Term
| activating-orienting model |
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Definition
| Model of how perceptual asymmetries occur: Engaging in a particular type of process causes greater activation in the hemisphere best suited to the task, increasing its activity. This causes an attentional bias to the side of space contralateral to the more active hemisphere; thus, perceptual information on that side of space is more salient, allowing it to be processed better. |
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Term
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Definition
| Emotional context or tone of an utterance |
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Term
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Definition
| Modality-speci?c de?cit in recognizing objects that occurs in the absence of major de?cits in basic sensory processing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Compromised ability to produce and comprehend the grammatical aspects of language; also called anterior aphasia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of the ability to write, as a consequence of brain damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to initiate spontaneous movement |
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Term
| alexia (acquired dyslexia) |
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Definition
| Loss of the ability to read, as a consequence of brain damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rare disorder of motor function in which patients feel as if one of their limbs, usually a hand, does not belong them, either because it seems to move on its own, does not obey them, makes involuntary and complex movements, or seems to have its own personality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of memory that is global with regard to modality and material; inability to form most new long-term memories. |
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Term
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Definition
| De?cit in learning new information after the onset of an injury causing amnesia. |
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Term
| anterograde disorientation |
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Definition
| Inability to construct new representations of environments, although patients are still able to navigate successfully around previously learned environments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fundamental dif? culty in forming a percept (a mental impression of something perceived by the senses); although sensory information is processed in a rudimentary way, the data cannot be bound together to allow the person to perceive a meaningful whole. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to link skilled motor movement to ideas or representations; inability to perform skilled, sequential, purposeful movement that cannot be accounted for by disruptions in more basic motor processes such as muscle weakness, abnormal posture or tone, or movement disorders; most common after damage to the left hemisphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| Impairment or de? cits in comprehension of prosody, resulting from brain damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| All at one pitch or lacking a varied intonation pattern; description of the type of speech de? cit observed after damage to anterior regions of the right hemisphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorder in which basic visual information can be integrated to form a meaningful perceptual whole, yet that particular perceptual whole cannot be linked to stored knowledge about the objective. |
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Term
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Definition
| Syndrome in which the person can recognize a single letter or word in isolation but cannot recognize the same letter or word if it is presented along with items of the same kind. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to recognize the meaning of sounds, even though other cognitive functions are normal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Syndrome in which a lesion to a speci? c region of the left hemisphere causes a loss of ? uent speech even though the persons speech comprehension is relatively spared. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disconnection syndrome that selectively disrupts the ability to perform movements or manipulate objects with the left hand in response to verbal commands; associated with damage to the corpus callosum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Model explaining the origin of perceptual asymmetries: concept that information received by the hemisphere less adept at a given task is transferred to the opposite hemisphere via the corpus callosum; this callosal transfer degrades the information and leads to poorer performance than if the information were received directly by the hemisphere more suited to the task. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dif? culty in the coordination of movement that is observed after cerebellar damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| State in which a person is unresponsive to and unaware of the outside world. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disconnection syndrome characterized by inability to repeat what was just heard, although language comprehension and speech production are intact; caused by damage that severs the connection between Brocas and Wernickes areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorder which disrupts the ability to correctly manipulate items with regard to their spatial relationships; generally observed after right-hemisphere lesion and often associated with spatial-processing dif? culties and hemineglect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of speech ability (aphasia) resulting from a right-hemisphere lesion in a right-handed individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| Syndrome in which affected individuals show many of the de? cits exhibited in phonological alexia (such as inability to read nonwords), and also show additional dif? culties such as semantic paralexias, problems with reading abstract words, and trouble with reading small function words that serve as grammatical markers; thought to be the represent right-hemisphere reading. |
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Term
| developmental (congenital) prosopagnosia |
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Definition
| Condition of being face-blind from birth, without any known brain damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Concept asserting that the hemisphere receiving sensory information processes it; when information is received by the hemisphere less suited to a task, performance is poorer than if the information is received by the hemisphere better suited to the task. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorder in which the affected person has dif? culty manipulating and orienting both clothes and his or her limbs so that clothes can be put on correctly; generally observed after right-hemisphere lesion and often associated with spatialprocessing dif? culties and hemineglect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dif? culty in speech output that is observed after cerebellar damage; characterized by slurred speech with sometime explosive variations in voice intensity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also called speci? c reading disability; a speci? c inability to learn to read at an age-appropriate level, despite adequate opportunity, training, and intelligence. |
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Term
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Definition
| With disordered intonation; type of speech de? cit exhibited after damage to the left hemisphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| Compulsive repetition of a sound or word. |
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Term
| egocentric disorientation |
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Definition
| Inability to represent the location of objects in relationship to the self; associated with damage to the posterior parietal region, either bilaterally or unilaterally in the right hemisphere. |
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Term
| environmental dependency syndrome |
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Definition
| Disorder in which behavior is triggered by stimuli in the environment; involves automatic invocation of contention scheduling schemes because the supervisory attentional system has been lost; most often observed after frontal lobe lesions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to comprehend or produce language; associated with extensive left-hemisphere damage that typically includes both Wernickes and Brocas areas and the area between them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory that there is a particular cell in the ventral processing stream whose job is to ? re when you see a particular object or person (such as your grandmother). |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition occurring as a result of brain damage that causes information on one side of space to be extinguished from consciousness (neglected) when two pieces of information are presented simultaneously, one on each side of space. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term synonymous with hemi-inattention; syndrome in which patients ignore, or do not pay attention to, information on one side of space (usually the left), and act as if that side of the world does not exist, despite having intact sensory and motor functioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also called conceptual apraxia; impairment of the ability to form an idea of a movement, so that a person cannot determine which actions are necessary and in what order they should occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disconnection between the idea of a movement and execution of the movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disconnection between the idea of a movement and execution of the movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Syndrome in which the person can produce reasonable spelling, both manually and orally, for regular words or nonwords, but cannot spell irregular words. |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition in which cortical function and awareness are normal but a brainstem injury prevents almost all motor output; locked-in patients are able to communicate using simple eye movements. |
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Term
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Definition
| Syndrome in which the person consistently misreads the beginning or end of a word; neglect is exhibited for a particular portion of a word, regardless of the words length or orientation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Made-up words that follow the rules for combining sounds in the language, yet are not real words; often exhibited by individuals with aphasia. |
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Term
| nonverbal auditory agnosia |
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Definition
| Disorder characterized by inability to attach meaning to nonverbal sounds, although ability to attach meaning to words remains intact. |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition in which the individual neglects half of the stimulus regardless of the position of the stimulus in space. |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition in which the patient ignores one half of an object with regards to its canonical orientation regardless of how that object is displayed or oriented. |
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Term
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Definition
| Failure in visually guided reaching; caused by superior parietal lobe damage |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior of repeating the same action (or thought) over and over again. |
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Term
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Definition
| Error in which the substituted word sounds similar to that of the intended word. |
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Term
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Definition
| Syndrome in which the person can manually or orally spell regular and irregular words in dictation but performs poorly with nonwords. |
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Term
| phonological dyslexia (alexia) |
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Definition
| Syndrome in which the affected person does not have an association between the visual form of words and meaning; due to a disrupted phonological route but an intact direct route, the person can read previously learned words (whether regular or irregular), but cannot read nonwords or unfamiliar words. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory that the pattern of activity across a large population of cells codes for information, such as particular movements or individual objects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Intonation pattern of speech that communicates lexical or semantic information, such as whether an utterance is a question or a declaration. |
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Term
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Definition
| The intonation pattern, or sound envelope, of an utterance; tone of voice in which a phrase is spoken. |
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Term
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Definition
| Selective inability to recognize the identity of faces or to differentiate among them, although the ability to correctly identify other objects in the visual modality is retained. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduced ability to initiate or start an action or a behavior and/or the reduced ability to stop a behavior once it has been initiated; often observed in individuals with a dysexecutive syndrome and frontal lobe damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorder in which one quadrant of the visual world is lost; caused by damage to a dorsal or ventral portion of the occipital cortex in one hemisphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory impairment for information that was acquired prior to the event that caused the amnesia; a de? cit for memories stretching back in time to some point prior to onset of amnesia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Law regarding the amount of time over which retrograde amnesias extend: generally, it states that there is greater compromise of more recent memories than of more remote memories |
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Term
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Definition
| Blind spots; particular regions of the visual ? eld in which light-dark contrast cannot be detected. Caused by damage to small portions of the visual cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reading errors in which a word is misread as a word with a related meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Error in which the substituted word has a meaning similar to that of the intended word. |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition in which a person is unable to recognize an item by touch but can recognize the object in other modalities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory that a small but speci? c group of cells responds to the presence of a given object. |
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Term
| spatial frequency hypothesis |
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Definition
| Proposes that the hemispheres differ in their ability to process a particular attribute of visual information known as spatial frequency, which describes how quickly visual information transitions from dark to light. |
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Term
| stimulus-centered neglect |
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Definition
| Condition in which a person ignores (neglects) one side of a stimulus regardless of what information is contained on that side of the stimulus. |
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Term
| surface dyslexia (alexia) |
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Definition
| Syndrome in which the affected person cannot link the visual form of a word directly to meaning; involves disruption in the direct route but not the phonological route. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorder in which a person can form a percept from tactile information, but cannot link that percept to its symbolic meaning. |
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Term
| transcortical motor aphasia |
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Definition
| Syndrome in which ability to produce ? uent speech is lost, except that the ability to repeat sounds is retained; associated with lesions in the premotor area of the frontal lobe |
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Term
| transcortical sensory aphasia |
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Definition
| Syndrome that prevents an individual from interpreting the meaning of words, although the ability to repeat words is retained; associated with lesions at the border of the temporal and occipital lobes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition in which the patient shows no evidence of awareness or communication, but exhibits a sleep-wake cycle, has eyes open during the wakeful periods, and may perform some simple behaviors at random; characterized by the absence of even the most basic form of communication. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorder in which auditory words cannot be understood, although the ability to attach meaning to nonverbal sounds is intact as are other aspects of language processing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to recognize objects in the visual modality that cannot be explained by other causes, such as blindness, memory problems and so forth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Syndrome typically due to damage of the temporo-parietal regions of the left hemisphere, in which there is disrupted speech comprehension along with ? uent (but nonsensical) speech output; speech output occurs without hesitation, sounds are well formed, and all parts of speech are present, but output is a jumble of words, often referred to as a word salad. |
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