Definition
| What does it mean to be a suspension feeder? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Give an example of a suspension feeder. |
|
|
Term
| Get nutrients from sediment. |
|
Definition
| What does it mean to be a deposit feeder? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What does it mean to be herbivory? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What does it mean to be predatory? |
|
|
Term
| Absorb nutrients through the body surface. |
|
Definition
| What does it mean to be a surface nutrient absorption feeder? |
|
|
Term
Molluscs
Many birds
Rabbits
Deer
Cows
Mice |
|
Definition
| Give an example of an herbivory animal. |
|
|
Term
Lions
Wolves
Jellyfish
Most fish
Whales |
|
Definition
| Give an example of a predatory animal? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Give an example of a surface-nutrient absorption feeder. |
|
|
Term
Ectoparasites
Nectar/Plant juice feeders |
|
Definition
| What are the two types of fluid feeders? |
|
|
Term
Leeches
Mosquitoes
Lamprey
Ticks
Vampire Bat |
|
Definition
| Give an example of an ectoparasite. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Give an example of a Nectar/Plant juice feeder. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What type of digestion do protozoa use? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What type of digestive system do hydra use? |
|
|
Term
| Crop, Stomach, Intestine, Rectum |
|
Definition
| What type of digestive structures do grasshoppers use? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What type of digestive system do Nematodes use? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is special about a lamprey's tongue? |
|
|
Term
| "Rolled carpet" long tongue |
|
Definition
| What is special about a frog's tongue? |
|
|
Term
Turtles
Birds
Baleen whales |
|
Definition
| Most vertebrates have teeth but there are some that don't. Name a few of these. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
___ and ___ have modified teeth.
[Hint: Vertebrates] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All vertebrates except ___ have salivary glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The pharynx and esophagus move food where? |
|
|
Term
HCl (Hydrochloric Acid)
Pepsin |
|
Definition
| What chemicals does the stomach contain? |
|
|
Term
| Digests proteins by breaking them down into amino acids (peptides). |
|
Definition
| What is the function of pepsin? |
|
|
Term
| Muscular sac that grinds food. |
|
Definition
| What is the function of a gizzard? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Name a Vertebrate that uses a gizzard. |
|
|
Term
| Blind pouch with more space for bacteria. |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the ceca? |
|
|
Term
| It is stored in the bile until it is needed to emulsify large fat globules into small fat globules. |
|
Definition
| What happens to the bile once the liver synthesizes it? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| True/False: Every Vertebrate has a pancreas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What two hormones does the pancreas secrete? |
|
|
Term
| Increases glucose in tissues |
|
Definition
| What is the function of insulin? |
|
|
Term
| Increases glucose in blood. |
|
Definition
| What is the function of glucagon? |
|
|
Term
1. Digestion
2. Absorption |
|
Definition
| What are the two functions of the small intestine? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of breaking down food ends in the ____. |
|
|
Term
Water absorption
Mineral absorption
Forms feces |
|
Definition
| What is the purpose of the colon? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The two extremes for the colon's water absorption are...? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Colon cancer is very common, but can be prevented by ___. |
|
|
Term
1. Ingestion
2. Peristalsis
3. Segmentation
4. Secretion
5. Digestion
6. Absorption
7. Defacation |
|
Definition
| What are the seven steps in digesting nutrients? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where does Peristalsis take place? |
|
|
Term
| Rings of smooth muscle contract behind bolus and relax in front of it |
|
Definition
| What happens in peristalsis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where does segmentation occur at? |
|
|
Term
| Rings of smooth muscle repeatedly contract and relax to mix food with food enzymes. |
|
Definition
| What is segmentation in the digestive system? |
|
|
Term
| Hormones, enzymes, chemicals, and ions that take part in digestion are secreted. |
|
Definition
| What is secretion in the digestive system? |
|
|
Term
| Large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules. |
|
Definition
| What happens during digestion? |
|
|
Term
| Ileum, because it is very long so there is a lot of surface area for absorption. |
|
Definition
| Where does absorption occur and why does it occur there? |
|
|
Term
| Uptake of small molecules into blood vessels called capillaries, and fat is taken into the lymph vessels. |
|
Definition
| What happens during absorption? |
|
|
Term
| It enters the hepatic portal vein and is brought to the liver. |
|
Definition
| What happens to the nutrient rich blood once absorbed?? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FALSE! Excretion is ONLY urine. |
|
Definition
| True/False: Excretion is the removal of feces. |
|
|
Term
| Undigested food is voided through the anus. |
|
Definition
| What happens during defacation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Rings of smooth and skeletal muscle that prevent backflow. |
|
|
Term
Anus
Cardiac valve
Pyloric sphincter valve |
|
Definition
| Give an example of a sphincter. |
|
|
Term
| Lips, teeth, tongue, and saliva from salivary glands |
|
Definition
| What does the oral cavity consist of? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the function of the oral cavity? |
|
|
Term
Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
Salivary amylase |
|
Definition
| Name the two buffers of the oral cavity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What does it mean to be a buffer in the oral cavity? |
|
|
Term
| Small clusters of sugars linked together |
|
Definition
| What are oligosaccharides? |
|
|
Term
| Carry fat through lymphs and empty them into the circulatory system. |
|
Definition
| What is the function of lacteals? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Applying to stomach. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Applying to kidney. |
|
|
Term
| Starts digesting carbohydrates. |
|
Definition
| What is the function of salivary amylase? |
|
|
Term
| Common passage for air/food |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the pharynx? |
|
|
Term
1. Stores/mixes food
2. Secretion of enzymes, mucus, and HCl to digest foods
3. Controls rate of food entering small intestine through pyloric sphincter |
|
Definition
| What are the three main functions of the stomach? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The stomach lining has ___ glands. |
|
|
Term
Chief cells
Parietal cells |
|
Definition
| What are the two types of cells that make up the stomach lining? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the function of chief cells? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the function of parietal cells? |
|
|
Term
| It converts inactive pepsinogen into pepsin. |
|
Definition
| What is the purpose of HCl in the stomach? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the pH level of HCl? |
|
|
Term
| Digests proteins into polypeptides |
|
Definition
| What does pepsin in the stomach do? |
|
|
Term
| Protects the stomach lining from acid |
|
Definition
| What is the mucus's purpose in the stomach? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Semi-liquid mass of mixed food and pepsin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chyme passes through what structure in the stomach? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The small intestine of a human is how long? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What structures in the small intestine increase surface area for absorption? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Digestion that occurs in the small intestine primarily occurs in which part? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?
[List in order] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the small intestine, absorption primarily takes place through capillaries in which parts? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the small intestine, what are sugars and amino acids taken up by? |
|
|
Term
Columnar epithelium cells of villi;
Glycerol;
Triglyceride |
|
Definition
In the small intestine, fatty acids are absorbed by what?
After these are absorbed, what do they combine with, and what does this combination make? |
|
|
Term
| Proteins called Chylomicrons |
|
Definition
| Triglycerides are covered in what? |
|
|
Term
| Small intestine --> Lacteals of villi --> Lymph vessels --> Blood vessels |
|
Definition
| Describe the path that triglycerides take once they are absorbed in the small intestine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glycerol is a ___ carbon molecule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fatty acids are usually ___ to ___ carbon molecules. |
|
|
Term
3 fatty acids attach to a glycerol molecule
"Tri-" "-Glyceride" |
|
Definition
| Describe why the "triglycerides" have this name. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Structure of attachment between small and large intestine. |
|
|
Term
| Evolutionary remains of larger functional cecum in herbivores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Feed on residue
Secrete amino acids and vitamin K |
|
Definition
| What is the function of fungi/bacteria in the colon? |
|
|
Term
| Enzymes are ALWAYS proteins and bile is NOT a protein. |
|
Definition
| Why is bile NOT an enzyme, even though it has a similar function? |
|
|
Term
Small fat globules;
Disaccharides/Monosaccharides |
|
Definition
| Large fat globules + bile = _______ + pancreatic lipase = _______ |
|
|
Term
Trypsin
Pancreatic Lipase
Pancreatic Amylase
HCO3- |
|
Definition
| What are the four most important enzymes secreted by the pancreas? |
|
|
Term
Chymotripsin
Carboxypeptidase |
|
Definition
| Along with Trypsin, what other two enzymes, secreted by the pancreas, break down proteins/peptides into small peptides/amino acids? |
|
|
Term
| Breaks down triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids |
|
Definition
| What is the purpose of pancreatic lipase, secreted by the pancreas? |
|
|
Term
| Breaks down polysaccharides into disaccharides/monosaccharides |
|
Definition
| What is the purpose of pancreatic amylase, secreted by the pancreas? |
|
|
Term
| Nuetralizes acid pH level in chyme from 2 --> 7 |
|
Definition
| What is the function of HCO3-, secreted by the pancreas? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What is the biggest organ in the body?
[Not including the skin] |
|
|
Term
1. Conversion of sugars to form glucose
2. Conversion of excess calories into glycogen or fat
3. Synthesis of nonessential amino acids
4. Removal of amino acids from organic compounds
5. Urea formation from proteins
6. Synthesis of most blood plasma proteins (ex. Albumin)
7. Destruction of worn out RBC's
8. Main storage center of vitamins A, D, E, K, fats, and glycogen |
|
Definition
| What are the eight functions of the liver? |
|
|
Term
| Stores bile synthesized by the liver |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the gall bladder? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is bile alkaline or acidic? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What component of the bile is responsible for emulsification of the large fat globules into small fat globules? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Besides emulsifying large fat globules into small fat globules, what is the other function of bile salts? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: These structures coat the surface of clumps of fatty acids + glycerol. |
|
|
Term
| Across intestine epithelium into lymphatic lacteals |
|
Definition
| How are micelles absorbed? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Main digestive enzyme in stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What are peptides broken down by? |
|
|
Term
Simple diffusion
Integumentary exchange/cutaneous
Gills
Trachea
Book lungs |
|
Definition
What are the five ways intertebrates exchange gases?
[Respiration] |
|
|
Term
| Protozoa, simple life, Platyhelmenthes, Hydra |
|
Definition
| Which invertebrates use simple diffusion for respiration? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which invertebrates use tracheae for respiration? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which invertebrates use cutaneous/integumentary surface for respiration? |
|
|
Term
The most advanced aquatic invertebrates
(octopus, crab, shrimp) |
|
Definition
| Which invertebrates use gills for respiration? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which invertebrates use book lungs for respiration? |
|
|
Term
| Chitin-lined branching tubes throughout body used for respiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lamellae and ventral spiracle |
|
Definition
| Book lungs consist of...? |
|
|
Term
Bimodal Breathing
Cutaneous Exchange
Gills
Lungs |
|
Definition
What are the four ways vertebrates exchange gases?
[respiration] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Respiration in both air and water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Give an example of a vertebrate that uses bimodal breathing. |
|
|
Term
| Capillaries are just below the epidermis |
|
Definition
| How does cutaneous exchange work? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Give an example of a vertebrate that uses cutaneous exchange. |
|
|
Term
Countercurrent flow
(Air flows in opposite directions near each other) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Birds
(they also use air sacs) |
|
Definition
| What animal is one of the most efficient lung users? |
|
|
Term
| There is a huge amount of thin, moist respiratory epithelium that greatly increases area for gas exchange. |
|
Definition
| Why are lungs so efficient? |
|
|
Term
1. Ventilating Lungs
2. Oxygen diffusion
3. Bulk flow of RBCs
4. Internal Exchange
5. Cellular Respiration |
|
Definition
| What are the five phases of respiration? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| True/False: The five stages in respiration occurs in all air-breathing animals. |
|
|
Term
| Bulk flow of air is ventilated in and out of lungs |
|
Definition
| What happens during the first phase of respiration? |
|
|
Term
| Oxygen diffuses across the aveolus, capillary wall, and RBC membrane, then binds to hemoglobin. |
|
Definition
| What happens during the second phase of respiration? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the most common protein in the human body? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many oxygen (O2) molecules does one hemoglobin molecule carry? |
|
|
Term
| A bulk flow of RBCs occurs through the lungs --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> Systemic circuit --> capillaries |
|
Definition
| What happens in the third phase of respiration? |
|
|
Term
| Oxygen diffuses across capillary wall into interstitial fluid across the cell membrane and across the mitochondrial membrane. |
|
Definition
| What happens during the fourth phase of respiration? |
|
|
Term
| Steps #4-#1 occur in a reverse sequence after cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. This time, however, CO2 (carbon dioxide) is being transported and is carried by a bicarbonate ion in the plasma, not a RBC. |
|
Definition
| What happens during the fifth phase of respiration? |
|
|
Term
| CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> HCO3- |
|
Definition
| What is the chemical equation that occurs in cellular respiration to form a bicarbonate ion? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
55;
45;
Platelets, RBCs, WBCs |
|
Definition
| Plasma makes up __% of the blood. The other __% is made up of ___, ___, and ___. |
|
|
Term
| Trachea -> Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Respiratory bronchioles -> Alveoli |
|
Definition
| List the path of respiration starting at the trachea. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alveoli have extensive ___ ___ where gas exchange takes place. |
|
|
Term
Pulmonary arteries (low O2 content)
Pulmonary veins (high O2 content) |
|
Definition
| What two structures in the body are the exceptions for the fact that arteries have high O2 content and veins have low O2 content? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: In the lungs, these structure have huge amounts of area for gas exchange "like a tennis court." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gas exchange takes place through walls to capillaries through ___ ___. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What type of tissue is always moist and causes the mist on windows that we sometimes see? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Breathing by inhaling and exhaling |
|
|
Term
| The diaphragm pulls downward and both it and the intercostal muscles contract which elongates the thoracic cavity, creating negative pressure, creating a vacuum which rushes the air into the lungs to inflate them. |
|
Definition
| What occurs during inhaling? |
|
|
Term
| The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax and thoracic cavity returns to normal size, forcing air out. |
|
Definition
| What happens during exhaling? |
|
|
Term
| Abdominal muscles contract, pushing abdominal organs against the diaphragm to increase pressure in thoracic cavity. |
|
Definition
| What happens during forcible breathing? |
|
|
Term
| Alveolar pressure becomes less than atmospheric pressure which expels air from lungs. |
|
Definition
| What happens when lungs compress air in alveoli? |
|
|
Term
| Oxygen is needed for both the respiratory AND circulatory systems. |
|
Definition
| Why do advanced animals have an increased need for oxygen than simpler animals? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Organic compounds with copper or iron that binds to oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| RBCs, blood plasma, and coelomic fluid |
|
Definition
| Hemoglobin is carried in what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What makes the blood red? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What makes the blood blue? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organic component combined with Copper |
|
|
Term
| Mollusks and certain crustaceans |
|
Definition
| What animals have blue blood due to hemocyanin? |
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis -> Linking Step -> Krebs Cycle -> Electron Transport Chain |
|
Definition
| What are the steps in breaking down glucose into something the body can use? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ goes through Glycolysis and becomes ___. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glucose is a __ carbon molecule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pyruvic acid is a __ carbon molecule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ goes through the linking step and is changed into ___. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acetyl is a __ carbon molecule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coenzyme A is used during which step in breaking down glucose? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What happens during the Krebs cycle? |
|
|
Term
| Energy from NADH is used to pump H+s across the inner-mitochondrial membrane. That energy is later captured to form ATP. |
|
Definition
| What happens during the electron transport chain? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the final electron acceptor? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many ATP are produced from 1 NADH? |
|
|
Term
ATP Synthetase;
Synthesizes ATP |
|
Definition
| What is the most important enzyme in the electron transport chain and what is its function? |
|
|
Term
Lowers the amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur.
[ATP synthetase is a catalyst] |
|
Definition
| What is the function of a catalyst? |
|
|
Term
Gastrovascular cavity
Psuedocoel
Closed Circulatory System
Open Circulatory System |
|
Definition
What are the four types of transport systems in invertebrates?
[In humans, this would be our Closed Circulatory system] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which vertebrates have RBCs WITH nuclei? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All macronutrients are absorbed by the end of what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which animals use the gastrovascular cavity as a transport [circulatory] system? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which animals use their psuedocoel as a transport [circulatory] system? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What animal is the first separate circulatory system observed in? |
|
|
Term
| The heart pumps hemolymph (blood) through the heart --> blood vessels --> hemocoel --> blood vessels --> heart |
|
Definition
| How does an open circulatory system work? |
|
|
Term
| Blood is contained in blood vessels; there is no hemocoel. |
|
Definition
| How does a closed circulatory system work? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| True/False: All vertebrates have a closed circulatory system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many cell layers thick are capillaries? |
|
|
Term
| Heart -> Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillaries -> Venules -> Veins -> Heart |
|
Definition
| Briefly describe the path of the circulatory system. |
|
|
Term
Transport O2, CO2, nutrients, and hormones
Defend against pathogens
Clots
Helps body regulate temperature and pH levels |
|
Definition
| What is the function of blood? |
|
|
Term
| Plasma and formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, Platelets) |
|
Definition
| What are the two general blood contents? |
|
|
Term
90% water
7% proteins
3% other |
|
Definition
| What does plasma consist of? |
|
|
Term
Albumin
Fibrinogin
Globulin |
|
Definition
| In blood plasma, what are the three major proteins? List these from most abundant to least abundant. |
|
|
Term
Ions
Amino acids
Glucose
Enzymes
Hormones
Wastes (CO2) |
|
Definition
| In blood plasma, what does the "3% other" category consist of? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mammals vs Fish/Amphibians
no nucleus -- nucleus
biconcave disk -- oval
small -- large |
|
Definition
| What are the differences between the RBCs of mammals and other vertebrates compared to the RBCs of fish and amphibians? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Hemoglobin carrying oxygen |
|
|
Term
Pulmonary (to the lungs and back)
Systemic (to rest of body and back) |
|
Definition
| What are the two circuits in the circulatory system called, and what do they consist of? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Destroy pathogens at cuts
Remove cell debris |
|
Definition
| What is the function of a leukocyte? |
|
|
Term
Nuetrophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Eosinophils
Monocytes |
|
Definition
| What are the five types of leukocytes? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What are the most common white blood cells? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first cell to arrive at a cut is the..? |
|
|
Term
| Attracted to sites of inflammation because they are active phagocytes (engulf foreign particles). |
|
Definition
| What is the function of a nuetrophil? |
|
|
Term
| Release histamine which causes blood vessels to dilate/leak fluid at site of inflammation. |
|
Definition
| What is the function of a basophil? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the second most common white blood cell? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nuetrophils make up __% of all WBCs, while lymphocytes make up about ___%. |
|
|
Term
| Important in immune response |
|
Definition
| What is the function of lymphocytes? |
|
|
Term
B-lymphocytes (or B-cells)
T-lymphocytes (or T-cells) |
|
Definition
| What are the two types of lymphocytes? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where are B-cells synthesized? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where are T cells synthesized and what is their function? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parts of blood cells are broken off in blood vessels |
|
Definition
| How are platelets formed? |
|
|
Term
| Attach/plug damage blood vessels and start clot |
|
Definition
| What is the function of platelets? |
|
|
Term
| Transport colorless fluid into circulatory system |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the lymphatic system? |
|
|
Term
Blue = veins
Red = arteries |
|
Definition
| When veins and arteries are displayed in color, which colors usually represent them? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Condition in which bicuspid or tricuspid valves leak, causing some blood to flow the wrong way. |
|
|
Term
| Specialized "nerves" only in heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Pressure caused by beating of heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Pressure caused by concentration of solutes. |
|
|
Term
Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary valve
Bicuspid valve
Aortic valve |
|
Definition
| What are the names of the four valves in the heart? |
|
|
Term
| Right atrioventricular valve |
|
Definition
| What is another name for the Tricuspid valve? |
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary semilunar valve |
|
Definition
| What is another name for the pulmonary valve? |
|
|
Term
Left atrioventricular valve;
Mitral valve |
|
Definition
| What is another name for the Bicuspid valve? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is another name for the aortic valve? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The right atrium receives blood from what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Natural pacemaker of heart |
|
|
Term
| SA node -> Across atria -> AV node -> Bundle of His -> Bundle branches (fibers) -> Purkinje fibers |
|
Definition
| Describe the flow of the wave of excitation in the heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| True/False: The heart does NOT require stimulation from nerves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where is the AV node located? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| At what point does the wave of excitation in the heart cross the septum? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| True/False: The atria first contracts, sending the blood into the ventricle, which then contracts and sends blood on its way through the body. |
|
|
Term
| Superior part of right atrium |
|
Definition
| Where is the SA node located? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| True/False: The Lymphatic system has a one way flow. |
|
|
Term
| On the arterial end of capillaries, there is a slight net flux of pressure caused by subtracting the hydrostatic pressure minus the osmotic pressure. |
|
Definition
| What causes the slight excess of interstitial fluid (which causes need for lymphatic system to transfer it to blood)? |
|
|
Term
Solvent = liquid
Solute = solid |
|
Definition
| In solutes and solvent, which is the liquid and which is the solid that is dissolved by the liquid? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Elimination of metabolic wastes from body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Excretion of nitrogenous wastes and regulation of water and solutes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Animal whose osmotic concentration of body fluids = osmotic concentration of environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Animals whose fluids are at a different osmotic concentration than the environment. |
|
|
Term
Hypoosmotic;
They must compensate by conserving H20 and have very small, concentrated amounts of urea. |
|
Definition
| Are marine animals hypo/hyperosmotic to their environment? What does this mean they have to do? |
|
|
Term
Hyperosmotic;
Compensate by excreting H20; they excrete large volumes of very dilute urea. |
|
Definition
| Are freshwater animals hyper/hypoosmotic to their environment? What does this mean they must do? |
|
|
Term
Contractile vacuoles
Protonephridia
Metanephridia
Green Glands
Malpighian Tubules
Coxal Glands |
|
Definition
| What were the several types of invertebrate excretion techniques we learned about? |
|
|
Term
Protozoa
Porifera
Cnidaria
Echinodermata |
|
Definition
| What organisms use contractile vacuoles? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When freshwater protozoa and sponges use contractile vacuoles to expel water, does it require energy? |
|
|
Term
Flame cells;
These filter fluids through excretory canals and finally through a nephridopore. |
|
Definition
| What structures do protonephridia contain and what do these do? |
|
|
Term
Platyhelmenthes;
Rotifera;
Mollusk larva |
|
Definition
| What organisms use protonephridia? |
|
|
Term
| Earthworms and most annelids |
|
Definition
| What animals use a metanephridia? |
|
|
Term
| Excretion takes place through the nephridostome -> tubule -> bladder -> nephridopore |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the metanephridia? |
|
|
Term
Eliminate water
Reabsorb ions
Void nitrogenous wastes |
|
Definition
| What is the function of green glands? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What animal has green glands? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What animal uses malpighian tubules? |
|
|
Term
Void uric acid into gut
Absorb potassium ions from hemocoel |
|
Definition
| What is the function of malpighian tubules? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What animals use coxal glands? |
|
|
Term
Move uric acid through sacs -> ducts -> pores
**Nutrients reabsorbed along ducts** |
|
Definition
| What is the function of coxal glands? |
|
|
Term
| Their closed circulatory system's heart forces blood through membrane filter in kidney where the three functions of osmoregulation occur. |
|
Definition
| How do vertebrates achieve osmoregulation? |
|
|
Term
1. Filtration
2. Reabsorption
3. Secretion |
|
Definition
| What are the 3 processes of osmoregulation? |
|
|
Term
| Between the Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule |
|
Definition
| Where does filtration (of osmoregulation) occur? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What important structure does the kidney contain? |
|
|
Term
| Blood passes through a filter and retains cells (RBCs, WBCs and platelets) and large molecules (proteins), while small molecules/ions are passed through to be reabsorbed if needed. |
|
Definition
| What happens during osmoregulation's filtration step? |
|
|
Term
| Selective ions/molecules are reabsorbed back into the blood from filtrate in nephron. |
|
Definition
| What happens during osmoregulation's reabsorption step? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Fluid that passes through nephron. |
|
|
Term
| Select larger ions/molecules in blood that did not pass through the filter are absorbed into any part of the nephron (from the peritubular capillary) and pass out of the body with urine. |
|
Definition
| What happens during osmoregulation's secretion step? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Condition in which the body has a hard time reabsorbing glucose. |
|
|
Term
| Renal artery -> Afferent artery -> Glomerulus -> Efferent artery -> Peritubular capillaries -> Renal vein |
|
Definition
| Describe the path of the blood when going through osmoregulation. |
|
|
Term
| Mouth; Polysaccharides -> di/monosaccharides |
|
Definition
| For the following digestive substance, answer where it is synthesized, the substrate acted upon, and what that substrate is broken down into: Salivary Amylase |
|
|
Term
Stomach;
Proteins -> peptides |
|
Definition
For the following digestive substance, answer where is is synthesized, the substrate acted upon, and what that substrate is broken down into:
Pepsin |
|
|
Term
Liver;
Large fat globule -> Small fat globules |
|
Definition
For the following digestive substance, answer where is is synthesized, the substrate acted upon, and what that substrate is broken down into:
Bile |
|
|
Term
Pancreas;
Small fat globules -> monoglycerides |
|
Definition
For the following digestive substance, answer where is is synthesized, the substrate acted upon, and what that substrate is broken down into:
Pancreatic Lipase |
|
|
Term
Pancreas;
Peptides -> amino acids/small peptides |
|
Definition
For the following digestive substance, answer where is is synthesized, the substrate acted upon, and what that substrate is broken down into:
Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase |
|
|
Term
Pancreas;
Polysaccharides -> di/monosaccharides |
|
Definition
For the following digestive substance, answer where is is synthesized, the substrate acted upon, and what that substrate is broken down into:
Pancreatic Amylase |
|
|
Term
| From matrix -> inter-membrane space |
|
Definition
| During the electron transport chain, in which direction are the protons moving? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| During the breakdown of glucose, what are the two high energy coenzymes used? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most of the NADH is synthesized in what step of glucose breakdown? |
|
|
Term
Glycolysis: 1
Linking Step: 1
Krebs Cycle: 3 |
|
Definition
| Describe how many and where each NADH comes from during the breakdown of glucose. |
|
|
Term
| Krebs Cycle (only 1 is synthesized though) |
|
Definition
| When is FADH2 synthesized? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What molecules give up their high energy electrons for the ETC? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To pump protons from matrix -> inter-membrane space. |
|
Definition
| What are the electrons used for in the ETC? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many ATPs are produced per NADH? |
|
|
Term
FADH2 skips the first channel
NADH actually uses this channel |
|
Definition
| How is the process of FADH2's electrons going through the ETC different from NADH's? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many ATP does FADH2 produce? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many CO2 molecules are given off during glycolysis? |
|
|
Term
| Substrate-level Phosphorilation |
|
Definition
| Term: Forming ATP directly without NADH or FADH2 |
|
|
Term
| During Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle |
|
Definition
| When does substrate level phosphorilation occur? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Hormone dominant after eating. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Hormone dominant after fasting. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Temporary storage structure to protect fatty acids and monoglycerides from water. |
|
|
Term
| Glomerulus -> Bowman's Capsule -> Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) -> Loop of Henle (Ascending and Descending branches) -> Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) |
|
Definition
| Describe the path of the nephron in order. |
|
|
Term
| Lower branch of ascending Loop of Henle |
|
Definition
| Where is the only place in a nephron where simple diffusion of NaCl occurs? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Large volume of dilute urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Small volume of concentrated urine |
|
|
Term
| Ascending branch of Loop of Henle |
|
Definition
| What part of the nephron tubule is water impermeable? |
|
|
Term
| Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) |
|
Definition
| By the middle of the ___ of the nephron, 70% of water and sodium have already been reabsorbed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __% of molecules are reabsorbed by the end of osmoregulation in the nephron. |
|
|
Term
Anti-diuretic hormone
(Causes urine to be different colors) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What portion of the nephron is most infected by ADH? |
|
|
Term
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Distal Convoluted Tubule |
|
Definition
| Which parts of the nephron are hypotonic? |
|
|
Term
Loop of Henle
VERY END of distal convoluted tubule |
|
Definition
| Which parts of the nephron are hypertonic? |
|
|
Term
| Urine is more concentrated because there is less water |
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Definition
| What happens if ADH is present at the collecting duct? |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Organism that obtains heat from its environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Organism that obtains heat from metabolism. |
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Term
Metabolism
Insulation
Shivering
Vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels |
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Definition
| What are several ways an endotherm obtains heat? |
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Term
Panting
Sweating
Licking
Vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels |
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Definition
| What are several ways an endotherm regulates heat loss? |
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Term
Temperature-regulating center with fixed set point
Controls basic drives (Hunger, thirst, sex) |
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Definition
| What is the function of the hypothalamus? |
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Term
| In the lower portion of the brain above the pituitary gland. |
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Definition
| Where is the hypothalamus located? |
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Term
| During hibernation or tarpor |
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Definition
At what points can the set point of the hypothalamus change?
[Hint: Not necessarily in humans] |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Period of dormancy used by large animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Period of dormancy used by small animals. |
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Term
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Definition
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