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| the brain, the mind, and the behavior aare all products of natural selection and evolution |
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| Parts of Natural Selection |
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| Variation, heritability, and adaptation |
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| parental investment theory |
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| the sex that invests graeter resources in offspring will evolve to be more discriminating, the less investing partner will be less discriminating and more competetive |
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high female, low male investment
mammals
leads to sexual dimorphism (men hieght) |
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equal investment.
90% of birds, foxes, coyotes, rodents
little dimorphism |
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polygamouus meadow voles have males that range a loooot farther and do better in mazes than females.
Male and female prarie voles do about the same amount of ranging |
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| hippocampal volume and voles |
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| hippocampal volume is larger in polygamous meadow voles (esp. male) |
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| high male, low female investment. females are bigger, more aggressive, etc. |
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| parental investment by group. bonobos! harmonious paternity confusion |
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| sex differences in humans |
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| guys are ready to go a lot faster, and want more partners (short term commitments) |
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| naturalism does not mean ethical |
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| important, signal for mate value. innate and universal |
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| femonized are more attractive, it was thought that averageness was a plus, but nnot really |
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| we'll associate things and make future decisions based on that! |
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CS + UCS -> UCR
then CS -> CR |
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| some things disgust everyone! |
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| watson and classical conditioning babe |
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| baby albert fears the rat |
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| contextual conditioning is dependent on what? |
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Definition
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| classical conditioning parts |
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| acqusition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery |
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| extension of a CR from CS to a similar stimulus |
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| why worry about cognition, focus on behavior. deterministic cause and effect. environment plays a strong role in molding behavior |
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| process of changing behavior by following response with reinforcement |
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| law of effect (thorndike) |
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| responses that produce a statisfying effect in a particulusr situation become more likely to occur again, and opposite |
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| cat in a puzzle box got better |
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| establish new responses by reinforcing successive approximations to it |
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| reinforce behaviors by opportunities to engage in next behavior (sea world) |
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| rats and operant conditioning |
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| remote controlled! signal right or left movement based on whisker neuorons, when compliant reward neurons stimulated |
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| reinforcement increases probability of repetition, punishment decreases |
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| ur and cr (associated with ur, eg degree) |
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| schedules of reinforcemtn |
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Definition
continous (every time) or intermittent
intermittent can be
= ratio (depends on # of responses given)
- interval (amount of time)_
-= variable
- fixed ratio (after a # of correct responses)
variable interval (time)
- fixed interval |
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| too little or too much associated with higher death rate (ideal 7) |
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| deprived on one hour's sleep performed less well on tests for reaction time, recall, and responsiveness. extended sleepers got better! |
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1, 2, 3 and 4 (34 deep delta) 1 and REM
attentive means beta, nonattentive means alpha |
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| goes more to REM (longer too) as night goes on |
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restoration (marathoners go more for deep)
preservation (preserve energy and safety) |
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| light helps! easier going east to west |
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| deprivation makes you irritable and the body get more, get less as you age, |
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| manifest content, latent content. subjective and nonfalsifiable |
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neural esercise (prevents neuronal degeneration, dreams are side effects of random activity)
memory consolidation
fear extinction |
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| trained to press a button if you saw a visual target, improvement more marked after sleeping (but only after 6 hours of sleep)more sws and rem sleep meant more inprovement |
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| peak performance is achieved with less arousal as the task gets more challenging |
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high anxiety, overattending.
perform for yourself, set realistic goals, meditate to relax, and be positive! |
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| sternberg's triangular theory |
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Definition
| intimacy, passion, and commitment |
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| proximity, famililiarity, similarity, competence, attractiveness, gain-loss, and misattribution of arousal |
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| frizzy wig, blind date computer dance |
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| running in place, centerfold, shock |
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| behaviors convey risks or protet against disease, emotion can influence etiology and progression of disease |
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| given a disease, symptoms more likely in strssed out participants |
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| better socioeconomic status means lower morality and morbidity rate |
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| social networks and health |
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| more diverse social networks mean healthier |
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| higher risk of heart attack (irritabliity and hostility most imporant indicators) |
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| stress and working memory |
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| stress causes PKC which disrupts working memory (monkeys locations remember) blocking PKC blocks impariment |
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| repressive, rational, and reframing |
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| sad :( exposure therappy. heightened activity in caudate nucleus (habit learning mechanism, drug therapy to decrease activity work) |
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| intense, irrational fear. most are learned, treated wtih therapy or medication |
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| flooding (implosion) or systematic desensitization |
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| mental disorders - biological perspective |
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Definition
| denetic facotrs, brain chem, hormones, or disease |
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| mental disorders - socioculutral |
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Definition
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| mental disorders - psychological perspective |
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| psychodynamic (unresolved conflicts) or cognitive and behavoiral (learned, maladaptive habits or thinking and behavior) |
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| emotional support, listen, positive distraction, communicate with therapist, share time with others, have realistic expectations |
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| smaller hippocampus means more vulnerable |
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| blocks strong memory formation, treat ptsd? |
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| reminding of fear opens up learning pathways to limit spontaneous recovery (extinction needs to be soon after reminder). reconsolidation. |
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| biological factors of depression |
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Definition
reduced monoamines (arousal and motivation -- serotonin, etc.)
antidepressents can help |
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| cognitive bases for depresssion |
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Definition
| stable and global attributional style leads to negative thoghts craeting a vicious triangle |
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| helps question the validity of negative beliefs, how to form more valid ones |
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| thrapy v. drugs for depression |
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| thrapy as good as drugs agfter 16 weeks, therapy better after a year |
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| more prone to depression if? |
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Definition
| you have two short alleles in 5-HTTLPR gene |
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| culture gene co evolution. collectivism buiffers against anxiety and mood disorder (antipsycholopathology) |
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