Term
| Please give the two ‘Golden Rules of X-ray film processing, as given in the notes. |
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Definition
Rule #1
i. Standardize procedures – lack of following a procedure increases the risk of poor quality film
Rule #2
i. Keep darkroom & equipment clean - ignored routine maintenance leads to poor quality film |
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Term
| What are the two areas of work that need to be kept separate regarding Darkroom design as given in the notes? |
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Definition
a. Wet area - for handling chemicals and processing film
b. Dry area – For loading and unloading cassettes |
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Term
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Definition
| For loading and unloading cassettes |
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Term
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Definition
| for handling chemicals and processing film |
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Term
| In the Darkroom Design, the plumbing is used to mix the Developer Chemicals for processing the film. What is done with the Developer fluid when it needs changing as given in the notes? |
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Definition
i. Spent developer & water can go down the drain
ii. Spent fixer must go into a silver reclaiming bucket 1st, then down the drain after the silver is removed |
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Term
| Of the available darkroom doors which type is noted as the most feasible & cost effective, as given in the notes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Please explain the recommended wall color of a ‘Darkroom’ for X-ray film processing, as given in the notes. |
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Definition
| Light pastel recommended (yellow semi-gloss) |
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Term
| What type of overhead light is recommended for the darkroom, as given in the notes? |
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Definition
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Term
| When considering Safelight sources in your Darkroom, how is the film sensitivity to light changed after exposure to X-ray as given in the notes? |
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Definition
| Exposed film is 10X more sensitive to light of any frequency & wavelength than unexposed film |
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Term
| What is the difference in tank & automatic processing regarding the time it takes to complete the process, as given in the notes? |
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Definition
a. Manual (hand tanking) processing (1hr)
b. Automatic Processing (90 sec) |
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Term
| How long does manual processing take? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long does automatic processing take? |
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Definition
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Term
| Please list the probable causes of the nine ‘Artifacts’ seen on X-ray film, as given in the notes. |
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Definition
| Guide Shoe Marks, Pi Lines, Crescent Moon (finger nail marks), Chemical fog, Curtain effect, static, light or radiation, emulsion pick off, & Hyper/Hyporetension |
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Term
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Definition
| rough handling of rollers during cleaning, causing warped plastic rollers |
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Term
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Definition
| dirty rollers or flat edge on roller |
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Term
| Crescent Moon (finger nail marks)causes: |
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Definition
| kinking film with finger or nail |
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Term
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Definition
| inadequate or improper chemistry |
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Term
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Definition
| chemistry not being squeezed from film due to warped rollers or processor is running too slow |
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Term
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Definition
| static in the dark room –NO CARPET! |
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Term
| light or radiation causes |
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Definition
| light leaks, primary beam, safe light too close |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Hyper/Hyporetension causes |
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Definition
| not all of the (fixer) thiosulfate is removed in the wash. Wash water contaminated-not clean |
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Term
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Definition
| Recommends and communicates radiation protection policy outside the US |
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Term
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Definition
| Recommends and communicates radiation protection policy in US |
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Term
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Definition
| Federal agency that enforces the radiation standards in the US |
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Term
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Definition
| Establishes standards for the manufacture and maintenance of radiation emitting equipment |
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Term
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Definition
| Tracks long-term effects of atomic bomb blasts and nuclear disasters |
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Term
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Definition
| Tracks trends in natural background radiation (NBR) and man made usage of radiation and their effects on populations |
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Term
| What is the dose limit set for patients as outlined in the NCRP Report No. 116 (1994) on Limitations of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation, as given in the notes? |
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Definition
| No dose limit set for patients |
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Term
| List the three types of Radiation Detection Devices, as listed in the notes. |
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Definition
a. Geiger Counters
b. Scintillation Counters
c. Ionization Chambers |
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Term
| Which of the three radiation detection devices is used measure accumulated dose in tissue, as given in the notes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Please list the three types of ‘Dosimeters, as given in the notes. |
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Definition
Film Badge
Thermoluminescent dosimeter
Pocket Dosimeter |
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Term
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Definition
Photographic film in small plastic holder clipped to clothing
Sensitive to gamma and X-Rays |
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Term
| Thermoluminescent dosimeter |
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Definition
i. Li or Ca crystals in a plastic holder attached to clothes
ii. When crystals are heated in spectral photometers they give off visible light |
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Term
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Definition
i. Pencil shaped device worn on coat shirt
ii. Immediate readout
iii. Use in higher radiation areas where immediate feedback is required |
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Term
| Disadvantages of the Film Badge |
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Definition
i. Read as low as 10 mR, but can be inaccurate below 50 mR – 80% accurate
ii. Sensitized by heat, pressure
iii. Highly variable beyond one months use
iv. Only measures in area worn |
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Term
| Disadvantages of the Thermoluminescent dosimeter |
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Definition
i. Cost
ii. No permanent record
iii. Has to be calibrated with each use
iv. Only measures in area worn |
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Term
| Disadvantages of the Pocket dosimeter |
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Definition
i. Cost
ii. Records must be maintained on regular basis
iii. No permanent record created
iv. Unit can discharge if exposed to mechanical shock
v. Only measures in area worn |
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Term
| Advantages of the Film Badge |
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Definition
i. Cost
ii. Creates permanent record
iii. Differentiates between different types of radiation |
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Term
| Advantages of the Thermoluminescent dosimeter |
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Definition
i. Sensitive and accurate to as low as 5 mR
ii. Can be worn up to 3 months
iii. Reusable |
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Term
| Advantages of the Pocket dosimeter |
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Definition
i. Used to monitor shorter exposure periods
ii. Immediate readout allows monitoring high doses from high exposure areas
iii. Reasonably accurate |
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Term
| What is a Primary Protection Barrier, as given in the notes? |
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Definition
| Any wall the primary beam can be pointed at |
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Term
| What is a Secondary Protection Barrier, as given in the notes? |
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Definition
| Any wall in the exposure room NOT exposed to the primary beam used to stop scatter and leakage radiation |
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Term
| What is the Effective Dose allowed regarding fetal dose limits of a pregnant radiologist technologist, as given in the notes? |
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Definition
| 0.5 rem/9 months. Not to exceed 0.05 rem/month |
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Term
| Which tissues are more sensitive to Radiation Exposure and why as given in the notes? |
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Definition
| Biologic tissues are more sensitive when irradiated |
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Term
| Which gender, biologically, appears to be more Radio-sensitive regarding lethal doses? |
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Definition
| Women appear to be able to survive %5 to 10% more radiation then men, especially regarding lethal doses. |
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Term
| Explain LET as given in the notes. |
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Definition
a. Unit devised to account for all the energy liberated along the path of an ionizing particle
b. As LET increases = increase in ability to produce biological response.
c. High LET particles (tissue) more likely to produce change because their energy transfer interactions occur more closely together |
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Term
| How does LET relate to biological effects as given in the notes? |
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Definition
Alpha particles are high LET
i. Do not penetrate well, but transfer a lot of energy per micron of tissue… stay in the body and ultimately kill the exposed tissue cells
ii. Good for superficial malignancies |
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Term
| How does Medical X-ray stand regarding LET and biological effects as given in the notes? |
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Definition
X-Ray is Low-LET
i. Less energy dump into tissues
ii. Interactions sporadic |
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Term
| What is number of “rads” of exposure given for the Hematologic Syndrome as given in the notes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is number of “rads” of exposure given for the Gastrointestinal Syndrome as given in the notes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is number of “rads” of exposure given for the CNS Syndrome as given in the notes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the listed rads-dose of exposure causing acute radiation poisoning known to cause death within hours to 3 days, as given in the notes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is it highly recommended to do breast shielding teenage girls as given in the notes? |
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Definition
| Women in their teens (puberty- hormonal changes and breast development) appear to be at higher risk for developing breast cancer later in life |
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Term
| Exposure to Radiation to the developing embryo may produce |
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Definition
i. Growth retardation
ii. Congenital malformation
iii. Death |
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Term
| Human and animal studies suggest that teratogenic and developmental effects are minimal with exposures below |
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Definition
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Term
| Genetic and anatomic defects occur spontaneously in |
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Definition
i. 13% of live births
ii. 25% of all conceptions and result in prenatal death |
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Term
| The effects of radiation on the developing embryo and fetus greatly depend on the stage of development at the time of exposure |
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Definition
| i. During the growth and development period, may lead to growth retardation and microcephaly/retardation |
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Term
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Definition
i. 50% greater than to adult female
ii. dose of 2-4 rads doubles the risk of fatal cancer in the first 10 years |
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Term
| Inadvertent exposure of a fetus of less than ___ rads from a dx x-ray does not usually mandate therapeutic abortion because major congenital malformations are unlikely to occur under ______ rads. |
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Definition
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