Term
| Carbon typically makes how many bonds? In regards to electrons, what else can we call Carbon? |
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Definition
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Term
| Nitrogen typically makes how many bonds? In regards to electrons, what else can we call nitrogen? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Charge separation x bond length |
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Term
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Definition
| group # - # nonbonding electrons -1/2 shared electrons |
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Term
| What are the rules for resonance hybrids? |
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Definition
1. Valid Lewis structures
2 Only placement of electrons can shift, bond angles remain the same.
3. Number unpaired electrons remain the same.
4. Major contributor is lower energy.
5. Resonance stabilization is important when delocalizing charges over 2 atoms |
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Term
Structural effects on acidity: electronegativity, size, resonance stabilization
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Definition
EN= directly related to acid strength
Size= directly related to acid strength
Resonance Stabilization= More basic of ion has negative charge spread over less atoms. |
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Term
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Definition
Electron donor
Electron Acceptor |
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Term
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Definition
| more elecron density along line connecting nuclei, more common |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 p-orbitals oriented perpendicular to the line connecting the nuclei, electron density above/below this line |
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Term
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Definition
results in linear (180 deg) bond angle,
2 things attached to central atom |
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Term
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Definition
| results in 120 deg bond angle, trigonal geometry w/ sometimes one unybridized pz perpendicular to the 3 sp2's. |
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Term
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Definition
| results in tetrahedral geometry, 109.5 deg bond angle, 4 bonding atoms |
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Term
| Rules of hybridization and geometry |
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Definition
1. sigma-bonding electrons and lone pairs CAN occupy hybrid
2. Use widest separatio, lone pairs want more space
3. In multiple bonding, 1st is a sigma, 2nd and 3rd are pi |
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Term
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Definition
| different in rotation about a single bond |
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Term
Constitutional isomer
(structural isomer) |
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Definition
| different in bonding sequence, increase as number of carbson increase due to carbon branching |
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Term
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Definition
| different with how atoms are oriented in space |
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Term
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Definition
similar group on same side
similar group on opposite sides |
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Term
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Definition
| Single bond, "--ane" suffix, undergo few rxns because have no fxnl groups. |
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Term
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Definition
alkane PORTION of a molecule with 1 hydrogen gone to allow functional group
"R" |
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Term
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Definition
have a c-c double bond, "--ene" suffix, cis-trans isomerism common
if double bond switches, position denoted as a number (i.e. 1 versus 3-butanol) |
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Term
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Definition
| c-c triple bond, "--yne" suffix, linear molecules |
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Term
aromatic hydrocarbons
(arenes) |
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Definition
may be derivatives of benzene ("Ph")
"Ar" |
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Term
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Definition
hydroxyl functional group, most polar
"R-OH" |
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Term
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Definition
2 alkyls with oxygen, polar but no H-bonding
R-O-R |
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Term
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Definition
Both have carbonyl (c=o) fxnal group, semi-sol in H2O
Ketone= Rc=OR', "--one" suffix
Aldehyde= RHC=O "--al" or "--aldehyde" suffix |
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Term
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Definition
| Carboxyl (--COOH) fxnal group, "---oic" suffix, polar, mostly sol in H2O |
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Term
| Carboxylic acid derivatives: acid chloride, ester, amide |
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Definition
all c=o with some other electron-hungry atom
acid chloride= R-COCl
Ester= R-COOR'
Amide= R-CONH2 |
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Term
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Definition
Alkylated derivatives of NH3, basic
R-NH2
R-NH-R'
R-N-R
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R |
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Term
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Definition
| acid with NH3 or amine, most stable derivatives, weak bases with strong H-bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| Cyano (--c3xN) fxnal group, strongly polar, semi-sol in H2O |
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