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X-Ray Technology
X-Ray
114
Health Care
Professional
07/25/2013
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Term
1.       The x-ray machine is made up of these 3 parts.
 Definition
1) GENERATOR, 2) X-RAY TUBE, 3) CONTROL CONSOLE
Term
2.       The _____ of the x-ray machine is the source of electrical power to the x-ray tube which produces the x-rays.
 Definition
GENERATOR
Term
3.       4 components of the x-ray tube.
 Definition
1) GLASS ENVELOPE, 2) EXIT WINDOW, 3) CATHODE, 4) ANODE
Term
4.       The glass envelope contains a _____ which is necessary in the production of the x-rays.
 Definition
VACUUM
Term
5.       The _____ of the tube is made up of lead-lined steel or aluminum and contains oil.
 Definition
HOUSING OF THE TUBE
Term
6.       The _____ of the tube allows the useful x-rays to leave the tube.
 Definition
EXIT WINDOW
Term
7.       The _____ of the tube is the negative electrode, and consists of small and large filaments with a metallic focusing cup.
 Definition
CATHODE
Term
8.       The _____ filaments of the cathode are used for larger objects, and result in a shorter exposure time.
 Definition
LARGE FILAMENTS
Term
9.       Large filaments produce a film that shows _____ detail, and it _____ the penumbra (blurred margins around the image).
 Definition
LESS; INCREASES
Term
10.   The _____ filaments of the cathode are used for smaller targets.
 Definition
SMALLER FILAMENTS
Term
11.   Smaller filaments of the cathode require a _____ exposure time, and produce a sharper image with _____ penumbra.
 Definition
LONGER; LESS
Term
12.   The cathode has a _____ which focuses the beam of electrons on to the anode plate.
 Definition
FOCUSING CUP
Term
13.   The _____ is aka the target plate, and is the positively charged portion of the tube.
 Definition
ANODE
Term
14.   The anode is made of _____ filaments embedded in _____.
 Definition
TUNGSTEN; COPPER
Term
15.   The anode has a _____ from which the x-rays are generated.
 Definition
FOCAL SPOT
Term
16.   The target plate (anode) is slanted at an angle of _____deg which allows the x-rays to leave the tube.
 Definition
12DEG
Term
17.   3 fates of x-rays after they leave the tube.
 Definition
1) SOME ARE TOTALLY ABSORBED BY THE TARGET, 2) SOME ARE PARTIALLY ABSORBED, 3) OTHERS PASS THROUGH UNAFFECTED
Term
18.   2 types of radiation produced when taking x-rays.
 Definition
CHARACTERISTIC AND BREMSSTRAHLUNG
Term
19.   _____ radiation makes up 10-15% of the x-ray beam and does not contribute to the formation of the image.
 Definition
CHARACTERISTIC RADIATION
Term
20.   _____ radiation makes up 85-90% of the x-ray beam, and this is what creates the image.
 Definition
BREMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATION
Term
21.   Bremsstrahlung radiation is also known as _____ radiation.
 Definition
BRAKING RADIATION
Term
22.   When radiation passes through an object, a large amount of the rays are deflected or scattered. These deflected x-rays create _____ on the film.
 Definition
FOG
Term
23.   The primary form of scatter is known as the _____, and this interacts with matter causing ionizing radiation which may damage tissue (like fat) which contains lots of hydrogen atoms.
 Definition
COMPTON EFFECT
Term
24.   A _____ placed between the patient and the film reduces the amount of scatter radiation that reaches the film.
 Definition
GRID
Term
25.   Some of the x-rays are completely absorbed by the patient and produces the _____ which has not effect on the film; however it contributes to radiographic noise.
 Definition
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
Term
26.   _____ is the term used to describe unwanted radiographic densities on the film that tends to obstruct the viewing of the structural details of the film.
 Definition
RADIOGRAPHIC NOISE
Term
27.   These are the 2 types of radiographic noise.
 Definition
ARTIFACTS AND MOTTLE
Term
28.   This type of radiographic noise is caused by objects in or on the plate like necklaces, rubber bands, or implanted medical devices.
 Definition
ARTIFACTS
Term
29.   These are the 3 types of mottle radiographic noise.
 Definition
1) QUANTUM, 2) STRUCTURE MOTTLE, 3) FILM GRANINESS
Term
30.   _____ is defined as the variation in density and uniformly exposed film that results from the random spatial distribution of x-rays absorbed in the screen.
 Definition
QUANTUM MOTTLE
Term
31.   Scatter radiation can be affected by any of these 4 factors.
 Definition
1) BEAM SIZE, 2) FIELD SIZE, 3) USE OF GRIDS, 4) SIZE OF THE PATIENT
Term
32.   6 ways to reduce scatter radiation.
 Definition
1) REDUCE THE BEAM SIZE, 2) INCREASE KVP, 3) REDUCING THE FIELD SIZE, 4) USING A COLLIMATOR, 5) USING A GRID, 6) USING THE AIR-GAP TECHNIQUE
Term
33.   The grid is made up of lead or aluminum strips, and can be arranged in these 3 ways.
 Definition
1) PARALLEL, 2) CROSSED, 3) FOCUSED
Term
34.   The purpose of the _____ is to allow useful x-rays (remnant radiation) to pass through and to absorb scatter radiation.
 Definition
GRID
Term
35.   The grid _____ film fog, _____ contrast, and _____ the penumbra.
 Definition
REDUCES, INCREASES, DECREASES
Term
36.   The _____ refers to the distance between the object and the film (object film distance OFD).
 Definition
AIR-GAP TECHNIQUE
Term
37.   Reducing the OFD will _____ scatter; however it will distort the image by _____.
 Definition
REDUCE; MAGNIFICATION
Term
38.   The generator produces an _____ current which heats up the filament causing themionic emissions.
 Definition
AC CURRENT
Term
39.   _____ refers to the boiling off of electrons from the heated filament. THERMIONIC EMISSION
 Definition
THERMIONIC EMISSION
Term
40.   The current is measured in _____.
 Definition
MILLIAMPS (mA)
Term
41.   Increasing the amperage of current, increases the temperature of the filament and increases the amount of _____ generated.
 Definition
ELECTRONS
Term
42.   A _____ current is then applied to the tube which forces the electrons towards the anode at very high speeds. HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT. A _____ is needed to convert the AC current to DC.
 Definition
RECTIFIER
Term
43.   The voltage of x-ray units is measured in _____ and this affects the speed of the electrons.
 Definition
Kvp
Term
44.   The anode reacts to these speeding electrons by producing _____ (99%) and _____ (1%).
 Definition
HEAT AND ELECTRONS
Term
45.   As x-rays leave the tube, they pass through the _____ and the _____.
 Definition
PORT FILTERS AND THE COLLIMATOR
Term
46.   _____ are used to prevent x-rays from passing through sensitive areas of the patient such as the gonads or thyroid gland.
 Definition
LEAD SHIELDS
Term
47.   The _____ are made up of aluminum, and they decrease the amount of radiation the patient is exposed to.
 Definition
PORT FILTERS
Term
48.   The _____ is a device that is made up of 2 layers of metal laid at right angles to each other. This restricts the size of the x-ray beam, thus reducing the amount of radiation the patient is exposed to. It also reduces scatter and improves film quality.
 Definition
COLLIMATOR
Term
49.   Most control consoles have these 5 parts.
 Definition
1) SURGE PROTECTOR, 2) kVp, 3) mA, 4) TIMING (mAs), 5) EXPOSURE REGULATORS
Term
50.   Any fluctuation in the voltage can affect the quality of the film, so a _____ is used to prevent any surges while taking the film.
 Definition
SURGE PROTECTOR
Term
51.   What are the 2 kVp regulators in the control console?
 Definition
1) ONE TO MAKE LARGE CHANGES IN INCREMENTS OF 10, 2) ONE TO SMAKE SMALL CHANGES IN INCREMENTS OF 1’S OR 2’S
Term
52.   Increasing the mA brings the _____ filaments into place, while reducing the mA brings the _____ filaments into play.
 Definition
LARGER; SMALLER
Term
53.   Increasing the mA results in a _____ exposure time, but it _____ penumbra.
 Definition
SHORTER; INCREASES
Term
54.   Decreasing the mA results in a _____ exposure time, but produces a _____ image.
 Definition
LONGER; SHARPER
Term
55.   Some of the old x-ray consoles have a _____ which controls the duration of the exposure of the patient to radiation.
 Definition
TIMER (mAs)
Term
56.   The greater the mA, the _____ the exposure time (mAs).
 Definition
SHORTER
Term
57.   What are the functions of the 2 exposure switches?
 Definition
THE 1ST SWITCH ACTIVATES THE X-RAY TUBE; WHILE THE 2ND SWITCH ENERGIZES THE ANODE AND CATHODE TO PRODUCE THE X-RAYS
Term
58.   The _____ refers to the height of lead strips divided by the distance between the strips on the grid.
 Definition
GRID RATIO
Term
59.   The _____ the grid ratio the greater the clean up effect and the smaller the scatter radiation.
 Definition
HIGHER
Term
60.   What is the best grid ratio?
 Definition
0.67
Term
61.   The screen is made up of large and small _____ crystals. X-rays cause the crystals in the screen to fluoresce and this causes the film to be exposed.
 Definition
PHOSPHORUS
Term
62.   The large phosphorus crystals cause _____ light to the film, but _____ the details.
 Definition
INCREASE; DECREASE
Term
63.   The small phosphorus crystals _____ the light and _____ the details.
 Definition
DECREASE; INCREASE
Term
64.   The film consists of plastic in which _____ crystals are embedded in an emulsion of gelatin. This is sensitive to the light emitted by the screens as well as the x-rays.
 Definition
HALIDE CRYSTALS
Term
65.   Once the film has been exposed, it is then manually or automatically processed. If this is done manually, it requires a dark room with a safe light. The safe light is a source with a _____ filter in the darkroom at least 4 feet away from the working table.
 Definition
RED FILTER
Term
66.   6 steps in the process of developing x-ray films.
 Definition
1) PRE-WET THE FILM TO UNIFORMLY ALLOW CHEMICALS TO PENETRATE THE EMULSION, 2) DEVELOP THE FILM, PLACING THE FILM IN THE DEVELOPER SOLUTION FOR 5 SECONDS, 3) STOP BATH AND PLACE FILM UNDER WATER WITH DILUTE ACETIC ACID FOR 30SEC, 4) PLACE THE FILM IN THE FIXER SOLUTION OF SODIUM THIOSULFITE FOR 10MIN, 5) WASH TO REMOVE DEVELOPER AND FIXER, 6) DRY BY BLOWING WARM CLEAN AIR OVER THE FILM
Term
67.   _____ refers to the overall blackness of the film and it is directly proportional to kVp and mA.
 Definition
DENSITY
Term
68.   _____ refers to the differences in the shades of gray in the film.
 Definition
CONTRAST
Term
69.   _____ contrast is recommended for soft tissues.
 Definition
LOW CONTRAST (HIGH kVp)
Term
70.   _____ contrast is recommended for bone.
 Definition
HIGH CONTRAST (LOW kVp)
Term
71.   _____ refers to how clear the x-ray structures can be visualized.
 Definition
DETAIL
Term
72.   If you need to see an increase in detail, then increase the _____ and decrease the _____.
 Definition
INCREASE FFD; DECREASE OFD
Term
73.   The _____ is the distance between the x-ray tube and the film.
 Definition
FILM FOCAL DISTANCE (FFD)
Term
74.   The 2 normal FFD’s are usually _____ or _____ inches.
 Definition
40”; 72”
Term
75.   The _____ is the distance between the patient and the film.
 Definition
OBJECT FILM DISTANCE (OFD)
Term
76.   Increasing the OFD will result in _____ of the image; which increased distortion and the size and shape of the object.
 Definition
MAGNIFICATION
Term
77.   A FFD of 40 inches exposes the patient to _____ radiation; _____ penumbra, _____ magnification and distortion, and _____ the details.
 Definition
MORE; INCREASES; DECREASES
Term
78.   The _____ refers to blurred margins around an x-ray image.
 Definition
PNEUMBRA
Term
79.   _____ refers to the sharp margins around the image.
 Definition
UMBRA
Term
80.   A FFD of 72 inches exposes the patient to _____ radiation; _____ the penumbra; and _____ magnification, and _____ the detail.
 Definition
LESS; REDUCES; DECREASES; INCREASES
Term
81.   What does the inverse square law mean?
 Definition
RADIATION INTENSITY IS INVERSELY RELATED TO THE SQUARE OF THE FFD
Term
82.   Doubling the FFD reduces the intensity by ¼; this requires a _____ fold compensatory increase of the mAs to have the same intensity.
 Definition
4-FOLD
Term
83.   Increasing the kVP (speed of electrons) _____ the contrast.
 Definition
DECREASES
Term
84.   Increasing the quantity of electrons (mA) _____ the exposure time.
 Definition
SHORTENS
Term
85.   What does the 50/15 rule state?
 Definition
A 50% DECREASE IN THE mAs IS EQUIVALENT TO A 15% INCREASE IN THE kVp
Term
86.   A _____ of the mAs is equivalent to a 15% decrease in the kVp.
 Definition
DOUBLING
Term
87.   What does the 16:20 rule state?
 Definition
IF YOU DECREASE THE kVp BY 16% IT WILL HALVE THE FILM DENSITY
Term
88.   Increase the kVp by _____% and you will double the density of the film.
 Definition
20.00000%
Term
89.   If you increase the kVp by 20%, scatter radiation and fog will _____.
 Definition
INCREASE
Term
90.   Decrease the _____ and you will reduce scatter, decrease film fog and decrease the film density.
 Definition
KVP
Term
91.   The _____ is the bottom part of the anode.
 Definition
HEEL
Term
92.   The strength of the x-ray beam is not uniform as it travels toward the patient. It is stronger on the _____ side of the tube, and weaker on the _____ side.
 Definition
STRONGER ON CATHODE AND WEAKER ON ANODE
Term
93.   X-rays coming from the _____ of the patient have to transverse a greater thickness of the patient than those coming from the cathode side.
 Definition
ANODE
Term
94.   Should you place the anode or cathode side of the tube to the larger to fatter part of the object?
 Definition
CATHODE (FAT-CAT!)
Term
95.   A _____ film will be caused due to inadequate developer.
 Definition
BROWN
Term
96.   A _____ film will result from insufficient washing.
 Definition
GREASY
Term
97.   3 causes of foggy films.
 Definition
1) OLD FILM, 2) CONTAMINATED CHEMICALS, 3) SCATTER RADIATION
Term
98.   _____ is caused by inadequate fixing of the film during development.
 Definition
SOFT EMULSION
Term
99.   _____ of the film will cause it to be too light.
 Definition
UNDEREXPOSING
Term
100.                        If a film is underexposed then increase the _____.
 Definition
mAs
Term
101.                        _____ of the film will cause it to be too dark.
 Definition
OVEREXPOSURE
Term
102.                        If a film is overexposed then decrease the _____.
 Definition
mAs
Term
103.                        The _____ law states that radiosensitivity of tissue is directly proportional to a rate at which the tissue multiplies. The more rapid a tissue grows the more susceptible it is to damage.
 Definition
BERGONIE-TRIBONDEAU LAW
Term
104.                        5 radiosensitive tissues listed form most to least sensitive.
 Definition
1) GONADS, 2) BONE MARROW, 3) LYMPHOID TISSUE, 4) COLON, 5) LUNGS
Term
105.                        3 types of radioresistant tissues.
 Definition
1) BRAIN, 2) SPINAL CORD, 3) MUSCLE
Term
106.                        Radiosensitive tissues should be _____ when it is necessary.
 Definition
SHIELDED
Term
107.                        _____ refers to the thickness of a material needed to attenuate intensity of the x-ray by 50%.
 Definition
HAL LAYER VALUE (HLV)
Term
108.                        _____ is the unit of ionizing radiation affecting man.
 Definition
ROENTGEN EQUIVALENT IN MAN (REM)
Term
109.                        _____ is a unit of ionizing radiation absorbed dose equivalent to 100 Rems.
 Definition
SIVERT
Term
110.                        _____ is the radiation absorbed dose.
 Definition
RAD
Term
111.                        _____ is the relative biological effectiveness.
 Definition
RBE
Term
112.                        The _____ of the x-ray governs the penetrating power of the x-rays.
 Definition
VOLTAGE (kVp)
Term
113.                        The _____ of the x-ray governs the amount of x-rays.
 Definition
AMPERAGE (mA)
Term
114. 7 factors that would decrease patient exposure dose.
 Definition
1) USE A COLLIMATOR, 2) DECREASE KVP, 3) DECREASE MA, 4) USE A SHIELD, 5) USE BEAM RESTRICTORS, 6) DECREASE EXPOSURE TIME, 7) INCREASE FFD
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