Term
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Definition
| how much people are willing to pay to protect something for their children and future generations |
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Term
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Definition
goods that are consumed locally
- do not appear in a country's GDP because they are neither bought nor sold |
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Term
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Definition
products harvested from the wild sold in either national/international commercial markets
point of value:
At the price paid @ first point of sale minus the costs incurred up to that point
At the final retail of the product |
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Term
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Definition
indirect value
- services are not consumed |
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Term
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Definition
| attempt to measure how much people are willing to pay to protect a species from extinction |
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Term
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Definition
| the prospect of future benefits to human society (such as possible new medicines) |
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Term
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Definition
benefits provided by biodiversity that do not involve harvesting or destroying the resource (such as water quality, soil protection, recreation and education)
- includes option value |
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Term
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Definition
assigned to products harvested by people
ex. timber, seafood |
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Term
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Definition
| biological populations that are physically separated by some barrier and have become so reproductively isolated that, if the barrier were removed, they would be unable to interbreed. |
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Term
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Definition
| new species formed from small, isolated, peripheral populations. Results in species that can no longer interbreed.
Similar to allopatric species, but one of the populations is much SMALLER
(unlike in Allopatric speciation) |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when one population enters a new environment in the same region. Interbreeding occurs in narrow zones of contact, may result in ring species.
-often due to variations in mating habits of populations within a continuous geographical area
- gene flow can still occur across species undergoing 'Para' speciation, but not 'Peri". |
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Term
| Morphological Definition of Species |
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Definition
| as a group of individuals that is morphologically, physiologically, or biochemically distinct from other groups in some important characteristic |
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Term
| Biological Definition of Species |
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Definition
| as a group of individuals that can potentially breed among themselves in the wild and that do not breed with individuals of other groups |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of species found in a given community, measure of species richness/species diversity |
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Term
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Definition
| applies to larger geographical scales and refers to the number of species found across a large region with a number of ecosystems, such as a continent |
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Term
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Definition
gamma divided by alpha
Links alpha & gamma diversity and represents the RATE OF CHANGE OF SPECIES COMPOSITION AS ONE MOVES ACROSS A LARGE REGION. |
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Term
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Definition
| genes with more than one allele |
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Term
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Definition
| group of individuals that potentially mate with one another and produce offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| relative ability of an individual to survive and reproduce |
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Term
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Definition
| all the species that occupy a particular locality and the interactions among those species. |
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Term
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Definition
biological community together with its associated physical and chemical environment
- ecosystem processes
* nutrient cycles, water cycles, energy capture |
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Term
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Definition
| restricts the population size and distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| gradual process of change in species composition, community structure, soil chemistry, and microclimatic characteristics that occurs following natural or human-caused disturbance in a biological community |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of individuals that the resources of an ecosystems can support |
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Term
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Definition
| two species that benefit each other |
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Term
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Definition
| two mutualistic species that cannot survive without each other |
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Term
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Definition
first trophic level
- obtain their energy directly from the sun via photosynthesis and supply energy for other trophic levels
- primary producers have greatest biomass (living weight) in terrestrial ecosystems |
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Term
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Definition
herbivores at second trophic level
- eat photosynthetic plants/primary producers |
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Term
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Definition
| predators/carnivores which eat primary consumers |
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Term
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Definition
| predators/carnivores which eat other consumers/predators |
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Term
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Definition
affect the organization of the community to a far greater degree than one would predict if considering only the number of individuals or the biomass of the keystone species.
- loss of a keystone species would possibly lead to loss of numerous other species as well.
-species that extensively modify the physical environment through their activities
ex. top predators |
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Term
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Definition
| dramatic changes in the vegetation and a great loss of biodiversity |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of keystone species that creates a series of linked extinction events that results in a degraded ecosystem with much lower diversity at all trophic levels |
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Term
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Definition
| the condition in which an ecosystem is intact and functional |
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Term
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Definition
ecosystems that are able to remain in the same state after disturbance.
Displays one or both of the following:
- resistance
- resilience |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to maintain the same state despite ongoing disturance or stress |
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Term
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Definition
| property of being able to return to the original state quickly after a disturbance has occurred |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
occurs when resources are misallocated, allowing a few individuals or businesses to enefit at the expense of the larger society.
- society as a whole becomes less prosperous |
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Term
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Definition
| discipline being developed that integrates economics, environmental science, ecology, and public policy and that includes valuations of biodiversity in economic anaylses |
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Term
| common property resources |
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Definition
resources collectively owned by society at large or owned by no one, with open access to everyone.
- rarely assigned monetary value. |
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Term
| environmental impact assessments |
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Definition
| consider present and future effects of the projects on the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| compares the values gained against the costs of the project or resource use |
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Term
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Definition
| may be better not to approve a project that has risk associated with it and err on the side of doing no harm unintentionally or unexpectedly |
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Term
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Definition
| governments sometimes subsidize some industries that are involved in environment-damaging activities with tax breaks, direct payments or price supports, cheap fossil fuels, free water, and road networks |
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Term
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Definition
assigned to products harvested by people
ex. timber, seafood |
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Term
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Definition
| all the variety that exists within living components of the biosphere |
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Term
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Definition
Genetic diversity
Species diversity
Ecosystem diversity |
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Term
| Genetic Diversity hierarchy |
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Definition
allelle
gene
chromosome
individual variation within population
variation amongst populations |
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Term
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Definition
more polymorphism means greater diversity
more than 1 allele
more genes means more gen diversity |
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Term
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Definition
| proportion that are heterozygous |
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Term
| Importance of genetic diversity |
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Definition
reduces risk of extinction due to inbreeding or chance events
increases ability of species to adapt to future environmental change |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic darkening of species in response to pollution |
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Term
| Species diversity spatial variation |
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Definition
latitude productivity complexity
time islands vs continents |
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Term
| Regions with most biodiversity |
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Definition
| mexico, s america, middle east, s asia |
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Term
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Definition
found naturally in a place
indigenous |
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Term
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Definition
introduced by humans
non native |
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Term
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Definition
risk of extinction
threatened |
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Term
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Definition
| found only in certain place |
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Term
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Definition
| motivate people to protect place |
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Term
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Definition
| if protected, other species accommodated |
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Term
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Definition
| status reflects condition of ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| many key interactions with other species, effect greater than biomass may predict |
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Term
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Definition
great biodiversity
marsh intertidal between dry and salt water |
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Term
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Definition
| all species that occupy a particular area and the interaction between them |
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Term
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Definition
| biological community in addition to its associated abiotic factors (physical and chem environment) |
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Term
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Definition
| water cycles, nutrient cycles energy capture |
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Term
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Definition
| diversity of biology community, environmental conditions, and ecosystem processes |
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Term
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Definition
| range of benefits of clean water and pollution |
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Term
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Definition
ability to return to original state
effect an extinction has on ecosystem depends on role species plays in ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| 1-10 species go extinct/year |
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Term
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Definition
sharp rise above background (natural) rate
particular groups targeted
regional, sometimes global
short period of geologic time |
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Term
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Definition
50% of all general species lost
Demise of dino as dominant species |
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Term
| Current rate of extinction |
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Definition
.01%
100-1000 x background rate |
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Term
| Reasons for human caused extinction |
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Definition
tool making increased skill
cultural evolution allowed rapid spread of new tech
became super predator 100000-40000 ybp |
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Term
| Effect of humans on animals |
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Definition
| extinction rate of mammals and birds increase with humans pop |
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Term
| Trends in current mass extinction |
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Definition
accellerating exponentially
more species being threatened |
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Term
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Definition
2 or more pop become reproductively isolated and exchange no genetic material
natural selection occurs after isolation |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic change from generation to generation |
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Term
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Definition
| pop split in 2, evolve to separate species |
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Term
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Definition
occur by founder effect
new species formed by small, isolated population due to rapid random genetic change inn small pop
fast genetic drift |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 pop enters new env, near original group 2 pop live in continuous region interbreeding can occur in a narrow zone Ring Species |
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Term
| Prezygotic isolating mechanisms |
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Definition
Environmental isolation:
temporal
behavioral
mechanical
gametic |
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Term
| Postzygotic isolating mechanisms |
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Definition
hybrids cant pass genes
hybrid invariability
hybrid sterility
hybrid breakdown= successive gen suffer lower fertility |
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Term
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Definition
surge in evol from an original ancestral species into several new spec
typically in islands, nearby lakes, extinction of other species (niche opening), novel adaptation (niche opening) |
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Term
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Definition
inhibited by factors that improve extinction rate.
can lead to rapid net loss |
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Term
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Definition
Makes spec worthwile as a means to help human being
Goods
services
information
inspiration |
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Term
| Assumptions of Conservation Bio |
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Definition
| Diversity is good, extinction is bad. Ecological complexity is good, evolution is good. Bio diversity has intrinsic value. |
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Term
| Goals of Conservation Biology |
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Definition
Document human impacts on species, communities, & ecosystems
Develop ways to prevent human-induced extinction
Retain biodiversity
Crisis-oriented & mission driven. Cross-disciplinary. Society for Conservation Bio first developed in '85. |
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Term
| Average timespan of a species |
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Definition
| 1-10 million years. If 10 million species, would expect 1-10 to go extinct a year. |
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Term
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Definition
1) Ordovician: 50% of animal families, many trilobites
2) Devonian: 50% animal families
3) Permian: 50% animal families, 95% of marine species
4) Triassic: 35% animal families, reptile/marine mollusks
5) Cretaceous: DINOS |
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Term
| Two kinds of ascribed value |
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Definition
Utilitarian: worthwhile because it can help man
Intrinsic: inherent value |
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Term
| Types of utilitarian value (species put into one of these categories) |
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Definition
Goods: tangible resources
Services: useful function-performing species
Information: species that help humans gain knowledge
Inspiration: evoke wonder/awe/love |
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Term
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Definition
| Only small amt of species are considered resources. There could be many out there that we don't know about (rosy periwinkle ex) |
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Term
| Species as service-providers |
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Definition
Includes large number. Activities like: decomposition, water filtration, plant pollination, nitrogen fixation, pest control, air filtration.
They provide without cost, but we can monetize the value of their services |
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Term
| Species as sources of info |
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Definition
| Don't know most that species have to tell us. Discoveries to improve human life have come from studying wild species. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hard to quantify. Conservationists may use human affinity towards certain species to accomplish goals. |
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Term
| Categories for quantifying/monetizing species values (5 of them) |
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Definition
Commodity values: the price people are willing to pay for the resource in the market
Option values: what one is willing to pay to reserve a species for finding future use
Contingent values: price willing to pay in order to use a current (unused) resource
Existence values: price to keep a species away from extinction, even if it is never used or seen
Bequest values: price willing to pay so that future generations may use the resource |
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Term
| Pros & Cons of utilitarian view of resources used in conservation |
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Definition
Pros: puts specified value on species & people are willing to pay for valuable resources. Includes consumptive/nonconsumptive uses.
Cons: species can lose if the cost to preserve it outweighs its economic value. Doesn't ensure security -- many valuable species have gone extinct. |
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Term
| Why utilitarian value cannot be placed on all species |
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Definition
| Vast ignorance of wild species. irreversibility of extinction lends to precautionary principle (difficult to defend economically). If another species is negatively affecting a valuable species, might result in the extinction of that "worthless" species |
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Term
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Definition
| Alternative to cost-benefit analysis that says that bio diversity is of unquantifiable value & should always be preserved. Places burden of proof on developers instead of conservationists. |
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Term
| With intrinsic value, there is a change from it being an economic issue to ________ |
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Definition
| Ethical issue. Becomes unethical for humans to cause a species extinction. |
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Term
| Four types of ethics in regards to conservation |
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Definition
Anthropocentric ethic: view that all species exist as resources for the benefit of mankind.
Stewardship ethic: humans are responsible for caring for the world & its species.
Biocentric ethic: individual humans should respect rights of individuals of other species.
Ecocentric ethic: human species equal to all other species & we should not threaten them |
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Term
| Environmental Species Act |
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Definition
| Has given rights to other species by saying that extinction is wrong unless costs to prevent it are too high. Rights still given by humans on a case-by-case basis. |
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Term
| Species-Area relationship |
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Definition
| 10x increase in area leads to 2x increase in species |
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Term
| Theory of Island Biogeography |
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Definition
| Extinction rates influenced by area of island, immigration rates influenced by distance from mainland |
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Term
| Geographical differences in species distribution caused by... |
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Definition
| Gradients of environmental productivity, elevation & depth, latitude, environmental complexity, and disturbance regimes. |
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Term
| Species diversity & productivity |
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Definition
| Productivity increases w/increased precipitation & temperatures. Increased energy availability means higher population sizes |
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Term
| Species diversity & environmental complexity |
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Definition
| complexity increases resource partitioning |
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Term
| Intermediate disturbance hypothesis |
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Definition
| Prediction that species diversity will be highest at intermediate levels of disturbance |
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Term
| Explanation of higher diversity in tropics |
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Definition
High productivity produces wider resource base.
Greater long-term stability: very old, species had more time to adapt & specialize.
Greater short-term stability: less seasonality, increased specialization & decrease in interspecific competition. Vast expanses of unfragmented habitat |
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Term
| Local vs Regional species richness |
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Definition
Alpha- local. Number of species in a given habitat.
Gamma- regional. Number of species across a larger landscape.
Beta- the turnover of species from one habitat to another. Gamma divided by average alpha of a region. |
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Term
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Definition
| connected series of neighboring populations that differ just a little bit. Neighbors can interbreed, but there exists two "end point" populations that cannot interbreed |
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Term
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Definition
| speciation in the same location in the absence of a physical barrier, often due to microhabitats. |
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Term
| Problems of the biological species concept |
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Definition
Asexual reproduction
Hybridization
Ring species
"potentially" interbreeding |
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