Term
|
Definition
| Term: Neuron within the CNS; relays sensory neuron information to motor neuron. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Neuron that brings information from the CNS to the effector (such as a muscle). |
|
|
Term
Soma (Cell body)
Dendrite
Axon |
|
Definition
| What are the three parts of a neuron? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the axon covered in, and what is this covering made of? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Part of the axon of a neuron that is not covered by a myelin sheath. |
|
|
Term
| Very fast; from one Node of Ranvier to the next. |
|
Definition
| How does the action potential travel? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the signal of the NS? |
|
|
Term
| Change in membrane permeability |
|
Definition
| How is action potential produced? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the resting potential of a neuron? |
|
|
Term
| There is more negative potential on the inside because of proteins, and more + on outside due to Sodium. |
|
Definition
| Why is there a negative amount of millivolts for the resting potential? |
|
|
Term
| Sodium-Potassium-ATPase pump |
|
Definition
| Term: Maintains resting potential. |
|
|
Term
| Pumps Sodium in and Potassium out |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the Sodium-Potassium-ATPase pump? |
|
|
Term
| Once it reaches the threshold and goes through depolarization. |
|
Definition
| When is AP generated with a minimum stimulus? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Sacs holding chemicals that take place in the NS. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What makes the vesicles, filled with chemicals, empty over the edge? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can there be a 1/2 response of action potential? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What occurs after the action potential? |
|
|
Term
| The membrane is hyperpolarized (less millivolts than resting period). |
|
Definition
| What happens during the refractory period? |
|
|
Term
| A large number of Potassium ions was released. |
|
Definition
| Why does the refractory period occur? |
|
|
Term
| The Sodium-Potassium-ATPase pump works during the refractory period to bring levels back to the resting period. |
|
Definition
| What happens after the refractory period occurs? |
|
|
Term
| Not all the gate channels have been reset. |
|
Definition
| Why is it so difficult for new action potential to be generated during the refractory period? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| About how long does the refractory period last? |
|
|
Term
1. Increasing the axon diameter
2. Adding myelin sheath |
|
Definition
| How can the speed of action potential be increased? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which animal has the largest diameter axon and great escape response? |
|
|
Term
| Synapse neuron -> Neuron -> Muscle cell/Gland cell |
|
Definition
| What happens when the action potential reaches the axon terminal? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Space between neurons |
|
|
Term
Electrical Synapse
Chemical Synapse |
|
Definition
| What are the two types of synapses? |
|
|
Term
Positive ions move directly from 1 neuron to the next; go in both directions.
ex) Fish darting away |
|
Definition
| Describe an electrical synapse and give an example of the reaction to one. |
|
|
Term
Chemicals, stored in vesicles, act as neurotransmitters that diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to a receptor in the postsynaptic membrane and cause depolarization.
Ex) Epinephrine causes a burst of energy. |
|
Definition
| Describe a chemical synapse and an example of one in use. |
|
|
Term
Acetocholine (ACh)
Epinephrine |
|
Definition
| Give an example of a chemical synapse. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Give an example of a neurotransmitter-deactivator. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In order for a neurotransmitter to work again, what must happen to it each time once it has done its job? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What must an organism have if it has a NS? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What are the two parts of the vertebrate Nervous System? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What are the two parts of the CNS? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What are the two divisions of the Peripheral NS? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What are the two divisions of the motor division of the Peripheral NS? |
|
|
Term
Sympathetic NS
Parasympathetic NS |
|
Definition
| What are the two divisions of the Autonomic NS? |
|
|
Term
| Controls fight or flight response |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the Sympathetic NS? |
|
|
Term
| Stimulates digestion and feeling contentment (such as being lazy). |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the Parasympathetic NS? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Bundled axons in CNS. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Bundled axons in PNS. |
|
|
Term
| Controls voluntary motor nerves. |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the somatic NS of the motor division? |
|
|
Term
1. Links brain and rest of body
2. Impulse in reflex arcs |
|
Definition
| What are the two important functions of the spinal cord? |
|
|
Term
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
|
Definition
| Term: Protective liquid barrier in spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Meninges |
|
Definition
| What protects the spinal cord? |
|
|
Term
Pia Mater
Arachnoid
Dura Mater |
|
Definition
| What are the three meninges that protect the spinal cord, from inside to outside? |
|
|
Term
| Has blood vessels; nourishes spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Middle layer protecting spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outer layer; toughest, fibrous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where do spinal nerves emerge? |
|
|
Term
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain |
|
Definition
| What are the three divisions of the brain? |
|
|
Term
Telencephalon
Diencephalon |
|
Definition
| What embryonic layers make up the forebrain? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What embryonic layer makes up the midbrain? |
|
|
Term
Metencephalon
Myelincephalon |
|
Definition
| What embryonic layers make up the hindbrain? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which part of the brain connects to the spinal cord? |
|
|
Term
Medulla Oblongata
Cerebellum
Pons |
|
Definition
| What are the parts of the hindbrain? |
|
|
Term
| Reflex center for visceral functions (Breathing, swallowing, cardiovascular function, gastric secretion) and screens info in and out of brain |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the medulla oblongata? |
|
|
Term
| Posture, Orientation, and Balance |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the Cerebellum? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The brain is much larger in what classes? |
|
|
Term
| Bridge between cerebrum and cerebellum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Coordinates reflex responses to visual, tactile, and auditory input. |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the midbrain? |
|
|
Term
Thalamus
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Pineal Gland |
|
Definition
| What parts of the forebrain does the diencephalon make up? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are the Pineal and Pituitary glands part of the brain? |
|
|
Term
| Relay center for sensory information from vision, hearing, touch, etc. (ALL SENSES EXCEPT SMELL) |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the Thalamus? |
|
|
Term
| Controls basic drives (hunger, thirst, temperature, sex drive) |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the hypothalamus? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the function of the pituitary gland? |
|
|
Term
| Controls body rhythms (such as internal biological clock) |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the Pineal Gland? |
|
|
Term
Cerebrum
Olfactory Lobes
Limbic System |
|
Definition
| What parts of the forebrain does the telencephalon form? |
|
|
Term
| Sensory and motor integration; Complex muscle movements; Voluntary thought |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the cerebrum? |
|
|
Term
| This is where the one sense that doesn't go to the thalamus, olfaction, is interpreted. |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the olfactory bulb? |
|
|
Term
| Controls emotional behavior |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the limbic system? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many cranial nerves are there (in Reptiles, Aves, and Mammals)? |
|
|
Term
I: Olfactory Nerve
II: Optic Nerve
X: Vagus Nerve |
|
Definition
| What are the three important cranial nerves we discussed? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the function of the Vagus Nerve? |
|
|
Term
Dilated pupils
Increased heart rate |
|
Definition
| What are two ways you can tell the sympathetic NS is in control? |
|
|
Term
Local Chemical Messengers
Neurotransmitters
Neuropeptides
Hormones
Pheromones |
|
Definition
| What are the five types of chemical messengers? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Chemical used in chemical (NOT electrical) synapses; passed by exocytosis into cleft from vesicles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Hybrid of neurotransmitter and local chemical messenger. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Chemical made in an endocrine gland; travels through blood to reach target cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Chemical secreted to the exterior to affect behavior of an individual of the same species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the function of the hormone Thyroxine? |
|
|
Term
| Hormonal negative feedback |
|
Definition
| Term: Effect determined by hormone. |
|
|
Term
Anterior Lobe
Posterior Lobe |
|
Definition
| What are the two parts of the pituitary gland? |
|
|
Term
Synthesized: Hypothalamus
Stored: Posterior Lobe of Pituitary gland |
|
Definition
| Where are Oxytocin and ADH made and stored? |
|
|
Term
Oxytocin
Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) |
|
Definition
| What hormones are stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland? |
|
|
Term
1. Causes uterine smooth muscle contraction during childbirth
2. Milk let down (Travels to nipples) |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the hormone Oxytocin? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increases water reabsorption in kidney (affects collecting duct most) |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the hormone ADH? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What hormones are synthesized and stored in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland? |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adrenal Cortical Tropic Hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes another endocrine gland to release a different hormone. |
|
Definition
| What is a tropic hormone? |
|
|
Term
| Stimulates Thyroid gland to release Thyroxin. |
|
Definition
| What is the function of TSH? |
|
|
Term
| Stimulates adrenal gland to synthesize cortisol. |
|
Definition
| What is the function of ACTH? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Stress hormone produced by adrenal gland |
|
|
Term
| Stimulates bone and muscle growth |
|
Definition
| What is the function of GH? |
|
|
Term
| Stimulates milk production |
|
Definition
| What is the function of Prolactin (PRL)? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What two important hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland? |
|
|
Term
| Stimulates digestion of Calcium into bone (opposite of PTH) |
|
Definition
| What is the function of Calcitonin? |
|
|
Term
| Parathormone (Parathyroid hormone; PTH) |
|
Definition
| What hormone is secreted from the Parathyroid gland? |
|
|
Term
| Regulates Calcium and Phosphorus ion concentration in blood; causes bone to release calcium when blood calcium concentration is low and increases reabsorption of calcium from kidney (opposite of Calcitonin) |
|
Definition
| What is the function of Parathormone? |
|
|
Term
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Estrogen/Testosterone |
|
Definition
| What hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex? |
|
|
Term
Increases glucose in blood;
Stress hormone |
|
Definition
| What is the function of Cortisol? |
|
|
Term
| Increases sodium uptake in kidneys |
|
Definition
| What is the function of Aldosterone? |
|
|
Term
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine |
|
Definition
| What hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla? |
|
|
Term
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Medulla |
|
Definition
| What are the two parts of the Adrenal gland? |
|
|
Term
| Increases heart rate and metabolism; also responsible for fight or flight response like the Autonomic NS. |
|
Definition
| What is the function of Epinephrine? |
|
|
Term
| Increases heart rate and metabolism |
|
Definition
| What is the function of Norepinephrine? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What two hormones does the pancreas secrete? |
|
|
Term
Alpha Cells of Islets of Langerhans;
Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans |
|
Definition
| What cells in the pancreas secrete Glucagon? Which cells secrete Insulin? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which hormone is dominant after eating? Which is dominant after fasting? |
|
|
Term
| Increase glucose in blood |
|
Definition
| What is the function of Glucagon? |
|
|
Term
| Increase glucose in tissues/cells |
|
Definition
| What is the function of Insulin? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What hormone do the testes secrete? |
|
|
Term
| Responsible for growth/maintenance of male genitalia, sexual behavior, and secondary sexual characteristics |
|
Definition
| What is the function of testosterone? |
|
|
Term
Relaxin
Estrogins
Progestins
Inhibin
hCG |
|
Definition
| What hormones do the ovaries secrete? |
|
|
Term
| Human Corionic Gonadotrophin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the function of Relaxin? |
|
|
Term
| Regulate menstrual cycle and secondary sex characteristics |
|
Definition
| What is the function of Estrogins? |
|
|
Term
| Regulate menstrual cycle and placenta development in pregnancy |
|
Definition
| What is the function of Progestins? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which hormone is obtained from ANY birth control? |
|
|
Term
| Inhibits secretion of FSH |
|
Definition
| What is the function of Inhibin? |
|
|
Term
Aids sperm maturation;
Testosterone production |
|
Definition
| What is the function of FSH in men? |
|
|
Term
| Stimulates testosterone secretion |
|
Definition
| What is the function of LH in men? |
|
|
Term
| Follicle Stimulating Hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes corpus luteum to persist in pregnancy; used in pregnancy tests |
|
Definition
| What is the function of hCG? |
|
|
Term
| Trophoblast cells of the uterus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| External fertilization mostly takes place in ____ animals, while internal fertilization take place in ___ animals. |
|
|
Term
Offspring more hardy;
Vigorous offspring |
|
Definition
| Name an advantage to sexual reproduction. |
|
|
Term
Energy spent finding mate;
Energy spent in courtship;
Unfertilized eggs = energy wasted |
|
Definition
| Name a disadvantage to sexual reproduction. |
|
|
Term
Fission
Budding
Fragmentation
Parthenogenesis |
|
Definition
| Name the different types of asexual reproduction we studied. |
|
|
Term
External fertilization
Internal fertilization
Hermaphroditic
Protandry |
|
Definition
| Name the different types of sexual reproduction we studied. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What structure within the testes produces sperm? |
|
|
Term
In the epididymis
(and vas deferens, if epididymis becomes full) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Seminal Vesicles
Prostate Gland
Bulbouretheral Gland |
|
Definition
| What are the three accessory glands? |
|
|
Term
| Energy source for sperm and a buffer to neutralize vaginal acidity. |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the fluid that seminal vesicles secrete? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the function of the fluid secreted by the Prostate? |
|
|
Term
| Slippery lubricant for penetration in sexual intercourse. |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the fluid secreted by the bulbouretheral glands? |
|
|
Term
| Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the function of GnRH? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where is GnRH synthesized? |
|
|
Term
Sustentacular cells in the testes
[Sertoli cells] |
|
Definition
| Where is inhibin in males synthesized? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where is testosterone synthesized? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Give an example of an androgen. |
|
|
Term
| Upper 1/3 of uterine tubes |
|
Definition
| Where does fertilization occur in the human? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Process where, once fertilization occurs, the blastocyst attaches to the uterus. |
|
|
Term
Serves as birth canal;
Receives sperm;
Responsible for shedding endometrium during period |
|
Definition
| What are the functions of the vagina? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What glands produce milk? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What are the three major things ovaries produce? |
|
|
Term
| Primordial Follicle -> Primary Follicle -> Secondary Follicle -> Graafian/Tertiary Follicle -> Corpus Luteum |
|
Definition
| What are the stages in the life of a follicle? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which follicle is swept by fimbriae of the ovary into the uterine tube to prepare for fertilization? |
|
|
Term
| Beating cilia and peristalsis contractions of the tube |
|
Definition
| How does the secondary oocyte move down the uterine tube? |
|
|
Term
| The secondary oocyte and endometrium degenerate. |
|
Definition
| What happens if the oocyte is not fertilized? |
|
|
Term
Smooth Muscle
Elastic Tissue
Skeletal Muscle |
|
Definition
| What type of tissues does the vagina have? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Modified sweat glands that produce milk. |
|
|
Term
FALSE
All women have about the same amount of mammary tissue - it's adipose tissue that makes the difference. |
|
Definition
| True/False: The amount of mammary tissue determines the size of the breast. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| True/False: A female is only fertile a few days a month. |
|
|
Term
| Stimulates thickening of uterine wall, maturation of oocyte and development of female secondary sex characteristics; inhibits FSH secretion; Increases LH secretion |
|
Definition
| What is the function of estrogen? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 day before ovulation, what hormones are there peaks of? |
|
|
Term
| Drop in progesterone levels. |
|
Definition
| Menstruation is due to what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Beginning of periods in life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: End of period in woman's life. |
|
|
Term
| Ovaries lose sensitivity to FSH and LH |
|
Definition
| Why does menopause occur? |
|
|
Term
Follicular Phase
Ovarian Phase
Luteal Phase |
|
Definition
| What are the three phases of the menstrual cycle? |
|
|
Term
| Follicle matures in the ovary, menstruation (endometrium breaks down), endometrium rebuilds |
|
Definition
| What occurs in the Follicular phase of menstruation? |
|
|
Term
| Ovary releases secondary oocyte |
|
Definition
| What occurs in the Ovulation phase of menstruation? |
|
|
Term
| Corpus luteum forms; endometrium thickens and becomes glandular |
|
Definition
| What occurs during the Luteal phase of menstruation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Control center of reproductive parts in women. |
|
|
Term
| A high estrogen concentration stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete LH which causes the follicle to grow fast and burst (ovulation) |
|
Definition
| What happens on Day 13 of the human ovarian cycle? |
|
|
Term
| For endometrium growth and maintenance for 10-14 days after ovulation. |
|
Definition
| Why does the Corpus luteum secrete progesterone and estrogen? |
|
|
Term
| It degenerates and progesterone/estrogen production ends. Without Pro/Est, the endometrium degenerates. |
|
Definition
| What happens to the corpus luteum if there is no fertilization? |
|
|
Term
Endometrium
Cells
Mucus
Blood |
|
Definition
| What does the menstrual flow consist of? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cells of the embryo and placenta form what hormone that causes the corpus luteum to remain? |
|
|
Term
| The corpus luteum dies because the placenta begins to produce progesterone over time. |
|
Definition
| During pregnancy, what happens to the progesterone production? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What hormone has a high concentration in the blood two weeks after pregnancy? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Organ that provides gases, food, and wastes to unborn offspring. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Fingerlike projections from the blastocyst that contain embryonic blood vessels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Change of population over time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Individuals of same species in ecosystem at same time. |
|
|
Term
| Passing acquired characteristics onto offspring. |
|
Definition
| What false idea did Lamarck believe about genetics? |
|
|
Term
1. All organisms have greater reproductive potential than ever realized in nature.
2. Inherited variations arise from mutations, genetic recombination, and random fertilization.
3. Resources limited, struggle to survive, less adapted die.
4. Adaptive traits increase fitness passed to offspring, nonadaptations seem to be lost. |
|
Definition
| What are the 4 parts of the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Characteristic that increases an organism's potential to survive and reproduce in a given environment; heritable change in phenotype that increases organism's ability to survive/reproduce. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Change in allele frequencies in population over time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: Large scale change, results in extinction and formation of new species over geological time scales. |
|
|
Term
Bio-geography
Paleontology
Comparative Anatomy
Molecular and Developmental Biology |
|
Definition
| Evidence of macroevolution can be found in what fields of study? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term: A large natural occurring community of organisms and plants occupying a major habitat. |
|
|
Term
Tundra
Boreal Forest (Taiga)
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Temperate Grasslands
Hot Deserts
Cold Deserts
Chapparal
Thorn Forests/Tropic Savannah
Tropic Deciduous Forest
Tropical Evergreen Forest |
|
Definition
| What are the ten major terrestrial biomes? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Biome: High north and south latitudes/elevation, no trees, permafrost, summers cool and short, long winters. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Biome: Lower latitudes/elevation than tundra, evergreens dominate. |
|
|
Term
| Temperate Deciduous Forest |
|
Definition
| Biome: Deciduous trees and shrubs dominate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Biome: Prairies, less precipitation than Temperate Deciduous Forest, Boreal Forest, and Tundra. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Biome: Form at about 30 degrees latitudes, least precipitation, hot/warm all year, animals active at night, dominant plants are succulents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Biome: Dry, mid/high latitudes, second driest biome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Biome: Hot, dry summers; wet, cool winters; western continents; mid-latitudes |
|
|
Term
| Thorn Forest/Tropic Savannah |
|
Definition
| Biome: Low rain in winter, heavier rain in summer, found at lower latitudes than hot deserts |
|
|
Term
| Tropical Deciduous Forest |
|
Definition
| Biome: Hot lowlands, high precipitation, tall trees, few succulents |
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|
Term
| Tropical Evergreen Forest |
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Definition
| Biome: Rich in species, very high (highest) amount of precipitation, warm and rainy all year, lush vegetation, highest diversity, most nutrients in vegetation, not soil. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Slash and burn agriculture, large environmental problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| What are the two life regions of the ocean? |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Life region of the ocean where there is enough light for photosynthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Life region of the ocean where there isn't enough light for photosynthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Region of ocean from shore to edge of continental shelf. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Region of ocean from offshore to the coastal zone; deep |
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Term
Intertidal zone
Continental Shelf
Benthic Zone |
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Definition
| What are the three regions of the sea floor? |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Region of sea floor that's shallow, has high D.O. concentration, rich diversity (octopus, sea grasses, kelp forests, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Region of ocean floor from the continental slope to the abyssal plain. |
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Term
| Less than one percent of the original sunlight. |
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Definition
| How much sunlight makes it to the aphotic zone? |
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Term
| They eat decaying organic matter "snow" sinking from above. |
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Definition
| What do organisms in the aphotic zone do for food? |
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Term
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Definition
| True/False: Coral Reefs have very high diversity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Coral reefs dying due to climate change or other factors; coral turns white. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Freshwater Ecosystems |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Zone near shore of lakes with high diversity |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Zone offshore of lakes where the phytoplankton, zooplankton, and nekton reside. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: In lakes, this is the base of the food web. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: In lakes, these are the intermediate part of the food web. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Large, swimming organisms in water. Ex) Fish |
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Term
| Plankton needs a slow/non-moving water source to reside. |
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Definition
| Why do rivers and streams lack plankton, but are high in benthos? |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Water that has characteristics of both freshwater and marine environments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Interactions between organisms and their abiotic environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Study of animal behavior from an evolutionary perspective. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Mechanisms that underlie behind neurons, hormones, anatomy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Causes of behavior, selection pressures that shaped its evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Unlearned, species specific, always same, inherited. |
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Term
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Definition
| Give an example of a stereotypic behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Study of how organisms respond to changes in environment, the select resources they need, response to predators and competitors, and with individuals of same species. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Profession of animal in its habitat, how it survives, and where it lives. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Environment/location in which organism lives. |
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Term
| Presence of settled individuals of the same species. |
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Definition
| How do some animals tell if a habitat is a good place to settle or not? |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Area in which an individual excludes others by advertising that it owns the area and chases away others. |
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Term
| Question: Is the cost (time, energy, etc.) outweighed by the benefit (food found, mate earned, etc.)? |
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Definition
| Describe the Cost-Benefit Appoach. |
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Term
Energetic Cost
Risk Cost
Opportunity Cost |
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Definition
| What are the three costs of the total cost of the behavior? |
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Term
| Energy of performed behavior - Energy expended at rest. |
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Definition
| Describe the Energetic Cost. |
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Term
| Increased chance of injury/death as a result of behavior/rest needed. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sum of benefits animal forfeits by not doing other behaviors during period of time. |
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Definition
| Describe Opportunity Cost. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Theory that predicts how animals select among foods available in an environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Assumes natural selection molds animal behavior so they make the best choices. |
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Term
1. Time taken to capture/eat prey
2. Amount of energy prey contains |
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Definition
| Cost of prey is determined by what two factors? |
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Term
| Most energy unit/time used |
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Definition
| The most valuable prey yields...? |
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Term
| It may serve as protection |
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Definition
| Why is living in a group as an animal so important? |
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Term
| A family (parents + offspring) |
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Definition
| What is the origin of most animal societies? |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Animal sacrifices self for the good of its society. |
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Term
| To improve the fitness of the society as a whole. |
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Definition
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Term
| Close kin, rather than distant relatives. |
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Definition
| Who is an animal more likely to perform altruism for? |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Species with social groups with sterile individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Give an example of a eusocial colony. |
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Term
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Definition
| In eusocial species, fertilized eggs become the __ and unfertilized eggs become the __. |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the degree of relatedness between haplodiploidy sisters? |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Individuals of a species in same ecosystem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Number of individuals per unit area of volume |
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Term
| When individuals survive well and when they don't. |
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Definition
| What do survivorship curves show? |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: All individuals born in a time period. |
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Term
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Definition
| True/False: Species with small individuals have higher population densities. |
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Term
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Definition
| True/False: Exotic species usually do not reach huge population densities. |
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Term
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Definition
| When does the lag phase occur in logistic population growth? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the log phase of logistic population growth? |
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Term
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Definition
| What happens at K in the logistic population growth? |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Number of individuals in a population that environment can support. |
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Term
| Environmental factors (food, dissolved oxygen, predators, disease, limited space, etc.) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| What happens to population growth rates as K is approached? |
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Term
r-strategists
K-strategists |
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Definition
| What are the two life strategists? |
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Term
| Instantaneous rate of population increase, no parental care, more offspring, most only reproduce once, short lifespan. |
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Definition
| What is the strategy of an r-strategist? |
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Term
| More parental care, live longer, reproduce more than once. |
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Definition
| What is the strategy of a K-strategist? |
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Term
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Definition
| Give an example of an r-strategist. |
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Term
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Definition
| Give an example of a K-strategist. |
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Term
Food
Disease
Water
Predators |
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Definition
| What factors are density-dependent? |
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Term
Hurricanes
Cold snaps
Weather |
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Definition
| What factors are density-independent? |
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Term
| Populations may exist as small groups called subpopulations, which become extinct often. |
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Definition
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Term
Better sanitation
Better medicine increasing birth rates and decreasing death rates. |
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Definition
| Why has the human population reached almost exponential growth? |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Country transitioning from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. |
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Term
| Decreased population due to severe drought in wintering grounds in West Africa. |
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Definition
| What happened to the Green Warbler? |
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Term
| Population increased by changes in Eastern Wood: timber harvest ending made more nesting sites. |
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Definition
| What happened to the Blue Tit? |
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Term
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Definition
| What are the two forms the body uses to communicate? |
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Term
Neurons are electrical signals and faster than hormones;
Hormones are chemical signals that are slower but have a longerresponse |
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Definition
| Describe the difference between neurons and hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: System functioning in communication, integrating and coordinating functions of organs and organ systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Cells of the nervous system. |
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Term
Sensory Neuron
Interneuron
Motor neuron |
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Definition
| What are the three types of neurons? |
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Term
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Definition
| Term: Neuron that brings information from a receptor to the CNS. |
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