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Ask questions
propose hypotheses
Test and evaluate these hypotheses using evidence
collected from the natural world through: observational studies, experiments, computer simulations/mathematical models |
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| Can go out and take measurements to disprove hypothesis |
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| Observation that has been repeatedly confirmed |
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| Explanation for broad patterns in nature that has been tested many times and is well-substantiated |
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| Descriptive generalization about how some aspect of the natural world behaves under stated circumstances |
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| Possible explanation consistent with available data |
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| How are ecology, genetics and evolution linked? |
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| individuals have heritable traits (genetics) ecological forces steer who lives and reproduces, as a result evolution occurs |
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Scientific study of how organisms interact with their environment.
Try to understand |
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| What factors affect an organisms environment? |
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Definition
Abiotic (non-living)
Biotic (living) |
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| What drives weather patterns on earth? |
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Definition
Uneven sunlight distribution.
Hadley Cells.
Seasonality.
Regional geographic features. |
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| Sun heats earth unevenly, angle of incident. sunlight hitting an area matters. |
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Warm air rises at 0 and 60 degree mark, cools and drops at 30, 90 degrees.
tropical regions warm and wet, other regions cool and dry. |
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| Biome: Tropical Wet Forest |
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Definition
| Found in equatorial regions where temperatures and rainfall are high and annual variation is low. Characterized by extremely high species diversity. |
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| Experience a period in which mean monthly temperatures fall below freezing and plant growth stops. Precipitation is moderately high and relatively constant throughout the year. |
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| Stretches across most northern parts of world. Very cold winters, short cool summers, and extraordinarily high annual variation in temperature. Conifers are the dominant plants. |
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| Has very low temperatures with high annual temperature variation and very low annual precipitation treeless except for small woody shrubs. |
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| Biome: Temperate Grassland |
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| Temperatures are moderate and precipitation low. Moderate annual temperature variation dictates a well defined growing season. Grasses are dominant plants. |
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| Biome: Subtropical desert |
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| Characterized by high average annual temperatures, moderate variation in temperature, and very low precipitation. |
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| What factors affect species distributions? |
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Definition
Abiotic forces
evolutionary history (determines whi is in the region and the traits they possess)
dispersal ability (of each species influences its range)
biotic interactions (with other species influence who gets to stay in the community) |
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| Changes in the distribution and abundance of organisms in space and time |
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Definition
Localized group of organisms that tend to interact and breed with each other more than they do with other populations
Boundaries are semi-permeable so that individuals sometimes move among populations |
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| What 4 things affect population change? |
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Definition
Birth, death, immigration, emmigration
(B+I)-(D+E) |
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| Population model equations |
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Definition
N(t+1)=(lam)N(t)
N(t)=(lam)^t*(N)0
(lam)=N(t+1)/N(t)
N(t+1)=(lam)N(t)
r=log(e)(lam)
(lam)=e^r |
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Definition
| Max number of indiv. that the environment can support over the long term (K) |
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| Density independent factors |
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Definition
effect on population growth is independent of population density
Cannot regulate populations
Can cause dramatic population change
(Hurricane, fire, flood) |
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| Everything an organism does, how it does it, and why it does it |
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Study of behavior including:
How behavior is controlled
How behavior is developed
Why behavior evolved
How behavior improves survival and reproductive success (fitness) |
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| Mechanistic explanation; how behavior occurs and develops-focus on neurological, hormonal, skeletal-muscular mechanisms |
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| evolutionary explanations; why behavior occurs; its function, effect on fitness and evolutionary origin |
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| involves change in behavior resulting from a specific experience in the life of an individual |
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innate
show little or no variation in how they are performed
species specific
once the sequence of actions begins, it typically continues until completion |
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| Some species of young birds adopt the first moving thing they see as their mother; occurs during a critical period |
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| recognition and manipulation of facts about the world and the ability to form concepts and insights |
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| Cultural transmission of learning |
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| isolated populations develop distinct cultures, behaviors from learning from one another |
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process in which a signal (any information containing behavior) from one individual modifies the behavior of another individual
A social process; needs target to receive and act upon communication
Acoustic, visual, olfactory, tactile. Type of signal an organism uses correlates with habitat |
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| Species Distribution factors |
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Definition
Evolutionary history-determines who is in the region and the traits they possess
Dispersal ability- each species influences its range
biotic interactions-other species influence who gets to stay in the community
Abiotic factors- climate determines distribution of major terrestrial biomes |
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| What are the effects of species interactions? |
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Definition
Affects distribution and abundance of species
influence evolution |
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Definition
| interaction that occurs when 2 species compete for the same resources that are in limited supply. |
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| Intra v interspecific competition |
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| Intra-own species Inter-cross species Intraspecies competition is stronger, inhibit own pop growth enabling coexistence |
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| Interspecific competition |
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Definition
| asymmetric competition, typically competitive exclusion and extinction |
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| unique set of environmental requirements (abiotic and biotic) of a species |
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| Competitive exclusion principle |
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Definition
| two species with identical niches cannot exist |
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| Max niche an organism can take up |
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| Niche left over other strong competitors niche, weak competitor occupies |
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| resource partitioning=evolutionary change in resource use by coexisting species |
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| evolutionary change in species traits which allows individuals to use different resources |
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| consumption of most or all of another individual (prey) by a predator |
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| Consumption of plant tissues by herbivores |
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| consumption of small amounts of tissues from another organism (host) |
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| occurs when the parasitoid lays eggs in/on the host and her offspring consume the host |
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| How can predation affect BIDE? |
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Definition
Prey run away (emigration) to sub optimal habitats (immigrate)
Individual growth rates of prey could decline because sub optimal habitats have low quality food sources
birth rates drop due to lower feeding rates |
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| defenses always present/on |
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resemblance of one species to another
Both original and mimic are dangerous
original is dangerous, mimic not |
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| defenses produced only when prey are exposed to predator/herbivore or cue |
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| One specie unaffected, other negatively affected |
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Commensal's fitness is increased whereas host is unaffected.
symbiose relationship |
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Definition
Parasite benefits by consuming host nutrients or tissues; parasite may also obtain a permanent habitat from host; host is harmed (decreased growth, survival, reproduction)
symbiose relationship
diseases caused by parasites can decimate host populations
Can affect the behavior of host to benefit host |
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| What are some characteristics of parasites? |
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Definition
Parasites usually:
much smaller than host
do not kill host
live in or on the host for a long time
are host specific |
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Definition
fluke worms infect humans/snails
affect many humans
snails-asexual phase(intermediate)
humans-sexual phase(definitive) |
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| What is the life cycle of schistosoma? |
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Definition
1. Paired worms move to bowel/rectum and release eggs
2. Eggs hatch releasing miracidia
3. Miracidia penetrate snail tissue
4. sporocysts in snail
5. Cercariae released by snail into water and free-swimming
6. penetrate skin
7. cercariae lose tail during penetration and become schistosomulae
8. circulation
9. Migrate to portal blood in liver and mature to adults
10. Paired adults migrate to bowels... |
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| Parasites encourage natural selection of individuals that can resist parasite, best parasites reproduce and repeat process. |
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| both species benefit, exchange rewards |
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| specialized structures on plant roots where rhizobium bacteria are located |
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| convert Nitrogen to nitrate and ammonium, plants need nutrients, bacteria need shelter |
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Definition
increase absorptive surface area of the plants roots. Increases ability to take up mineral ions. On 90% of land plants.
Plants supply fungi with sugar |
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| Capture CO2 and use it to make carbs |
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Definition
"rank" of consumer/producer an organism is.
Level:
1 Producer
2 Primary consumer
3 Secondary consumer
4 Tertiary consumer |
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Definition
| The effects of species a on species c are mediated through effects on species b |
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| consuming resources at more than one trophic level |
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| Have a dramatic impact on communities due to high biomass (abundance) |
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| Species with dramatic impact on the habitat in which other species live |
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