Term
| Josh received a donated kidney from an anyonymous donor. He starts to have some bloating like symptoms after a few days. He visit his doctor and after they draw his blood, it is found that his WBC count is elevated. They find that they are reacting to the donated kidney. What type of graft rejection does this fall under? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After a macrophage binds to a T helper cell, what cytokine is released? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You eceive a shot of immunoglobulin, what type of immunity is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HIV is classified as what type of virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Someone steps on a rusty nail. They need to reeive a tetnus shot because their last booster shot was 7 yrs ago. Even though there is virtually no nutrients to sustain life on the nail, why are we concerned about them contracting Clostridia, the bacteria that causes tetanus? |
|
Definition
| Because Clostridia has the ability to form endospores. |
|
|
Term
| Jason is experiencing very bad hay fever, what antibody is involved in this allergic response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the question above, we classify an allergic response as a? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Histamine is what type of mediator? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a disease has a very infectivity, what is meant? |
|
Definition
| Has a very high chance of causing disease in an individual |
|
|
Term
| Jessica has been diagnosed with SLE. She later has heart problems later in life. Are these heart conditions due to her autoimmune dysfunction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This disease causes B cells to not fully differentiate. |
|
Definition
| Bruten's Agammaglobulinemia Syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of genes that code for cell markers. |
|
|
Term
| Haptens are usually not recognized until when? |
|
Definition
| Until they attach to a carrier protein. |
|
|
Term
| Someone receeived a gash to their upper arm. They never had it stitched and now they have a scar that extends beyond the boundary of the wound. What is the scar called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Jake comes to the ER w/ a severe rash all over his legs. He tells the nurse that the must have brushed up against poison ivy and it was causing these rashes. What type of hypersensitivity is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oliver visits his doctor c/o severe hip px, especially during movement. After some xrays they find that there isn't anything that should be causing his severe px. He is asked a few questions and they find that he suffered a reallly bad fall a few years ago. And t seems to keep bothering him. The px he is experiencing is caused by inflammation. What type of inflammation is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the body's first line of defense? |
|
Definition
| Physical and Biochemical barriers |
|
|
Term
| Wha is the cleanup process called during wound repair? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When interleukins are present, what is happening? |
|
Definition
| B cells are being told to differentiate into Plasma cells or B memory cells |
|
|
Term
| When a baby is under 8 wks old, why do they test everything if suspected of an infection? |
|
Definition
| They don't have fully developed immune system and are not able to localize the infection. |
|
|
Term
| Gram positive bacteria stain what color? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a fibrin clot is dissolved to be replaced by normal tissue what is this called, and in what phase is this in wound repair? |
|
Definition
Fibrinolysis
Reconstructive Phase |
|
|
Term
| After you receive a sliver, you have an extremely painful swelling of where the sliver went in. You thought you got it all out, but the swelling never went away. One day it bursts, and a lot of pus and the sliver come out. What is this discharge called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When an antigen is flagged by antibodies to be eaten by macrophages, what is this process called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During inflammation, what inflammatory mediator causes pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HIV affects cells w/ what CD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If someone has a high titer of IgM's in their blood, what do we know about that individual? |
|
Definition
| They have an illness or just had one |
|
|
Term
| This is an x-linked recessive disorder, here IgM production is markedly decreased. |
|
Definition
| Wiskott Aldrich's Syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Why would you give someone FFP if they are immunodeficient? |
|
Definition
| To give them some antibodies to be able to fight off infection |
|
|
Term
| If I build up an immunity against someone else's cell markers, what type of immunity is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You fall asleep in your math class. You begin to drool all over your textbook. If we were to analyze your drool, the antibodies contained in the drool would have how many Fab would one of those antibodies have? |
|
Definition
| IgA's which are dimers. This would mean that they have 4 fabS |
|
|
Term
| Fred goes to the ER with severe inflammation due to an injury incurred while lighting hand sanitizer on his arm. During his healing process he develops an infection. Certain molecules in his body will create Membrane Attack Complexes (MAC) to destroy invading pathogens. This is part of what type of immunity? What system does this belong to? Which specifically cause the MAC's to be formed? |
|
Definition
| Innate immunity; Complement System; C6-C9 |
|
|
Term
| Jana received HIV from a bad organ transplant. She is now suffering from some severe respiratory problems caused by a pathogen that normally doesn't cause problems in a healthy adult. What is most likely causing this respiratory distress and what is it classified as? What does this virus affect and what enzyme does it contain that makes it a problem? |
|
Definition
| Pneumocystic Jarovechi (PCP), Opportunistic Disease; It affets cells with CD4 (T-helper cells); Reverse Transcriptase |
|
|
Term
| Lucy is experiencing symptoms that seem to indicate Infectious Mononucleosis. Her doctor orders a CBC, what will helook for to confirm his suspicions? |
|
Definition
| Leukocytosis, specifically lymphocytes since this is caused by EBV |
|
|
Term
| Josh is 4 years old and seems to constantly be getting sick. His mother takes him into the doctor to see why this is the case. In a CT scan they find that he has an extremely small thymus gland. What does Josh have? What does this gland do? |
|
Definition
| DiGeorge's Syndrome; Maturation of T-cells |
|
|
Term
| Cassie has severe hay fever. Lately she has been taking medications to help deal w/ the hay fever season. What is one medication that she could be taking? What antibodies deal w/ this response? What type of hypersensitivity is it? If she is given a dose of IgG's for her specific allergen, what is this called? |
|
Definition
| Antihistamines; IgE; Desensitization or Hyposensitization |
|
|
Term
| John slices his fingers open w/ a can opener. What portion of the immune system has already been compromised to the cut? What will respond quicklyto the wound? How can we tell that it is occurring? What is the route to get phagocytes to help contain the infection? If it is unable to kill all the pathogens but only sequester them, what will form? To heal the wounds, what responds? Will this activiate the kinin system? |
|
Definition
| 1st line of defense; inflammation; redness swelling, heat, and pain; Margination, Diapedesis, Exudation, then Phagocytosis; Granuloma; Coagulation System; No,kinin is activated during the intrinsic pathway, the extrinisc was activated in this because of tissue damage. |
|
|
Term
| Paula has a high tendency to get sick if exposed to somene w/ a cold. After many times of being sick she decides that she will see an immunologist. Her immunologist finds that she has a low IgM response. What is this called? How is this passed on? Is it unusual for Paula to experience this disorder? Why? |
|
Definition
| Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome; it is an x-linked recessive disease; very unusual because it is usually the males that are affected. |
|
|
Term
| Greg finally received a kidney transplant. About 2 wks into his recovery he starts to have similar symptoms to what he was experiencing before. His surgeon finds that his new kidney has suffered some tissue damage causing the problems. They find no antibodies for the antigenic determinants ont he kidney. What type of graft rejection is he experiencing? This falls under which type of hypersensitivity? What is another name for the antigenic determinants on kidney? |
|
Definition
| Acute Graft Rejection; Type IV; Epitopes |
|
|
Term
| Colt comes to the ER w/ severe vomiting and diarrhea. They find out that he went on a camping trip and may have had some uncooked beef. They confirm that he is suffering fromt he bacteria E-Coli. Inside the GI tract this bacteria is classifed as? Inside us when it causes problems it is classified as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hailey was trying to do too many things at once, and at one point as she is trying to help a customer with a lantern, she receives some very bad gashes to her fingers from the lantern. What system will activate to stop the bleeding? Some bacteria enter the body and are picked up by some macrophages. The macrophages recognize it as foreign and create what type f molecule to present it to the immune system? What cell will it bring it to? This cell will activate which responses? How do these cells communicate? These processes all fall under what type of immunity? |
|
Definition
| Coagulation system; MHC class II molecules; T-Helper cells; cell mediated and antibody mediated responses; interleukins; adaptive or specific immunity |
|
|
Term
| If a person is given antigen A and later is given Antigen B, a ____ response to antigen B will result in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of the complement system produces compounds which |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Joshua recently received a kidney transplant organ rejection occurred after 2 weeks. The primary mechanism for rejection is |
|
Definition
| Immune response against donor HLA antigens & Immune response against receiptant HLA antigens |
|
|
Term
| The mast cell, a major activator of inflammation, intiates the inflammatory response by |
|
Definition
| Degranulation & mediator synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following Hypersensitivity reactions does not involve antibody |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta confers _______ to the fetus. |
|
Definition
| Passively Acquired Immunity |
|
|
Term
| When ahistamine and serotonin are released |
|
Definition
| microcirculation blood flow improves |
|
|
Term
| If a person has innate resistance to a disease, the person has |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The immuneresponse can be divided into two responses, humoral and cell-mediated these two mechanisms include |
|
Definition
| B-cells, T-cells, Antibodies, & Complement |
|
|
Term
| Innate resistance or immunity |
|
Definition
| depends on physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers |
|
|
Term
| Cathelicidins are antimicrobial peptides |
|
Definition
| produced by epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a series of proteins in the blood |
|
|
Term
| Diapedesis is a process in which |
|
Definition
| neutrophils migrate from the bloodstream to an injured tissue site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevents viruses from infecting healthy host cells. |
|
|
Term
| The sequence of events within the vasculature is: |
|
Definition
| arteriorlar vasoconstriction, vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, plasma leakage, and site of injury edema. |
|
|
Term
| The inflammatory response |
|
Definition
| minimizes injury and promotes healing |
|
|
Term
| The alternative complement pathway is activated by |
|
Definition
| gram negative bacterial and fungal cell wall polysaccharides |
|
|
Term
| The C3b subcomponent of complement |
|
Definition
| opsonizes microbes to facilitate phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
| The activation of Hageman factor impacts all three plasma protein systems by |
|
Definition
| activation of the kinin system by a fragment of Hageman factor. |
|
|
Term
| The sequence for phagocytosis is |
|
Definition
| margination, diapedesis, recognition, adherence, ingestion, fusion w/ lysosomes inside the phagocyte, and destruction of the target. |
|
|
Term
| Swelling during acute inflammation is caused by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Recognition of abnormal environmental components so cells can respond to these sustances is by binding to cellsurface receptors. Cells involved in innate resistance have |
|
Definition
| pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) |
|
|
Term
| Mast cell degranulation releases |
|
Definition
| histamin, IL-4, and eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suppresses growth of lymphocytes and production of proinflammatory cytokines |
|
|
Term
| Soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha |
|
Definition
| enhances endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic systemic manifestations of acute inflammation include |
|
Definition
| fever caused by the release of IL-1 by neutrophils and macrophages. |
|
|
Term
| Chronic inflammation is characterized by |
|
Definition
| lymhocytic and macrophagic infiltration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonfunctional collagenous and fibrotic tissue |
|
|
Term
| These are predominant phagocytes arriving early at inflammatory and infection sites. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________unlike neutrophils, function for a longer time and later in the inflammatory response and are involved in the activation of the adaptive immune system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| They serve as primary defenders against parasites and help regulate vascular mediators released from mast cells by preventing more inflammatory activity than is needed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________recognize and eliminate virus infected cells and cancerous cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______returns injured tissues to an approximation of their original structure and physiologic function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______if filled with new capillaries and is surrounded by fibroblasts and macrophages. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immunogenicity depends on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is/are capable of forming clones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells is/are stimulated by IL-2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which bind w/ MHC class I molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are not found on the surfaces of erythrocytes |
|
|
Term
| CD4 markers are associate w/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibodies are produced by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An immunoglobulin contains |
|
Definition
| 2 heavyy and 2 light polypeptide chains |
|
|
Term
| The antibody class that has the highest concentration in the blood is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following antibodies is first to challenge the antigen? |
|
Definition
| IgM first to challenge the antigen |
|
|
Term
| The primary immune response involves: |
|
Definition
| a latent period followed by peak antibody production |
|
|
Term
| The B cell receptor complex consists of |
|
Definition
| antigen-recognition molecules |
|
|
Term
| Cytokines and their recptors function |
|
Definition
| as chemical signals between cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs primarily after birth and throughout life |
|
|
Term
| Immunologic tolerance develops because |
|
Definition
| self-reactive lymphocytes are eliminated in the primary lymphoid organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| may be produced by cancerous cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibit virus infected cells |
|
|
Term
| Antibody is effective against |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adhesion molecule pairings involve |
|
Definition
| cytoxic T cell CD8 --> MHC class I on APC |
|
|
Term
| Transforming growth factor (TGF) functions to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____are necessary o induce both humoral and cellular immune responses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A second challenge by the same, earlier antigen results in an ____immune response characterized by more antibody production in a shorter time than the initial or first challenge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______function to avoid attacking self-antigens or avoid overactivation of immune responses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ cause activation of large populations of T lymphocytes irrespective of antigen specificity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______consists of antibodies in bodily secretions that protect the body against antigens yet to pentrate the skin or mucous membranes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not characteristic of hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
| Prior contact unnecessary to elicit a response |
|
|
Term
| When the body produces antibodies against it's own tissue it is |
|
Definition
| hypersensitivity/autoimmunity |
|
|
Term
| Damage in glomerulonephritis is d/t the formation of antigen/antibody complexes meditated by |
|
Definition
| the humoral immune system |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is an alloimmune disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most frequently observed selective antibody dependent immunodeficiency is a deficit of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An infusion of plasma may be used to treat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deficiencies in B-cell immune responses are supected when unusual or recurrent sever infections are caused by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A positive HIV antibody test signifies that the |
|
Definition
| individual is infected w/ HIV and likely so for life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The individual will have decreased numbers of CD4 cells or T helper cells |
|
|
Term
| Which is characteristic of hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
Sensitization required
Intolerance to self antigens
Reactions may be immediate or delayed |
|
|
Term
| When the body produces antibodies against antigens of the same species, it is a/an |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytotoxic/tissue specific |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Systemic Lupus erythematosus (SLE) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytotoxic/tissue specific |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| traumatized tissue releases antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| integration of drug into plasma membrane of a cell |
|
|
Term
| Maternal antibody destroys platelets in the fetus and neonate |
|
Definition
| both autoimmunity and alloimmunity |
|
|
Term
| Antibody binds w/ recptors for neural transmitters on muscle cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B-cell receptors signaling defect |
|
Definition
| little or no B cell maturation or antibody |
|
|
Term
| Alternative complement pathway defect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microorganisms usually present on body surfaces |
|
|
Term
| The ability of a microbe to cause disease is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An opportunistic infection is |
|
Definition
| an infection by a weak pathogen or normal flora when the immune system is compromised. |
|
|
Term
| Pathogens enter the body through |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When bacteria overcome body defense and enter the blood, it is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an intracellular parasite |
|
|
Term
| Lack of permanent immunity against a virus is due to |
|
Definition
| antigenic drift of the same virus that is not recognized at a later time by the immune system as foreign. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activate the inflammatory process and cause fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain either DNA or RNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can adpat to the host's enviroment and low oxygen environments |
|
|
Term
| The hallmark of most infectious disease is fever. Characteristics of fever include: |
|
Definition
| an indirect effect of endogenous pyrogen from the host's cells on the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| The primary immune response from vaccination |
|
Definition
| is increased by booster injections to increase the number of memory cells and sustain protective levels of both antibodies and T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| may inhibit the synthesis of bacterial cell walls |
|
|
Term
| Antibiotic sensitive microbes mutate and develop resistance to particular antibiotics. Resistance occurs because of |
|
Definition
| alteration of bacterial cell membranes so that the antibiotic no longer enters the bacterial cell |
|
|
Term
| As the body is bombarded by foreign invaders, the immune's sequentil response is |
|
Definition
1. neutrophils arrive at the invasion site
2. complement attaches to the invader
3. macrophages engulf foreign matter
4. macrophages present antigens from ingested invaders tot he host's cell
5. helper T cells multiply and activate B cells |
|
|
Term
| The sequence of viral host cell infection is |
|
Definition
1. adsorption
2. penetration
3. uncoating
4. insertion of viral genome into the host cell
5. rlease of new infective virions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae is transmitted ______, and it |
|
Definition
1. sexually
2. infects urethra and produces a protease tht digests IgA |
|
|
Term
| Antigen resembles human myocardial tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibodies that can react to human red blood cells ("hint: TB") |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for papoaviruses and how are they transmitted? |
|
Definition
1. human warts
2. transmitted sexually |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This antibiotic are cell wall inhibitors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the antibiotic that is inhibitors of protein synthesis and assembly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diseases caused by fungi are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be part of the normal body flora and act as opportunists? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the steps of viral replication? |
|
Definition
1. absorption
2. penetration
3. uncoating
4. replication
5. assembly
6. release new virons |
|
|
Term
| _______ provides the RNA and DNA to replicate, and the host cells provide the energy and resources. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The formation of endospores is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do gram positive bacteria produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name some examples of exotoxins |
|
Definition
botulism
tetanus
staph food poisoning
toxic shock syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Gram negative bacteria produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria are classified as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________can live as Opportunists, commensals, and intracellular and extracellular parasites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the modes of disease transmission what is contact transmission |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What mode of transmission for disease is contaminated food, water, blood, vector |
|
Definition
| common vehicle transmission |
|
|
Term
| People who are carrying the pathogen but do not appear to be ill |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ability of a microorganism to invade and colonize w/in the host
Produces infection
How likely a person is to get infected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ability of a pathogen to induce an immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amount required to kill a host |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ability of a pathogen to cause disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Both the host and the microorganism benefit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One organism benefits, the other is neutral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One organism benefits, the other is harmed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (HAART) Highly active antiretroviral therapy is used in the treatment of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pathology of ________ disease shows how the virus infects cells utilizing the CD4 antigen receptor. It infects mainly CD4 (T helper cells) what disease is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Concentration of HIV is
High in______
Low in ______ |
|
Definition
High in blood and semen
low in vaginal fluid, tears, sweat, breast milk |
|
|
Term
| What disease is a retrovirus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What infects cells by binding to a surface receptor and inserting their RNA into the target cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what illness does a viral enzyme, reverse transcriptase convert the RNA to DNA and inserts the viral genetic material into the target cell DNA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pneumocystis Jaroveci (PCP) is linked to what disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-x-linked recessive diorder
-IgM production is depressed
(m=w upside down m) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Produces other type of antibodies but does not produce IgA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-Partial or complete lack of the thymus
-Patient demonstrates lymphopenia and decreased T cell function
Hint: Di = two T's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Failure of Early B cells to become mature B cells
Hint: B to B/Have no IgG's |
|
Definition
| Bruton's Agammaglobulinemia Syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Immunodeficiencies can put a pt at risk for |
|
Definition
| (GVHD) Graft-versus-host disease |
|
|
Term
| Occurs during leukcyte development in the fetus/embryo and can affect one or more white cell lines. Also known as a primary immunodeficiencies and is rare |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unusally manifested by the tendency to develop unusual or recurrent infections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of Graft Rejection? |
|
Definition
1. Hyperacute
2. acute
3. chronic |
|
|
Term
| Occurs after months or years of normal function and reaction to minor HLA antigens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rejection is cell-mediated and occurs approx. 2 wks after the transplant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of hypersensitivity is Acute Graft Rejection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of drugs are used to try to minimize the response of Acute Graft Rejection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibody binds to tissue and activates an inflammatory response this results in the cessation of blood flow to the graft---"white graft." |
|
Definition
| Hyperacute Graft Rejection |
|
|
Term
| What type of hypersensitivity is Hyperacute Graft Rejection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs when an individual's immune system reacts against antigen of other members of the same species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of SLE and their percentages |
|
Definition
S/S:
Arthriits 90%
Vasculitis and rash 70-80% (discoid lupus)
Renal disease 40-50-%
Anemia 50%
Cardiovascular disease 30-50% |
|
|
Term
| What disease is chronic, systemic inflammatory disease that has the production of autoantibodies against DNA, histones, RNA. Also has a (wolf-like) red facial rash |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the test used to diagnose SLE |
|
Definition
| ANA=anti-nuclear antibody |
|
|
Term
| _______is a breakdown of tolerance in which the body's immune system begins to recognize self-antigens as foreign |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the theories of autoimmunity? |
|
Definition
Exposure to a previously sequestered antigen
Development of a neoantigen
Complications of an infectious disease
Alteration of T regulator cells |
|
|
Term
| Usually haptens that become immunogenic by binding to self proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is a delayed hypersensitivity ex poison ivy. Many acting as haptens the process take days but the effects can last for years (blisters, peeling weeping) ex PPD test or transplant rejection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Type IV what cells are sesitized to attack tissues and release lymphokines that recruit macrophages? |
|
Definition
T cytotoxic cells
T helper cells |
|
|
Term
| In type III there are two types of autoimmune diseases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibody reacts w/ free, soluble antigen to form complexes that precipitate in the tissues. This hypersensitivity bind/activate complement, and cause tissue damage. |
|
Definition
| Type III Hypersensitivity |
|
|
Term
| What treatment is used for hyposensitization or desensitization shots. It is producing IgG "blocking antibodies" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Also called immediate hypersensitivity. A mast cell-bound IgE antibody reacts w/ antigen and stimulates mast cell degranulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immune response that results in damage to the host |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hypersensitivity to antigen from environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hypersensitivity to antigen from self |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hypersensitivity to antigen from donor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell-mediated function is present at birth, but antibody production and phagocytic activity are deficient |
|
Definition
| fetal and neonate immunity |
|
|
Term
| Triggers a release of histamine from mast cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contains a secretory component |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Long-term immunity, it's transported across the placenta. Known as a monomer and a gamma globulin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Very effective activator of the complement system. Known as the "sheriff" pentamer (5-star the monkey wears) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____Lymphocytes develop into antibody-producing plasma cells. Is part of antibody-mediated (humoral)immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytes that are cell-mediated immunity. Recognize specific antigens and can directly attack abnormal cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name of the most important cells of the adaptive immune system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| changes response to whatever the stimulus is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| response is the same. it's specific; presence of an antigen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Belong to host
body fails to recognize as "self" are responsible for Autoimmune diseases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
antigens from other members of host's species
*blood antigens and tissue transplants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A molecule that is not large enough to induce an immune response by itself. may trigger an immune response when bound to a larger molecule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An antigen is large and complex it's know as a |
|
Definition
| epitope or antigenic determinants |
|
|
Term
A ______ is more immunogenic if it is
large
organic
complex in structure
foreign "non-self" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A molecule recognized by products of the immune system; T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and antibodies.
-identifies cell as self or non self
-can illicit an immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Innate immunity is also known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Physical and biochemical barriers are known as the _______ in inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inflammation and phagocytosis occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Specific immunity
---cell-mediated
---antibody mediated (humoral) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is non-specific, immediate, and non-adaptive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is antigen specific, demonstrates memory, but can take days to develop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With ______ a secondary exposure to a stimulus will demonstrate the same response as the intial incident. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| defends against infections and promotes tissue repair and healing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the purposes of Inflammation |
|
Definition
1. Destroy injurious agents (phagocytosis)
2. Confine agents to limit their effects on the host (coagulation)
3. Stimulate the immune response (T cell & B cell)
4. Promote healing (Fibroblasts) |
|
|
Term
| What are the local s/s of local inflammatory effects |
|
Definition
heat
redness
swelling
pain
loss of function can occur |
|
|
Term
| Vascular change r/t inflammatory effects |
|
Definition
Exudation
serous, fibrinous, purulent, and hemorrhagic exudate |
|
|
Term
| What would be a s/s of systemic inflammatory effects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the events of Acute inflammation |
|
Definition
Vascular changes
Migration of cells |
|
|
Term
| Large cells in loose connective tissue they are present near blood vessels and contain numerous granules full of chemicals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These cells are early, initial activators of the inflammatory response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two functions in mast cells |
|
Definition
1. Degranulation of preformed mediators
2. synthesis of inflammatory mediators as a response to inflammation |
|
|
Term
It causes vasodilation of capillaries
increases permeability and stimulates nerve endings to cause pain and itching |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Encourage neutrophil migration |
|
Definition
| neutrophil chemotactic factor |
|
|
Term
| These are controlled mediators released from mast cells; degrades histamine and seotonin (from platelets); minimizes effects of inflammation |
|
Definition
| eosinophil chemotactic factors of anaphylaxis |
|
|
Term
| Slow reacting lipid molecules that induce effects similar to histamine. Important in later stages of inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Similar effects to leukotrienes, but prostaglandins also induce pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stimulates endothelial cells to increase permeability and allow leukocyte adhesion and platet activation. |
|
Definition
| platelet activating factor (PAF) |
|
|
Term
| What are the events of acute inflammation? Name the 3 plasma protein system |
|
Definition
Complement system: direct or indirect destruction of cells
Coagulation system-traps pathogens adn prevents hemorrhage
Kinin System- controls vascular permeability |
|
|
Term
| It's a plasma protein system. It participates at all levels of inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three pathways of the complement system? |
|
Definition
Classical-activated by Ag-Ab complexes
Alternative-activated by biologic substances
Lectin-activated by certain bacterial carbs |
|
|
Term
1. opsonizing bacteria
2. encouraging chemotaxis
3. inducing mast cell degranulation
all activate ____ which enhances the ____ |
|
Definition
C1-C5
Inflammatory mediators |
|
|
Term
| Activating C6-C9 causes the formation f complexes to encouragee cellular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Another plasma protein system that stops bleeding, localizes microorganisms, provides a meshwork for healing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary _____ is bradykinin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The kinin system is activated by factors of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sequence of Phagocyte migration? |
|
Definition
1. Margination
2. Diapedesis
3. Exudation
4. Phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
| Increased stickiness by producing adhesion proteins on the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Emigration through the retraced endothelial junctions and basement membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference b/t acute and chronic inflammation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Produced by macrophages or lymphocytes in response to antigen stimulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Defense against viral infections
Does not kill viruses; they protect other cells from becoming infected; encourage immune system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If macrophages can't protect the tissue from damage, the body will protect itself by walling off teh infected site, forming a ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The goal of healing in inflammation is ______ of the tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the wound is large and severe and fibrin persists in the lesion, or if granulomas from, the wound will be ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______is the replacement of destroyed tissue w/ scar tissue. Scar tissue is made up collage. Scar tissue restores strength, but not function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first step is to clean up the wound by phagocytizing particulate matter. The clean up process is called ____? |
|
Definition
|
|
