Term
|
Definition
| Term: Phylum Annelida have _____ ______; this means they are seperating into repeating, similar segments |
|
|
Term
Setae or Chaetae
("C-T" and "Key-T") |
|
Definition
| What epidermal bristlelike structures do Annelids have? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What kind of organisms make up Phylum Annelida? |
|
|
Term
| Closed circulatory system |
|
Definition
| What type of circulatory system do members of Phylum Annelida have? |
|
|
Term
Each segment has ganglia
There is a dorsal suprapharyngeal ("back, above-pharynx")ganglia, and a ventral nervous cord with segmented ganglia |
|
Definition
| Describe the ganglia in Annelids |
|
|
Term
Circumpharyngeal connectives
("Around pharynx") |
|
Definition
| What structures join on the ventral side of the worms in Annelida? |
|
|
Term
| Oligochaeta, Polychaeta, and Hirudinea |
|
Definition
| Name the three classes of Phylum Annelida |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are organisms in Class Hirudinea monoecious or dioecious? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are organisms in Class Oligochaeta monoecious or dioecious? |
|
|
Term
True
Some eat scuds (small crustaceans) |
|
Definition
| True or False: Not all organisms of Class Hirudinea are parasitic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Class Oligochaeta have a ____, which secretes slime to make a cocoonlike sac for embryos |
|
|
Term
LEECHES vs. FLUKES
1. Segmented vs nonsegmented
2. Coelom vs. no coelom
3. Closed circ system vs. no circ system
4. 2 terminal suckers vs. oral sucker and acetabulum (not terminal)
Also, flukes are flat |
|
Definition
| Name the four differences between LEECHES vs. FLUKES |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are organisms in Class Polychaeta monoecious or dioecious? |
|
|
Term
| Subphyla Trilobitomorpha, Chelicerata, Crustaceae, Myriapoda, and Hexapoda |
|
Definition
| Name the five subphyla of Phylum Arthropoda |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What does "Arthropoda" mean? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Name the largest phylum in Kingdom Animalia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Name the most important adaptation Class Insecta shows in some organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What kind of skeletal structure do organisms in Phylum Arthropoda posess? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the exoskeleton in Arthropoda secreted by? |
|
|
Term
+ (Protection); (Site for muscle attachment); (reduces water loss)
- (Confining - requires molting); (Metabolic - Calcium - cost of molting); (Vulnerability while molting); (Time requirement of molting) |
|
Definition
| Give three advantages and disadvantages of the exoskeleton. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which phylum had the first terrestrial animals? |
|
|
Term
| Anterior brain with paired ventral solid nerve cords |
|
Definition
| Describe the nervous system in Arthropoda |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What type of circulatory system do Arthropoda have? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are Arthropods monoecious or dioecious? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What kind of development do Arthropoda exhibit? |
|
|
Term
| Egg --> Early larva --> Full sized larva --> Pupa --> Adult |
|
Definition
| List the stages in complete metamorphosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| List the stages in incomplete metamorphosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Daphnia displays the development of unfertilized eggs, otherwise known as ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Insects display _____ ______, which means they are seperated into segments dissimilar to each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Heteronomous Metamerism with regional specialiazation |
|
|
Term
Head, Thorax, Abdomen
OR: Cephalothorax, Abdomen |
|
Definition
| List the tagmatized (specialized) segments of Arthropoda |
|
|
Term
| The extinct Trilobites, which have been extinct for 345-600 million years |
|
Definition
| Subphylum Trilobitomorpha consists of what organisms? |
|
|
Term
Class Merostomata
Class Arachnida |
|
Definition
| Name the two classes in Subphylum Chelicerata |
|
|
Term
| Prosoma (Cephalothorax) and Opisthosoma (Abdomen) |
|
Definition
| Name the two body regions of organisms in Subphylum Chelicerata. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: First pair of pincerlike appendages in Subphylum Chelicerata |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Name an example of an organism in Class Merostomata. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which organism is the perfect example of stabalizing selection, with no change in 200 million years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many pairs of antennae do Class Arachnida have? |
|
|
Term
Spiders
Scorpions
Ticks
Mites |
|
Definition
| Give an example of an organism in Class Arachnida |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are the organisms in Class Arachnida mostly terrestrial or marine? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many pairs of legs do most of the organisms in Class Arachnida display? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: These structures absorb nitrogenous wastes from blood, and empty into the hindgut |
|
|
Term
| Book lungs, Modified book gills, gills, and tracheae |
|
Definition
| What respiratory structures are found in Phylum Arthropoda? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What respiratory structure do Class Merostomata use? |
|
|
Term
Mostly oviparous
Some are ovoviviparous or viviparous |
|
Definition
| Are members of Class Arachnida oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Organism that bears live young when large yolk sac is used up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Organism that bears live young |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many pairs of antennae do organisms in Subphylum Crustaceae have? |
|
|
Term
| Crayfish, Shrimp, Crabs, Lobsters, Daphnia, Copepods, Mysis |
|
Definition
| Give examples of the organisms in Subphylum Crustaceae. |
|
|
Term
| Biramous (Seperates into two parts, or lobes, on end) |
|
Definition
| What type of appendages do members of Subphylum Crustaceae have? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The more advanced animals of Subphylum Crustaceae use what type of respiratory structure? |
|
|
Term
| Slow or nonmoving freshwater |
|
Definition
| Daphnia thrive in what type of environment? |
|
|
Term
| Small, VERY ABUNDANT in oceans and lakes, no compound eye, important in food webs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A smaller group of Subphylum Crustaceae uses what type of respiratory structure? |
|
|
Term
Class Diplopoda
Class Chilopoda |
|
Definition
| Subphylum Myriapoda consists of what two classes? |
|
|
Term
| Uniramous (not split at end) |
|
Definition
| Animals in Subphylum Myriapoda have what type of appendages? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Give an example of an organism in Class Diplopoda |
|
|
Term
Millipedes have two pairs of legs per segment
Centipedes have one pair of legs per segment |
|
Definition
| What is the major difference in body form between millipedes vs. centipedes |
|
|
Term
| Plant litter (HERBIVORES) |
|
Definition
| What do millipedes feed on? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In a cross section of a millipede, what would the body look like? |
|
|
Term
| Other animals (CARNIVORES) |
|
Definition
| What do centipedes feed on? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In a cross section of a centipede, what would the body look like? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many pairs of antennae do Subphylum Hexapoda have? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Subphylum Hexapoda consists of what major class? |
|
|
Term
| Head, Thorax (w/ 3 pairs of legs), abdomen |
|
Definition
| Name the segments of the insect body. |
|
|
Term
| Uniramous Appendages (no seperation at end) |
|
Definition
| What type of appendages do members of Class Insecta have? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first animal to fly belongs to Class ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The most abundant and diverse group of animals belongs to Class _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Members of Class Insecta use what respiratory structure(s)? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What are the feeding stages in
a) Incomplete metamorphosis
b) Complete metamorphosis |
|
|
Term
Hymenoptera (Bees/wasps)
Lepidoptera (Butterflies/moths)
Diptera (Flies/mosquitoes)
Coleoptera (Beetles) |
|
Definition
| Name the four most important orders in Class Insecta. |
|
|
Term
They chew food laterally
------>
<------ |
|
Definition
| Why are the mandibles in Class Insecta different in chewing than what we are used to? |
|
|
Term
| Foregut --> Midgut --> Hindgut |
|
Definition
| As food progresses through the digestive system it passes through these three parts...: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Compound eyes of insects consist of many _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical regulation in insects takes place with both ______ and _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Chemical transported through blood stream that affects part of the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Chemical secreted externally that causes behavioral changes. |
|
|
Term
Hormone: Chemical Ecdysone causes ecdysis (molting)
Pheromone: Female beetle secretes chemical that attracts male beetles to her for reproduction |
|
Definition
| Give an example of a hormone and of a pheromone in the insect world. |
|
|
Term
Sperm is delivered to receptacle or through a spermatophore (sperm packet)
Eggs are fertilized as the male leaves the female |
|
Definition
| Describe reproduction in Class Insecta. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are insects monoecious or dioecious? |
|
|
Term
| Holometabolous or direct metamorphosis |
|
Definition
| Name another name for complete metamorphosis |
|
|
Term
| Hemimetabolous or indirect metamorphosis |
|
Definition
| Give another name for incomplete metamorphosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Echinodermata really means... |
|
|
Term
| Pentaradial symmetry (arranged in multiples of five) |
|
Definition
| What type of symmetry do adults in Phylum Echinodermata have? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What type of symmetry do larva of Phylum Echinodermata have? |
|
|
Term
| The Water-Vascular System |
|
Definition
| The most important system in Phylum Echinodermata is ________ |
|
|
Term
1. Movement
2. Attachment
3. Feeding |
|
Definition
| The Water-Vascular system of Echinoderms is used for what three functions? |
|
|
Term
| Tube feet --> Ring Canal --> Stone Canal --> Madreporite |
|
Definition
| List the structures of the Water-Vascular System in the order of what water first enters. |
|
|
Term
| False, this Phylum is 100% marine. |
|
Definition
| True or False: There are some FW species of Echinoderms, but they are mostly marine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The endoskeleton of Echinoderms consists of what? |
|
|
Term
| Sea Stars, Brittle Stars, Sea Urchins, Sea Cucumbers, Sea Lilies, Sand Dollars |
|
Definition
| Name the 6 classes of Phylum Echinodermata. |
|
|
Term
Subphylum Urochordata
Subphylum Cephalochordata
Subphylum Vertebrata |
|
Definition
| Name the three Subphyla in Phylum Chordata. |
|
|
Term
1. Notochord
2. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
3. Pharyngeal gill slits somewhere in life cycle
4. Postanal tail |
|
Definition
| List the four distinguishing characteristics of organisms in Phylum Chordata. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What type of symmetry do members of Phylum Chordata have? |
|
|
Term
| Tunicates, Sea squirts, Salps |
|
Definition
| Give examples of the organisms in Subphylum Urochordata |
|
|
Term
| Sessile or planktonic filter feeders |
|
Definition
| Most of Subphylum Urochordata have what kind of lifestyle? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sea squirts are named for what? |
|
|
Term
| Tadpolelike larva --> settles to bottom --> sessile adult |
|
Definition
| Describe the development of members of Subphylum Urochordata. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| True or False: The notochord is just skeletal, not used as a nerve cord. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Give an example of an organism in Subphylum Cephalochordata. |
|
|
Term
Small, tadpolelike "blade"
Thrives in marine waters at sandy bottom |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Class Agnatha
Class Chondrichthyes
Class Osteichthyes |
|
Definition
| Name the three classes of fish in Subphylum Vertebrata |
|
|
Term
| Agnatha, Osteichthyes, Chondrichthyes, Mammalia, Reptilia, Aves, Amphibia |
|
Definition
| Name the seven classes of Subphylum Vertebrata |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What sets Class Agnatha apart from other fish? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What sets Class Chondrichthyes off from other fish? |
|
|
Term
| Bony fish with skeleton of bone and cartilage |
|
Definition
| What sets Class Osteichthyes off from other fish? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Give examples of organisms in Class Agnatha? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are Sea Lamprey larva parasitic? |
|
|
Term
Adult with circular mouth with rasping teeth
No paired fins (only dorsal and caudal fins) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sea Lampreys are ________ on fish, meaning they feed on the outside of other fish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What type of heart do fish have? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Classes Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes are...
Oviparous,
Viviparous,
or Ovoviviparous? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Give examples of organisms in Class Chondrichthyes. |
|
|
Term
Jaws
Ventral Mouth
Paired fins
Placoid (diamondlike) scales |
|
Definition
| Describe the body of members in Class Chondrichthyes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ and _____ are dorsoventrally (back, belly) flattened in Class Chondrichthyes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| True or False: Class Osteichthyes have no paired fins. |
|
|
Term
| Perch, Tuna, Lungfish, Coelacanth |
|
Definition
| Give examples of members of Class Osteichthyes. |
|
|
Term
| When the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water becomes too low they use lungs |
|
Definition
| Why do Lungfish use lungs? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What lobe-finned fish was thought to be extinct until it was discovered in 1938 but is very rare? |
|
|
Term
| Sometimes lungs, other times swim bladders |
|
Definition
| Pnuematic sacs in fish function as what two structures? |
|
|
Term
| Countercurrent gas exchange |
|
Definition
| Term: Exchange of gas going in both directions of body. |
|
|
Term
1) Warm polar bear blood --> Polar bear foot on ice, blood becomes cold --> blood becomes warm as it flows through body
2) Fish gills (Oxygen exchange) |
|
Definition
| Give two examples of Countercurrent Gas Exchange. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fish use _____ to balance salt and water levels in body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| True or False: Marine and FW fish have different shaped kidneys. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Gill cover present in fish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which class is the only class to have an operculum? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Frogs, toads, mudpuppies, newts, salamanders |
|
Definition
| Give examples of Class Amphibia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What do Amphibians require for reproduction? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All amphibian larvae have what kind of respiratory structure? |
|
|
Term
| Some have lungs, some have gills. |
|
Definition
| Amphibian adults have what type of respiratory structure? |
|
|
Term
| Adaptation of fish during droughts |
|
Definition
| What may have led to lungs in amphibians? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unlike fish, amphibians develop ____ instead of fins and have a ___ _________ body. |
|
|
Term
Most have external (99%)
No penis |
|
Definition
| Is fertilization external or internal in amphibians? |
|
|
Term
| Moist, nonscaly skin that functions in gas exchange (secondary to lungs) |
|
Definition
| What is the skin of amphibians like? |
|
|
Term
ADULTS vs. LARVAE
1. No tail vs. tail
2. Lungs vs. Gills
3. Legs vs. No legs
4. Carnivores vs. Herbivores (algae eaters) |
|
Definition
| Name the four differences of amphibian adults vs. larvae |
|
|
Term
| Ozone depletion and habitat destruction |
|
Definition
| Amphibian habitats are in decline because of what factors? |
|
|
Term
| Snakes, Lizards, Turtles, Crocodiles, Alligators, Dinosaurs |
|
Definition
| Give examples of organisms in Class Reptilia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the third largest class in Subphylum Vertebrata? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What kind of egg do reptiles and birds have? |
|
|
Term
| Embryo + 4 extra-embryonic membranes surrounded by egg shell |
|
Definition
| What does the amniote egg consist of? |
|
|
Term
1. Yolk Sac - nutrition
2. Amnion - "amniotic fluid" cushions embyro
3. Allantois - Embryonic garbage bag
4. Chorion - Envelope around embryo and membranes |
|
Definition
| Name the four extra-embryonic membranes and their functions. |
|
|
Term
Chorion, Allantois;
Chorioallantoic Membrane;
Gas exchange |
|
Definition
| Two of the extra-embryonic membranes of the amniotic egg, _____ and _____, join together to form the _______ _______, which functions in _______. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Egg white outside of chorion in amniote egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What made 100% terrestrial life possible? |
|
|
Term
| Dry, scaly skin with epidermal scales |
|
Definition
| What type of skin do reptiles have? |
|
|
Term
Except for snake, 2 pairs of appendages
Often with toes ending in horny claws |
|
Definition
| How many and what type of appendages do reptiles usually have? |
|
|
Term
| 3 chambered (2 atria and 1 ventricle) |
|
Definition
| What kind of hearts do amphibians have? |
|
|
Term
3 chambered heart (2 atria and 1 ventricle)
Except crocodiles and alligators (2 atria and 2 ventricles) |
|
Definition
| What kind of hearts do reptiles have? |
|
|
Term
Through lungs
Turtles have secondary cloacal respiration |
|
Definition
| Describe respiration in reptiles. |
|
|
Term
Sexual, Internal fertilization
Sperm transfer = penis/hemipenes (in snake) |
|
Definition
| Describe reproduction in reptiles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the second biggest class in Subphylum Vertebrata? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first bird was _____. This is believed to be the transition from reptiles to birds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Do feathers leave imprints in fossils? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are birds endotherms or exotherms? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Another name for warm-blooded is ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Another name for cold-blooded is _______. |
|
|
Term
| Constant internal temperature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Do all birds fly? If not, give an example of one that doesn't. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Name the two most important body structures of birds that aid in flying. |
|
|
Term
Air sacs supplement the lungs because of the high oxygen demand of flight.
When air from the lungs is exhaled, a vacuumlike pressure brings the fresh air from the air sacs into lungs. |
|
Definition
| What is the function of air sacs? |
|
|
Term
Crop - Stores food
Gizzard - Grinds food |
|
Definition
| In birds, what two structures come after the esophogous and what are their functions? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which takes longer to digest, plant material or animal material? |
|
|
Term
Wings; Hindlegs
Walking, perching, grasping, swimming
(may have claws) |
|
Definition
| In birds, the pectoral appendages are ____. The pelvic appendages are _____, and are used for....? |
|
|
Term
Mouth with horny beak, no teeth
"Scarce as a hen's teeth" |
|
Definition
| What is the oral part of a bird like? |
|
|
Term
4 chambered heart
(atria leaves the right ventricle, unlike humans) |
|
Definition
| Birds have what kind of heart? |
|
|
Term
| Sexual, internal fertilization, penis in some, oviparous |
|
Definition
| Describe reproduction in birds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: A group of bird eggs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The more eggs a bird has... the ____ care the parents give. |
|
|
Term
Monotremes (egg-layers)
Marsupials (Brood Pouch)
Placentals (Placenta) - most mammals |
|
Definition
| Name the three types of mammals in Class Mammalia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ _____ produce milk for offspring in which class? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Mammal body is usually covered in ____. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In respiration in mammals, the ____ aids lungs. |
|
|
Term
| Sexual, internal fertilization, penis well developed, most viviparous |
|
Definition
| Describe reproduction in mammals. |
|
|
Term
| Minute, extra-embryonic membranes, embryo fed by placenta |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Name the two types of cells. |
|
|
Term
PRO vs. EU
1. No nucleus vs. Nucleus
2. No mem.-bound organelles vs. mem.-bound organelles
3. No mitosis vs. Mitosis
4. No histone proteins vs. Histone proteins
5. 1 chromosome vs. +1 chromosome |
|
Definition
| List the 5 major differences between prokayotes and eukaryotes. |
|
|
Term
| Proteins that join with DNA to form chromosomes |
|
Definition
| What are histone proteins? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What covers the cytoplasm? |
|
|
Term
| Phospholipid bilayer with huge proteins and cholesterol for stability |
|
Definition
| Describe the Fluid Mosaic Model. |
|
|
Term
| One end has phospholipid heads of phosphate, the other (inside) end are phospholipid tails of fatty acids |
|
Definition
| Describe the Phospholipid bilayer. |
|
|
Term
Hydrophilic (water loving)
Hydrophobic (water fearing) |
|
Definition
| Phospholipid heads are _____, and phospholipid tails are _____. |
|
|
Term
1. Integral: embedded inside with channel
2. Peripheral: attached to outside, not through middle |
|
Definition
| What are the two types of proteins in/on the phospholipid bilayer? |
|
|
Term
1. Regulate flow inside and outside
2. Bounds inside from outside
3. Provides large surface area for chemical reactions
4. Site for receptors with specific cell ID markers (to tell cells apart) |
|
Definition
| List the four functions of cell membranes. |
|
|
Term
Selectively permeable
Polar
Nonpolar |
|
Definition
Cell membranes are _____ ______ based on polarity.
Hydrophylic are ______.
Hydrophobic are ______. |
|
|
Term
1. Simple diffusion
2. Facilitated diffusion
3. Osmosis
4. Filtration
5. Active Transport
6. Endocytosis
7. Exocytosis |
|
Definition
| Name the seven types of movement across membranes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Movement across membrane using no energy and no carrier proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Movement across membranes using carrier proteins but no energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Movement across membrane (type of diffusion) of water through selectively permeable membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Movement across membrane where small molecules pass but large molecules don't. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Movement across membranes that requires energy and carrier proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Bulk movement of molecules across membrane |
|
|
Term
Pinocytosis: Cell drinking (liquid)
Phagocytosis: Cell eating (solid) |
|
Definition
| Name the two types of Endocytosis and explain what they are. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Movement of molecules to the outside of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Organelle that serves as a protein factory using mRNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| True or False: Ribosomes are non-membrane bounded, and are also found in Prokaryotes |
|
|
Term
First: Water
Second: Protein |
|
Definition
| Name the first and second most abundant molecules in a cell. |
|
|
Term
| Blueprint to make a polypeptide chain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amino acids connected by peptide bonds |
|
Definition
| What is a polypeptide chain composed of? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Organelle that is a series of channels in cytoplasm (but not the nucleus) that helps circulate materials in the cytoplasm. |
|
|
Term
| Packaging, sorting, and exporting molecules by exocytosis |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus? |
|
|
Term
| Digesting what comes in the cell by endocytosis with chemicals |
|
Definition
| What is the function of a Lysosome? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Lysosome fuses with a ____ and digests whatever is inside. |
|
|
Term
Powerhouse of cell
(like a battery) |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the Mitochondria? |
|
|
Term
| Muscle (mostly skeletal and cardiac) |
|
Definition
| Which types of tissue have the most mitochondria? |
|
|
Term
| It extends through the cell to offer support. |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the Cytoskeleton? |
|
|
Term
| Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments |
|
Definition
| What is the cytoskeleton made up of? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| True or false: Cells can have cilia or flagella for movement. |
|
|
Term
| These aid in setting up the spindle apparatus of microtubules during mitosis. |
|
Definition
| What is the function of a Centriole? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many pairs of centrioles are used during mitosis/meiosis? |
|
|
Term
| Sacs for storing water or food |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the Vacuole? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The information center, contains DNA |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the Nucleus? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: This envelops the Nucleus, has pores, and hooks up to the Endoplasmic Reticulum. |
|
|
Term
| To synthesize proteins and DNA |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the Nucleolus? |
|
|
Term
| Molecules --> Macromolecules --> Membranes --> Organelles --> Organs --> Organ Systems --> Organism |
|
Definition
| List the heirarchy of organization starting with molecules and ending with organism. |
|
|
Term
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue |
|
Definition
| What are the four types of tissues we learned about? |
|
|
Term
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Psuedostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
|
Definition
| There are five types of epithelial tissue we learned about. Name them. |
|
|
Term
| Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
|
Definition
| Which of the five types of epithelial tissue makes up the epidermis (skin)? |
|
|
Term
| By shape and number of layers |
|
Definition
| How are Epithelial tissues classified? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the purpose of epithelial tissues? |
|
|
Term
Adipose Tissue
Loose Connective Tissue
Fibrous Connective Tissue
Cartilage
Bone
Blood |
|
Definition
| Name the 6 types of connective tissues we learned about. |
|
|
Term
Fat
Insulation, Protection |
|
Definition
What is Adipose Tissue more commonly known as?
What is/are its function(s)? |
|
|
Term
| Because of the LARGE vacuole that takes up most of the space of the cell |
|
Definition
| Why are nuclei pushed up against the side in adipose cells? |
|
|
Term
| The fat around the kidneys that protects them |
|
Definition
| What fat in the body will NEVER be used, even if one is starving? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the function of loose connective tissue? |
|
|
Term
Fibrous Connective Tissue
(made up of dense collagen) |
|
Definition
| What type of tissue is this: tendons? |
|
|
Term
| Provides hard, flexible supportive tissue |
|
Definition
| What is the function of cartilage? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Give two examples of cartilage in the human body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bone tissue is made up of _____ |
|
|
Term
| Red blood cells look hollow, but they are just thinner in the middle... there is no hole there. |
|
Definition
| Why is the shape of blood described as "biconcave disk?" |
|
|
Term
Fish and Amphibians
(Mammals, Birds, and reptiles do NOT have nuclei in their RBC's) |
|
Definition
| Red blood cells only have nuclei in which classes of vertebrata? |
|
|
Term
Blood Cells
Transporting oxygen |
|
Definition
| Name the most common cell in the human body, and what its function is. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What part of the blood transports CO2? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In humans, what is the ratio of number of red blood cells to white blood cells? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| True or False: Unlike red blood cells, white cells DO have nuclei. |
|
|
Term
SkeletalMuscle,
Cardiac Muscle,
Smooth Muscle |
|
Definition
| Name the three types of muscle tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Name the types of muscle tissue that are striated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which muscle tissues are involuntary? |
|
|
Term
1. Striated
2. Voluntary
3. Multinucleated
4. Moves the skeleton
5. This tissue comprises the bulk of body weight |
|
Definition
Describe Skeletal Muscle tissue with the following:
1. Is it striated?
2. Voluntary or not?
3. Multinucleated?
4. Function?
5. Anything interesting/descriptive? |
|
|
Term
1. Not striated
2. Involuntary
3. Non-multinucleated
4. Involuntary movements (digestive system, etc.) |
|
Definition
Describe Smooth Muscle tissue with the following:
1. Is it striated?
2. Voluntary or not?
3. Multinucleated?
4. Function?
5. Anything interesting/descriptive? |
|
|
Term
1. Striated
2. Involuntary
3. Multinucleated
4. Heart muscles
5. Contains interculated disks |
|
Definition
Describe Cardiac Muscle tissue with the following:
1. Is it striated?
2. Voluntary or not?
3. Multinucleated?
4. Function?
5. Anything interesting/descriptive? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the function of nervous tissue? |
|
|
Term
Processes, Soma;
Soma;
Processes |
|
Definition
Nervous tissue contains ___ and ____.
The ____ are the cell bodies and the ____ are the extensions of the cell body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: How traits are passed between generations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: DNA + ____ _____ = Chromosomes/Nucleosomes |
|
|
Term
| Interphase (Chromatin is the long, stretched chromosomes that cannot be seen well with a microscope) |
|
Definition
| Chromatin appear during which stage of the cell cycle? |
|
|
Term
| Mitosis, Cytokinesis, G1, S, G2 |
|
Definition
| Name the five stages of the cell cycle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The M phase (cell division stage) consists of which two parts of the cell cycle? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interphase is made up of which 3 stages of the cell cycle? |
|
|
Term
| Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
|
Definition
| Name the four phases of Mitosis in order. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Division of cytoplasm with cleavage furrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which stage of Mitosis overlaps with Cytokinesis? |
|
|
Term
| The first growth stage where the newly formed daughter cell grows to normal size. |
|
Definition
| What is G1 of the cell cycle? |
|
|
Term
| The S phase is the part in the cell cycle where DNA is synthesized and replicated in preparation for mitosis. |
|
Definition
| What is the S phase of the cell cycle? |
|
|
Term
| This is the second growth stage where the cell prepares for upcoming mitosis. |
|
Definition
| What is the G2 phase of the cell cycle? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| At which stage in the cell cycle does Chromatin condense at? |
|
|
Term
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I
Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II |
|
Definition
| Name the phases in Meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is there tetrad formation in mitosis? |
|
|
Term
1. Chromosomes form and become visible
2. Nucleolus disappears
3. Nuclear Envelope disappears
4. Chromosomes migrate to equator by the spindle apparatus between centrioles |
|
Definition
| What are the four major events that happen during prophase? |
|
|
Term
| Chromosomes line up on the equator. |
|
Definition
| What is the major event of Metaphase? |
|
|
Term
1. Centromeres divide
2. Centromeres head towards opposite poles |
|
Definition
| What are the two major events of Anaphase? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which phase of mitosis is the opposite of prophase? |
|
|
Term
1. Nuclear Envelope reappears
2. Nucleolus reappears
3. Chromosomes convert back to chromatin
4. Cytokinesis begins |
|
Definition
| What are the four major events of telophase? |
|
|
Term
| Homologues synapse (pair up) and tetrads of chromosomes go through cell division |
|
Definition
| What happens during Meiosis I? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Form of genenetic recombination where chromatids trade genetic information. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| True or False: Crossing over occurs less than half the time. |
|
|
Term
| Meiosis II because reduction division occurs during Meiosis II, and there are no tetrads in Mitosis like there are in Meiosis I. |
|
Definition
| Which is more similar to Mitosis: Meiosis I or II? Why? |
|
|
Term
In Anaphase I, chromosomes pair up.
In Anaphase II, the sister chromatids split up. |
|
Definition
| What happens in Anaphase I that differs from Anaphase II? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When does reduction division occur? |
|
|
Term
Different: Polar bodies have less cytoplasm and are infertile.
Same: Number of chromosomes |
|
Definition
| In Oogenesis, what makes the polar bodies different from the ovum? How are they the same? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which products of Oogenesis can be fertilized? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Ovum is also known as the ____. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many times bigger is the ovum than a sperm? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Why must protein synthesis occur? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Name several parts of the body made up of proteins? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What are proteins made up of? |
|
|
Term
Nucleic acids,
Nucleotides |
|
Definition
| DNA and RNA are ____ ____ made up of _____. |
|
|
Term
| PO4 (Phosphate) + C5 (ribose sugar) + Nitrogenous base |
|
Definition
| What is a nucleotide made of? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Double-ringed nitrogenous base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Single-ringed nitrogenous base. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Name the Purine nitrogenous bases. |
|
|
Term
| Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil |
|
Definition
| Name the Pyrimidine nitrogenous bases. |
|
|
Term
DNA: Double helix, Deoxy-(sugar), T (nitrogenous base), antiparallel strands
RNA: Single helix, Ribose(sugar), U (nitrogenous base), no antiparallel strands |
|
Definition
| List the major differences between DNA and RNA. |
|
|
Term
| It is only one strand. One strand cannot be parallel because there are no other strands. |
|
Definition
| Why doesn't RNA have antiparallel strands? |
|
|
Term
James Watson and Francis Crick (scientists)
and Roselyn Franklin (provided DNA) |
|
Definition
| Name the three most important people that helped discover the structure of DNA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How old was James Watson when the structure of DNA was discovered? |
|
|
Term
Semi conservative.
One parent DNA replicates to form 2 daughter DNA's (each with one parent and one daughter strand), which then go on to form 4 daughter DNA's (with 2 being only daughter strands and 2 are a mix [1 daughter, one parent strand]). |
|
Definition
| What type of DNA replication do all organisms have, and what does this mean? |
|
|
Term
| Parent stand - serves as a template for daughter strand |
|
Definition
| What is the P strand, and what is its function? |
|
|
Term
5' - 3' and 3' - 5'
(Five prime to three prime direction, or Three prime to five prime direction) |
|
Definition
| What are the strands called to note antiparallelity? |
|
|
Term
Pyrimidine - Pyrimidine would cave in
Purine - Purine would bulge
IT IS ALWAYS PURINE - PYRIMIDINE! |
|
Definition
| What would happen if a pyrimidine matched up with another pyrimidine, or a purine with a purine? |
|
|
Term
3 Hydrogen bonds between G + C
2 Hydrogen bonds between A + T |
|
Definition
How many hydrogen bonds are between G and C?
How many are between A and T? |
|
|
Term
| Transcription and Translation |
|
Definition
| Protein Synthesis consists of what two processes? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where does transcription occur? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What occurs during protein synthesis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where is the major site of protein synthesis? |
|
|
Term
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
|
Definition
| What are the three major types of RNA? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| True or False: Codons ONLY exist in RNA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The genetic code consists of ____. |
|
|
Term
64 mRNA codons
3 stop codons |
|
Definition
How many mRNA codons are there?
How many stop codons? |
|
|
Term
| The catalyst enzyme RNA Polymerase |
|
Definition
| What is needed for DNA to make RNA? |
|
|
Term
1. DNA is unzipped - 1 side serves as template strand
2. RNA complementary base pairing (A-U, C-G, G-C, T-A)
3. The mRNA is edited and leaves the nucleus and heads towards the ribosomes. |
|
Definition
| What steps happen during transcription? |
|
|
Term
| tRNA (with about 85 nucleotides, where mRNA may have HUNDREDS) |
|
Definition
| Which type of mRNA is shorter, tRNA or mRNA? |
|
|
Term
| Initiation, Elongation, and Termination |
|
Definition
| Name the three stages of Translation in order of occurence. |
|
|
Term
1. The first tRNA arrives and attaches to the small subunit in the P site.
2. The tRNA attaches to the codon at the complementary anticodon.
3. The larger subunit attaches to the small subunit. |
|
Definition
| During the Initiation stage of translation, what three steps occur? |
|
|
Term
1. Another tRNA arrives into the A site, and a peptide bond is formed between the amino acids.
2. The first tRNA is released from the ribosome, and the second moves into the first spot to make room for the next tRNA to move into the A site.
3. This process continues until termination starts. |
|
Definition
| During the Elongation stage of translation what three steps occur? |
|
|
Term
1. A release factor is introduced by the mRNA's stop codon.
2. The polypeptide chain becomes a free polypeptide
3. The small and large subunits are seperated and the mRNA moves on to be destroyed OR form more proteins. |
|
Definition
| What are the three steps of Termination in translation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What are the bonds between amino acids called? |
|
|
Term
| Complimentary base pairing |
|
Definition
| When the codon and anticodon are paired up, this is called ____ ____ ____. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| During translation, new tRNA always enters which site? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many different kinds of amino acids are there? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A cell has chromosome number N=8.
Is this diploid or haploid?
How many chromosomes does this cell have? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In what stage of mitosis is a cell haploid? |
|
|
Term
| By the end of Telophase I |
|
Definition
| In what stage of meiosis is a cell haploid? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A cell is 2N = 10.
Is this cell diploid or haploid?
How many chromosomes does it have?
In Metaphase I, how many chromosomes line up for this cell? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In what stage does crossing over occur? |
|
|
Term
| Homologous pairs of chromosomes |
|
Definition
| Finish the sentence: Crossing over occurs in... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Structure formed when crossing over occurs. |
|
|
Term
| Increases variability which natural selection can act upon. |
|
Definition
| Why is crossing over between chromosomes so important? |
|
|
Term
An active repressor blocks transcription
An inducer repressor promotes transcription |
|
Definition
| Describe the two most important repressors in transcription and what happens when they are present. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What shape could you describe the tRNA as? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Two peptide amino acid bond. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Location of a gene on a chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Chromosomes with the same location of centromere and same shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Process in which cells divide to produce new cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Process in which mature sperm or egg cells are produced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Process in which mature sperm cells are made. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Process in which mature egg cells are formed. |
|
|
Term
1. Point Mutations
2. Nondisjunction
3. Change in chromosome structure |
|
Definition
| What are the three changes that may occur in DNA? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Change in nucleotide sequence by addition, deletion, or replacement of nucleotides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: +1 or -1 chromosome during meiosis I or II. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the opposite of nondisjunction? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What are two things that can cause a change in chromosome structure? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Who is the father of classical genetics? |
|
|
Term
| An austrian monk who practiced on peas in a garden. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Principle of Segregation
Principle of Independent Assortment |
|
Definition
| Name the two laws Gregor Mendel provided us with. |
|
|
Term
Principle of Segregation
Genes; alleles; seperate |
|
Definition
Which law states that every organism has pairs of factors for each trait and factors segregate during gamete formation?
What does this law mean by "factors," "pairs of factors," and "segregate?" |
|
|
Term
| Principle of Independent Assortment |
|
Definition
| Which law states that when gametes form, alleles for 1 trait segregate indepentently of alleles from second trait? [alleles of unlinked genes assort indepentently] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What do we use to figure out the genotypic and phenotypic rates of offspring? |
|
|
Term
Both traits show up in the offspring.
Ex) AB blood type |
|
Definition
| What does it mean when two specific traits are codominant? Give an example. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: A species shows this type of dominance when the heterozygous individual appears different from either homozygous individuals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What type of skin do Class Agnatha have? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What type of skin do Class Chondrichthyes have? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What type of skin do Class Osteichthyes have? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| At what class do the endotherms come into play in the animal kingdom? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What kind of heart do fish have? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What kind of heart do amphibia and reptilia have? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What type of heart do birds and mammals have? |
|
|
