Term
|
Definition
| A thin barrier around the outside of the cell. It holds the cell contents in and controls substances from moving in and out of the cell (partially permeable). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A jelly like substance that makes up most of the cell, most chemical reactions take place here. The jelly substance allows chemical reactions to be occurred. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The DNA is found here. It contains all the genetic information which controls the chemical reactions in the cytoplasm. It controls all cell activity in the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It's the powerhouse of the cell! It produces energy for the cell using respiration by breaking down nutrients and to regulate cellular metabolism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ribosomes are a cell structure that makes protein. Can be found in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A stiff rigid coating around the outside of the plant cell. It's made of cellulose, strong to prevent cell from bursting (fully permeable). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contains a green pigment called chlorophyll. Allows plant cells to make food by chemical reactions from the sun's energy in a process called photosynthesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The large space inside a plant cell. It's filled a liquid called sap, containing sugar and salts. This helps keeps the cell firm. And contains water and minerals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The green pigment which traps light to perform photosynthesis. That's why plants are green. |
|
|
Term
| Which cells are present in an animal cell? |
|
Definition
| Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Ribosome, Mitochondria, Cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| Which cells are present plant cells but not in animal cells? |
|
Definition
| Cell wall, Large vacuole, Chloroplast (optional) |
|
|
Term
| State three differences between plant and animal cells |
|
Definition
1. Plants make their own food, animals don't
2. Plant cells have a strong cell wall, animals don't
3. Plants have a large vacuole, animals don't |
|
|
Term
| Define a Cell and state its function |
|
Definition
| It's life smallest 'building block' smallest part that can do all basic life activities. |
|
|
Term
| Define a Specialized Cell and state its function |
|
Definition
| Specialized cells are cells that have developed certain characteristics to perform a particular function. |
|
|
Term
| Define a Tissue and state its function |
|
Definition
| A Tissue is a group of Cells working together with similar structure working together to perform specific functions. |
|
|
Term
| Define White Blood cell and state its function |
|
Definition
| Also known as Leukocyte, they fight against Pathogens by destroying any bacteria and viruses which comes to the body. They can also remember any disease they come encounter to so they have the antibodies ready for the next time they attack. |
|
|
Term
| State two types of White Blood Cells and its function |
|
Definition
1. Lymphocytes: Detects pathogen and produce antibodies for the Antigens of the bacteria or virus. The Antigens are made of protein.
2. Phagocytes: They then go and engulf the bacteria or the virus that the Lymphocytes detected with the antibodies. They engulf the Pathogen and release digestive enzymes to get rid of them. This is a process called Phagocytosis. |
|
|
Term
| State the difference between the Nucleus of the Lymphocyte and the Phagocyte |
|
Definition
| The Lymphocyte has a round Nucleus but the Phagocyte has a lobed Nucleus. |
|
|
Term
| Define Pathogen and state its function |
|
Definition
| An Organism that can cause disease. eg. some bacteria, all viruses and some fungi. |
|
|
Term
| Define Nerve cell and state its function |
|
Definition
| These are long thin cells which carry impulses to and from the brain and the spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
| Define Dendrite and state its function |
|
Definition
| A short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body. |
|
|
Term
| Define Axon and state its function |
|
Definition
| The long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells. |
|
|
Term
| Define Synapse and state its function |
|
Definition
| The Junction between the two neurones. |
|
|
Term
| Define Myelin Sheath and state its function |
|
Definition
| It's the protective covering that surrounds the Axons, it acts as an insulator and the sheath is composed of proteins and lipids. The Myelin sheath speeds up the impulses so if it's damaged it can slow or even stop the impulses, causing neurological problems. |
|
|
Term
| State the three types of neurones |
|
Definition
| Sensory Neurone, Motor Neurone and Relay Neurone. |
|
|
Term
| Define Sensory Neurone and state its function |
|
Definition
| They are one of the types of neurones. When a receptor (sense organs, eg. Nose, Skin, Eyes) feels something it gets an impulse and the impulse sends the signal to the Sensory Neurone and it sends the impulse through the CNS. The direction of impulse can go from the Receptor to the CNS and vice versa. Sensory Neurones can also be found in the PNS. |
|
|
Term
| Define Motor Neurone and state its function |
|
Definition
| They are one of the types of neurones. After an impulse from the sensory neurone is send to the CNS, the CNS then sends that impulse to the Motor Neurone which it then sends it to the Effector (eg. Muscle or Gland). The direction of signal only happens one way CNS to the Effector. The Motor Neurones can also be found in the PNS. |
|
|
Term
| Define Relay Neurone and state its function |
|
Definition
| They are one of the types of neurones. These neurones are only found in the CNS. They link the Sensory Neurone and The Motor Neurone so they can get to their path. The Relay Neurone performs reflex actions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Receptor would feel something and then the impulse would be send to the Sensory Neurone, after that it would be send to the Relay Neurone, then it would go into the CNS, then it would go into the Relay Neurone again, then it would go to the Motor Neurone and it would reach to the Effector. This would cause a response and it would be stimulated. |
|
|
Term
| Define CNS and and state its function |
|
Definition
| The CNS stands for the Central Nervous System it controls most functions of the body and mind. It consists of two parts: The Brain and The Spinal Cord. The Spinal Chord serves as a conduit for signals between the Brain and the rest of the body. |
|
|
Term
| Define PNS and and state its function |
|
Definition
| The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the division of the nervous system containing all the nerves that lie outside of the central nervous system (CNS). The primary role of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the organs, limbs, and skin. |
|
|
Term
| Define Muscle Cell and state its function |
|
Definition
| Muscle is a soft tissue found in most animals. Muscle cells contain protein fibre. Muscles function to produce force and motion, by contracting and relaxing. |
|
|
Term
| Define Sperm Cell and state its function |
|
Definition
| Sperm cells are sex cells found in the male's testes. It's nucleus contains half chromosomes (Haploid Nucleus) and fertilizes with the egg cell. The two halves go together to make a full zygote. They have a long tail for swimming. |
|
|
Term
| Define Egg Cell and state its function |
|
Definition
| Egg cells are sex cells found in the women's ovaries. It's nucleus contains half chromosomes (Haploid Nucleus) and fertilizes with the sperm cell. The two halves go together to make a full zygote. |
|
|
Term
| Define Root Hair Cell and state its function |
|
Definition
| The root hair cells have lots of surface area so they can easily absorb more water and minerals from the cell. They have no chloroplasts but they have lots of mitochondria so they can perform Active Transport. |
|
|
Term
| Define Leaf Palisade Cell and state its function |
|
Definition
| Palisade Cells look like a standard Plant Cell. They have a lot of Chloroplasts for Photosynthesis. So the greenest parts of the leaf are likely the Leaf Palisade cells. |
|
|
Term
| Define Ciliated Cells and state its function |
|
Definition
| The Ciliated Cells Cilia have Cilia, the tiny hair like structures on the surface of the cell. The hairs sweep hair, mucus, trapped dust and bacteria. The are found with the Goblet Cells. The Cilia beats to push the Mucus up and away from your lungs sweeping the mucus trapped dust and bacteria up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed. Then digested by the Acid which is secreted into the Stomach. |
|
|
Term
| Define Cilia and state its function |
|
Definition
| Cilia are the tiny hair like structures on the surface of the cell. The hairs sweep hair, mucus, trapped dust and bacteria up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed. |
|
|
Term
| Define Goblet Cells and state its function |
|
Definition
| These cells are found in the lining of your Nose and Trachea (leading to your Lungs). They produce sticky Mucus which traps bacteria and dust that you may have breathed. The Goblet cells work with the Ciliated cells. The Goblet cells secretes the main component of mucus and traps the dust then the Cilia of the Ciliated Cells sweep all of it away back of the throat where it can be swallowed. Then digested by the Acid which is secreted into the Stomach. |
|
|
Term
| Define Xylem Cells and state its function |
|
Definition
| Xylem cells are dead Cells. They are a tissue not an organ. They have a Cell Wall like all plant cells but the exception is they don't have it at the top or the bottom. Lots of them line up as a tube and there is nothing inside. They just act as a way of transportation of water and minerals from the Roots to the Leaf. The Xylem also has a waterproof Lignin which makes them strong this supports the structure of the plant. |
|
|
Term
| Define an Organ and state its function |
|
Definition
| An Organ is made out of a group of tissue, working together to perform specific functions. |
|
|
Term
| Define an Organ System and state its function |
|
Definition
| An Organ system is made out of a group of Organs working together to perform a specific function. |
|
|
Term
| Define a Body function and state its function |
|
Definition
| A Body Function is a group of Organs with related functions working together to perform a system which keeps the living being alive. |
|
|
Term
| Define Diffusion and state its function |
|
Definition
| Diffusion is an essential function in living organisms. It is the net movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration down a concentration gradient until a balance is reached. |
|
|
Term
| Define Osmosis and state its function |
|
Definition
| Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential down a concentration gradient until a balance is reached through a partially permeable membrane. |
|
|
Term
| Define Active Transport and state its function |
|
Definition
| Active Transport is the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane. From a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration against the concentration gradient, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy. |
|
|
Term
State factors which affect the rate of Diffusion
At least five... |
|
Definition
1. Temperature
2. Difference in Concentration
3. Size of molecules
4. Diffusion Distance
5. Surface Area |
|
|
Term
| Does Diffusion require a Partially Permeable Membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define Gas Exchange and state its function |
|
Definition
| Gas exchange is the delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream, and the elimination of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to the lungs. It occurs in the lungs between the Aveoli and a network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries, which are located in the walls of the Alveoli. The walls are two cells thick which are from the walls of Aveoli and the Capillaries. |
|
|
Term
| Define Aerobic Respiration and state its function (Formula) |
|
Definition
Aerobic Respiration is chemical reactions that break down nutrients molecules and release energy.
Glucose + O2 ---> Energy + CO2 + H2O |
|
|
Term
| List four examples of diffusion in living organisms |
|
Definition
1. Gas Exchange
2. Osmosis
3. Sugar from intestines to blood
4. Respiration inside cells |
|
|
Term
| List three Adaptive features of Aveoli for Gas Exchange |
|
Definition
1. Thin Surface (1 cell thick (Easy for Diffusion))
2. Large Surface Area (Easy for Diffusion (Lots of Space for Diffusion!))
3. Moist Surface (Easy for Diffusion (Makes it easy for the molecules to migrate)) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Its the state of a plant cell cell as a result of loss of water from the cell. Having little to no pressure on the walls, very low turgor pressure (80% sucrose). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Its the state of a plant cell has lost some water from the cell, standing loosely having a bit of pressure on the walls, low turgor pressure (50% sucrose). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Its the state when a plant cell is full of water having pressure on the walls, high turgor pressure (pure water). |
|
|
Term
| Define Turgor Pressure and state its function |
|
Definition
| Turgor pressure is the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall. Turgor Pressure is very important as it help the plant stand upright and makes it easier to find light and do Photosynthesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Basically Plasmolysed. If for example a red blood cell is Plasmolysed it means it has lost lots of fluid which means that it would be Hypertonic. Water would move out more so I'll shrivel up. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Basically turgid. If for example a red blood cell is Turgid it means it has gain lots of fluid which means that it would be Hypotonic. Water would move in more so I'll burst. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Just Normal. Water moves in and out equally and it would have the same shape. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The state of a solution in respect of osmotic pressure (eg. Isotonic, Hypertonic, Hypotonic) |
|
|
Term
| Define Partially Permeable Membrane and state its function |
|
Definition
| It is a membrane that is permeable to the small molecules of water and certain solutes but does not allow the passage of large solute molecules. |
|
|
