-radial symmetry

-water vascular system

-tube feet

-dioecious, external reprod.

-marine

6 classes

c. asteroidia

c. ophiuroidea

c. echinoidea

c. crinoidea

c. holothuroidea

c. concentricyloidea

sea stars, crown of thorns

-5+ arms from central disk

-tube feet (water pressure out, muscel contractions in)

-movement, attach to prey

-pulls bivalves apart w/stready pressure

-bivalve adductor muscles fatigue

-evert stomach into shell

-digestive juices soften bivalve muscles

-regenerate ( 1 species from 1 arm only)

brittle stars

-long, flexible arms

-no suckers on tube feet

-move by lashing arms around

-feeding variety

-one species covered w/eyes

sea urchins, sand dollars

-lack arms

-5 rows tube feet

-muscles to pivot spines

-complex jaws feed on plants

sea lillies

-most sessile

-attached by stalk

-some motile spp move w/arms

-suspension feeders

-similar to fossils

sea daisies

-no arms

-deep water

-discovered in 1986, only 1 genus

sea cucumbers

-lack spines

-reduced hard exoskeleton

-elongate body

-5 rows tube feet

-some have feeding tentacles

4 subphyla; Crustacea, Cheliceriformes, Myriapoda, Hexapoda

- regional segmentation

-jointed appendages

-exoskeleton made of chitin

-cephalization

-open circ. system

-hemolymph (blood like stuff is call in open system)

-coelom

-gas exchange; gills, trachea, book lungs

1. Maxillopoda (copepods, barnacles)

2. Malacostraca (isopods, amphipods, krill, shrimp, crab)

-most aquatic

-2 pair antenna

-abdominal appendages, regeneration

-gas exchange; cuticle or gill

-open circ. system

-most dioecious

-salt glands

(largest=spider crab)

copepods, barnacles

2 orders

-copepoda

-cirripedia

3 orders

-isopoda

-amphipoda

-decopoda

-make up most zooplankton

-microscopic

-nonswimming

-carried by wind or water currents

barnacles

-look like clams but they aren't

-they have jointed legs to catch food

sand hoppers, beach fleas

-scavengers

-herbivores

-ectoparasites

10 legs

lobster, crayfish, crab shrimp

pill bugs, roly polys

-most herbivores

-mostly marine, some terrestrial

Isopod

-carnivorous

-marine

-tastes like crab

-lis parasitic

horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites

2 classes

1.-c. Merostomate

2. c. arachnida

Spiders

-multiple eyes

-produce silk

-prey capture

-protect young

-escape

-courtship

-venom fangns

-digestive juices soften pray

-book lungs

-venomuous; brazilian wandering, deadly black widow, brown recluse

Ticks

- burrow under skin

-remove w/plyers

-causes welts

-diffesizes

-cause inflammation

Scorpions

-most dangerous venom; buthacusp sp.

-stinger on tail

mites

-chiggers

-scabies mite

-burrows under skin

-dust mite (allergies)

horseshoe crabs living today

-eurypterids extinct

-water scorpions extinct

-harmless

-eyes on side

-tail used to flip themselves over

2 classes

1. c. chilopoda (centipedes)

2. c. diplopoda (millipedes)

-# of legs/segment are the distinguishing feature

millipedes

-herbivores

-2 pairs (4) legs/segment

Centipedes

-carnivorous

-venom fangs

-1 pair (2) legs/segment

-76" longest

insect, springtails

-hexa (6 legs)

-26 orders

-complete digestive system

-open circ. system

-malpighian tubules (excretion)

-tracheal gas echange

-brain; ventral nerve chords

-complex social behavior

-metamorphosis

~incomplete-young looks like adult

~complete-larvae looks diff adults

-females have sperm storage

-dioecious

-internal fertiliz

-appeared suddenly in fossil record

-first to fly so their adv. made pop. increase fast

-specialized mouth parts for feeding on plants

-crypsis, aggressive mimicry

4 classes

1. Polyplacophora

2. Gastropoda

3. Bivalvia

4.Cephalopoda

-molluscs

-mainly marine, some fresh, terrestrial

-all in this ph have

~foot

~visceral mass

~mantle (secretes shell)

~radula (rasping tongue to scrape algae)

~ most dioecious (2 separate sexes)

chitons

-oval, 8 plates in shell

-algae grazers

-live on rocks, scrape algae off

-can bore into rock

snails, slugs, cone shells

-mostly marine, some fresh and terrestrial

-embryonic torsion

~cause animal's anus and mantle to be above its head

~diff. than spiral cleavage

-cephalization, eyes on stalks

-gills (aquatic), mantle (terrestrail)

clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, ship worms

-2 part shells (lateral L/R)

-foot for mobility or anchorage

-mantle cavity w/gills

-suspension feeders (gills)

-scallops are swimming bivalves

squids, cuttlefish, octopuses, nautilus

-agile carnivores

-beak-like jaws crush prey

-tentacles with suckers

-mantle covers visceral mass (no shell)

-jet propulsion

-only molluscs w/closed circ. system

-well developed brains, most intelligent

-nautilus-only shelled cephalopod, submarines use their teeth

3 classes

1. Oligochaeta

2. polychaeta

3. Hirudinea

segmented worms

-key for specialization

-true coelom (hydrostatic skeleton)

-complete digestive system

-closed circ. system

-gas exchange via skin (no lungs/gills)

-metanephridia type kidneys

-brain and ventral nerve cords

-hermaphroditic but cross fertilize

-some a sexual fragmentation

Earthworm

-mostly terrestrial, some aquatic

-ingest soil, extract nutrients

-important for soil cleaning, texture

Clamworm

-mostly marine

-tube dwelling, free living

-para podia

~act like gills for respiration

~act like paddles for locomotion

Leeches

-most freshwater, but some terrestrial in rain forests

-carnivorous or parasitic

-some have blade-like jaws

-secrete hirudin (anticoagulant to keep blood clot from forming)

-eat 10 times body weight

-used medicinely to treat bruises or reattached appendages

-has substance that makes bite on skin not be felt

water bears

-microscopic

-water dwellers

-8 legs

-slow walker is what their name means

-on lichens and mosses

-polyextremophiles (survives 0-303 degrees F)

lamp shells

-many fossils found

-dorsal/ventral valves, not like bivalves

-attach to substrate by stalk

-open shell to allow water to flow through lophophore

-apart of lophophorates

moss animals

-apart of lophophorates

-small, live in colonies

-enclosed in calcium exoskeleton

-extend lophophore when feeding

-reef builders

tube dwelling worms

-apart of lophophorates

-lophorphore extended (filter feeding structure traps food particles in water)

-1mm to 50cm

roundworm

-cylindrical bodies, ends tapered

-free living and parasitic

-tough cuticle

-complete digestive system

-no circ system

-movement by muscles

-sexual only 100,000 eggs/day

rotifers

-jaws

-oral cilia

-mainly freshwater

-called wheeled animals

-reproduce by hypodermic injection of sperm into females body

proboscis worms or ribbon worms

-long and flat

-lack a body cavity

-unsegmented

-outer layer covered w/cilia

-mouth and anus

-sexes separate

-18 m long

-inhabit shallow seas

walking or velvet worm

-mixture of annelid (worm) and arthropod (insect features)

-carnivoruos

-shoot sticky glue up to 20" to cement prey to ground

-thought to be common ancestor b/c they have both features

penis worm/peanut worm

-marine, found in Northern seas

-extensible spiny proboscis

-body is ringes

-live in the mud, which they eat

-marine sediment dwelling animals

-range from 100 um to 1 nm

-inhabits spaces between marine gravel (sand) to which they attach

-lorica is their protective external shell or case

-only place found is on the mouths of lobsters

-eats crumbs

-only recently found

-not much known

spiny headed worms

-parasitic, probosc is pierces intestinal wall of host

-like tapeworms, no mouth

-aquatic birds and crustacean commonly infected

-alters behavior to make host likesly to be eaten by predator so worm can survive

4 classes

1. Turbellaria-free living flatworm

2. Trematoda-blood flukes

3.Monogenea-fish flukes

4.Cestoidea-tapeworms

-bilateral symmetry

-cephalization

-triploblastic (3 layers of tissue)

-organs, muscles

-aceolamate

-gastrovascular cavity

free living flatworm

-flame cells for excretion (shaped like flame)

-glide on mucous via cillia on belly

-eyespots, brain

-feed on midge larva

-different colors

blood flukes

-parasitic (all)

-suckers

-schistosoma (blood flukes) that cause schistosomiasis

-get through skin, travel through blood, get into different organs like bladder (ex; pee in rice paddies, larva, snail)

fish fluke

-external parasites on surface of fish

tapeworms

-up to 20m long

-survive for 10 yrs.

-affinity for B12 (which is in human colons so they tend to migrate there, human get def)

-most common in humans; pork bat, fish, dwarf tapeworms

-taeniasis~infections involving pork/beef

-used medicinely for a little while until people would take too many and die

comb jellies

-8 rows cilia

-sticky, not stinging cells

-live like cnidarians

-biolumenescent

-mucus catenes/traps prey

4 classes

1. Scyphozoa

2.hydrozoa

3. Anthozoa

4. Cubozoa

-radial symmetry

-gastrovascular cavity (stomach, circulatory)

-cnidocytes (once touched to skin of prey, toxin arrow shot deep into skin of prey to disable it)

-poly form (attached to ground)

medussa form (not attached0

true jellyfish

-deep water (medusa prominent)

-coastal/shallow water (polyp stage)

-ex: nomura's jellyfish (Japan/china), purple striped jellyfish

hydrozoans

-hydral (odd b/c polyp only)(poly dominant)

-others alternate between poly/medussa

-hydra (asexual-fragment off to clone for new offspring)

-obelia (colonial hydrozoan)

sea anemones

-coral

-polyps only

-coral excretes calcium carbonate exoskeleton

-inhabited by symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae)

~algae live in coral sfely and coral get photosynthesis benefits by algae

-coral in colonies

-clown fish also are symbiotic w/sea anemones

-box jellies and sea wasps

-medusa form and has complex eyes

-most dangerous, very venomous

-box jellies found in Pacific, deadly (neurotoxin affects breathing and cardiac) (hematoxin causes cells to lyse)

Super ph. Porifera

ph. Calcarea and Silicea

sponge

-make cribrostatin (antibiotic)

-lack true tissues

-have choanocytes

-collar cells

-suspension feeders

-hemaphrodites (both sperm/eggs in animal)

-lack true tissues/organs

-suspension feeders/some carnivorous

-filter water through osculum (also used for movement)

-hermaphrodites (both sperm/eggs in animal)

-were used as real sponges to clean things in 1700/1800, large populations cut out, all are synthetic now

Name the 9 phyla under the clade Lophotrochozoa.

What evolves?

Populations or individuals?

-Total aggregate of genes in a population

-All alleles at all gene loci for all individuals in the population

-No mutations

-Random mating

-No gene flow

-Large population size

-No natural selection

Never Read Naughty Lists Now.

-Genetic Drift

-Gene Flow

-Mutation

-Non-random mating

-Natural Selection

Bottleneck Effect: result of drastically reduced population size (e.g. disaster)

Founder Effect: colonization of a new habitat (e.g. island migration)

-Inbreeding (close relatives)

-Selfing (asexual reproduction)

-Assortative mating (desired phenotypes)

Population in which two or more distinct morphs for a character (trait) are each represented in high enough frequencies to be readily noticeable.

(e.g. Orange and brown Map butterflies what emerge in the spring and black and white Map butterflies that emerge in the late summer)

-Stabilizing

-Directional

-Diversifying