- Fa and Fb bind to the antigen

-Fc portion of the antibody binds to the phagocytic cell

- B cell requires help from the T cell in order to be activated

- T cell produces IL-4 and IL-5 to activate the B cell

- B cell doesnt require T cell help in order to become active

- B cell only produces IgM

- There are no memory cells

1. mix macrophages with chromated sRBC

2. Remove unbound RBCs

3. Use ammonium chloride to remove the bound RBCs

4. Use NaOH to digest Macrophages, and determine the amount of digestion based on the radioactivity

1. Mix macrophage and latex spheres

2. Use methylene blue for staining and count number of spheres ingested

1. Take splenocytes from xenobiotic exposed & unexposed animals

2. Add 51 Cr Tumor Cells. NK cells will destroy tumor cells and release 51Cr

3. Supernatant removal & counting

1. Immunize control & exposed mice with sRBC; mounts an anti-sRBC antibody response

2. After 4 days, remove spleens

3. Mix splenocytes with sRBC, complement, & agar

4. Incubate 3hrs, 37C

5. IgM & C' binding results in lysis of RBCs

6. The destroyed RBCs form a plaque

- add splenocytes plus LPS (lipopolysaccride) or PHA (phytohemoglutane)

-LPS activated B cells

-PHA activated T cells

1. Bind antigen to plate

2. Add primary antibody from sera. Incubate

3. Add secondary antibody that is enzyme coupled

4. Add chromogen, it will react with the enzymes and produce color.

- machine sorts out cells

- Orange CD8+

- Green CD4+

1. Mix splenocytes with mastocytoma (target) cells

2. 5 day: sensitization period

3. Memory CTL plus 51-Cr-Target cells

4. Target cells lysis by memory cells

5. Supernatant counting

CTL

Cytotoxic lymphocyte assay

1. splenocytes + target cells

2. sensitization phase

3. memory CTL + 51Cr-Target Cells

4. Lysis of target cells by CTL

5. Supernatant counting

DHR

Delayed Hypersensitivity Response

1. Mice sensitization to KLH SQ

2. Give IV 125 I-iododeoxyuridine to label mononuclear cells

3. 1 day later: ID challenge with KLH (in one ear)

4. 1 day later: Ear biopsy

-can cause thymic depletion

T cell effects: decreased MLR, DTH, cell proliferation

Macrophage effects: increased mortality after Listeria monocytogenes, Trichinella spiralis, and transplanted tumors

- suppression of macrophage function

- suppression of cell mediated responses

- intracellular binding & lymphocyte depletion

- T cell apoptosis

Suppression of:

- lymphoproliferation, CTL, NK

- Macrophage accessory function

- IL1 synthesis by Macs, IL 2 from T cells

- Humoral response

- antineoplastic

-blocks cell replication

- suppresses humoral & cell mediated response

- suppresses Ig production, MLR, DHR, CTL

- anti-inflammatory properties

- decreases PMN and monocyte numbers

- suppresses IgG & CMI: DHR, MLR, GVR

- hepato- and nephrotoxicity are limiting factors

- specific to T cells through TCR

- inhibits IL2 gene transcription and T cell proliferation

- inhibits IL 2 stimulated T cell proliferation

- blocks cell cycle progression from G1 to S

- alters humoral and cell mediated responses

- alters host resistance

- inhibits macrophage killing ability, by decreasing superoxide production

- induces TGFB

- increase pulmonary infections

- depletes T & B cells in the spleen

and T cells in the thymus

- decreased PMN chemotaxis

- Inhibits PFC response

- Inhibits T cell response to mitogens & to IL2

- macrophages increase in number

- IL 1 production and PMN recruitment

- increased cytoplasmic inclusions in Macs

- decreased phagocytic & bactericidal activity

- increased susceptibility to viral infections

- decreased serum Ig, NK activity, and antibody response

- Anaphylactic

- IgE

Local: Food allergy, rhinitis, asthma, dermatitis

Generalized: Anaphylactic shock

-Cytotoxic

- IgM or IgG

- complement fixation

example: blood transfusion reaction

- immune complex

- IgG

- antigen-antibody complex

- serum sickness

-hypersensitivity pneumonitis

- Delayed Type

- macrophage and T cells

- 1903: repeated exposure of rabbits to horse serum

Results: erythema, edema, hemorrhage

- Type 3 reaction

- Reaction to horse antisera for diphtheria and tetanus

Results: fever, rashes, swollen joints

- Apoptosis of ab TCR cells for high affinity for self antigens

- Generation of suppressor T cells

- Sequestration of self antigens: CNS, DNA, RNA

- most common agent involved in drug allergy

- responsible for 75% of deaths due to anaphylaxis

-Type 2: IgG against penicillin bound to RBC

-Type 3: Serum Sickness

-Type 4: Eczema after topical application

- contact dermatitis due to chemical additives

- IgE due to latex proteins

- water soluble, a haptan for proteins

- occupational exposure associated with asthma

- oxidized by CP450 to trifluoroacetylhalide and binds to liver protein

- autoimmune hepatitis

- autoimmune disease

- may acts as an amino acid and become incorporated into protein