Term
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Definition
| Behavior that violates the expectations of a group or society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Labels that society uses to devalue members of certain social groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms of deviance for which formal penalties are imposed by society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Techniques employed for preventing deviant behaviors in any society. |
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Term
| True or False: No act is inherently deviant. |
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Definition
| True- deviance can only be defined in relation to the social norms in a society. |
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Term
| What groups are usually responsible for maintaining social control in a society? |
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Definition
| Parents, peers, companies, and the government. |
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Term
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Definition
| A penalty or reward given for conduct concerning a social norm. |
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Term
| What is one example of an ultimate formal sanction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Differentiate between formal and informal social control. |
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Definition
Informal- used casually to enforce norms.
Formal- carried out by authorized agents. |
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Term
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Definition
| Going along with peers who have no special rights to direct behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure. |
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Term
| According to the functionalist perspective, what four functions does deviant behavior serve in a society? |
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Definition
1. Affirms cultural norms and values
2. Clarifies moral boundaries
3. Creates unity among people
4. Encourages social change |
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Term
| What does Merton's Strain Theory of Deviance state? |
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Definition
| People adapt in certain ways by conforming to or deviating from cultural expectations (see Mode/Goal/Means chart). |
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Term
| Define: Social Inequality |
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Definition
| Condition in which members of a society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, and power. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ranking of entire groups of people based on unequal economic rewards and power in a society. |
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Term
| Differentiate between income and wealth. |
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Definition
Income- salaries and wages.
Wealth- all of a person's material assets. |
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Term
| Which system of stratification is characterized by rigidly defined class distinction based on ascription or birth? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which system of stratification is characterized by a higher social mobility and class rankings based on individual achievement or personal merit? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the first to use the five-class model to describe the U.S. class system? What are these five classes? |
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Definition
| Rossides; upper class, upper-middle class, low-middle class, working class, and lower class. |
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Term
| According to Karl Marx, what is stratification mainly dependent on? |
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Definition
| Stratification is dependent on those who control the primary mode of production in a society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Means of production held largely in private hands, where the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of funds. |
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Term
| Define: Class Consciousness (according to Marx's view of class differentiation) |
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Definition
| Subjective awareness of common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about change. |
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Term
| Define: False Consciousness (according to Marx's view of class differentiation) |
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Definition
| Attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective position. |
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Term
| What are the three dimensions of Weber's definition of social class? |
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Definition
1. Class- groups of people with a similar level of wealth and income (property)
2. Status Group- people who have the same lifestyle (prestige)
3. Power- the ability to exercise one's will over others |
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Term
| Define: Socioeconomic Status |
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Definition
| A combination of ranking based on various dimensions of social inequality (income, occupation, and power). |
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Term
| According to Max Weber, what are life chances? |
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Definition
| Opportunities to provide material goods, positive living conditions, and a favorable life experience. |
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Term
| From what perspective did Marx and Weber look at social inequality? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which sociological perspective views stratification as motivation for people to fill functionally important positions? |
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Definition
| Functionalist perspective. |
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Term
| Which sociological perspective sees stratification as a result of the struggle for scarce resources? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which sociological perspective emphasizes the influence of inequality on people's lifestyles? |
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Definition
| Interactionist perspective. |
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Term
| What is the objective method of measuring social class? |
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Definition
| A statistical categorization of class based on education, occupation, income, and place of residence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Respect and admiration that an occupation holds in a society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reputation that a specific person has earned within an occupation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Minimum level of sustenance that no family should live below. |
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Term
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Definition
| A floating standard by which the people at the bottom of a society are judged as being disadvantaged in comparison to the nation as a whole. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of an individual from one position in a society's stratification system to another. |
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Term
| Define: Horizontal Mobility |
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Definition
| Movement of an individual within the same range of prestige. |
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Term
| Define: Intergenerational Mobility |
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Definition
| Movement or change of social positions between two generations. |
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Term
| Define: Vertical Mobility |
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Definition
| Movement of an individual up or down a status hierarchy. |
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Term
| Which sociological theory links deviance to social inequality and emphasizes differential justice? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define: Differential Association |
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Definition
| A theory which posits that exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to the violation of rules. |
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Term
| What is the Societal-Reaction approach to deviance? |
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Definition
| States that the response to an act, not the act itself, determines deviance. |
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Term
| What is the Social Constructionist perspective of deviance? |
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Definition
| Deviance is a product of the culture we live in. |
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Term
| Which sociological perspective believes that the existing approaches to deviance were developed with men in mind? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two things one could look at in trying to understand crime statistics? |
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Definition
1. Reported crime
2. Victimization surveys |
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