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WSU Pathophysiology Unit 8 Chapter 42
Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function
53
Pathology
Undergraduate 2
08/04/2011

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Term
What is a bone fracture of a pathological cause?
Definition
Bone breaks because of an underlying disease that has weakened the bone. (cancer/osteoporosis)
Term
What is a bone fracture with a stress cause?
Definition
Bone placed under extreme or unusual forces (MVA, falls, sports injuries)
Term
What is an open bone fracture?
Definition
Broken bone end protrudes through skin.
Term
What is a closed bone fracture?
Definition
No penetration of skin.
Term
What is a comminuted bone fracture?
Definition
Multiple bone fragments.
Term
What is a linear bone fracture?
Definition
Along long axis of bone.
Term
What is an oblique fracture?
Definition
At an angle to long axis of bone.
Term
What is a spiral fracture?
Definition
Break forms twisted line, torque on bone, and spiral fracture of tibia is a common ski injury.
Term
What is a transverse fracture?
Definition
Across the long axis.
Term
What is a greenstick fracture?
Definition
Partial break.
Term
What is a transchondral fracture?
Definition
Through cartilage of growth plate.
Term
What is a Colle's fracture?
Definition
Distal wrist.
Term
What is a Pott's fracture?
Definition
Distal fibula.
Term
What is a Bennett's fracture?
Definition
Base of thumb.
Term
What are the treatments for fractures?
Definition
Realign bone fragments (closed manipulation, traction, or surgery). A splint or cast will work as well.
Term
What is a fracture hematoma?
Definition
Occurs 6-8 hours after injury. Result of blood vessels breaking in the periosteum and the osteons.
Term
What is a bone callus?
Definition
Takes from weeks up to 6 months to heal. Phagocytes remove cellular debris, fibroblasts deposit collagen, osteoblasts form spongy bone.
Term
What is bone remodeling?
Definition
Takes several months. Spongy bone is replaced by compact bone. Fracture line disappears, but evidence of the break remains for a period of time.
Term
What is subluxation?
Definition
Partial loss of contact between articular surfaces.
Term
What is a dislocation?
Definition
Complete loss of contact between articular surfaces.
Term
What is a sprain?
Definition
A partial tear of a ligament (at a joint).
Term
What is a Strain?
Definition
A partial tear of a muscle or its tendon (which can also transverse a joint).
Term
What is tendonitis?
Definition
An inflammation of a tendon. (slow to heal, normal collagen replaced with weaker, disorganized collagen)
Term
What is a muscle strain?
Definition
Sudden forced motion causing the muscle to become stretched beyond its normal capacity. (local muscle damage)
Term
What is Epicondylitis?
Definition
A type of tendonitis, where it attaches to a bony epicondyle such as those on the humorus, radium, and ulna.
Term
What is tennis elbow?
Definition
Lateral epicondylitis.
Term
What is golfers elbow?
Definition
Medial epicondylitis.
Term
What is bursitis?
Definition
Inflammation of the bursae. Usually because of repeated trauma such as forceful rubbing of the bursae. Septic bursitis is caused by a wound infection. Shoulders, elbows, and knees are most common sites.
Term
What is Myositis Ossificans?
Definition
Inflammation of muscular tissue with subsequent calcification of the muscle tissue. Congenital disorder of post trauma.
Term
What is Rhabdomyolysis?
Definition
Breakdown of muscle due to severe muscle trauma. Oxygen-carrying protein of muscle (myoglobin) found in urine (myoglobinuria).
Term
What is Osteoporosis?
Definition
A disease in which bone tissue is normally mineralized, but the density is decreased and the bone lacks structural integrity. Bone densitometry used to measure.
Term
What are causes of Osteoporosis?
Definition
Decreased levels of estrogen and testosterone, decreased activity, or inadequate levels of vitamin D, Vitamin, C or Mg++. Usually asymptomatic.
Term
What is Osteomalacia (adults)/Rickets (Children)?
Definition
Vitamin D deficiency. Disease that result in inadequate or delayed mineralization.
Term
What are the signs and symptoms of Osteomalacia (adults)/Rickets (Children)?
Definition
Pain, bone fractures, vertebral collapse, and bony malformations.
Term
What is Paget Disease?
Definition
Results in a state of increased metabolic activity (excessive bone remodeling). Thick but soft bones. Axial skeleton.
Term
What is Osteomyelitis?
Definition
Bone infection, most often caused by a staphylococcall infection. Open wound or blood borne pathogen. Acute and chronic inflammation.
Term
What is the treatment for Osteomyelitis?
Definition
Antibiotics, debridement, surgery, hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
Term
What are Arthropathies?
Definition
A group of diseases which destroy the joints. Synovial membrane inflammation, systemic signs and symptoms, and synovial fluid findings.
Term
What is Osteoarthritis?
Definition
Degenerative joint disease. An atypical inflammatory process. Loss of articular cartilage leaving underlying bone unprotected. Results in sclerosis of the underlying bone and formation of bone spurs (osteophytes).
Term
What are the signs and symptoms of Osteoarthritis?
Definition
Pain, stiffness, enlargement, tenderness, limited range of motion and deformity. Subluxation can occur with the joint enlargement and destabilization.
Term
What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Definition
The prototypical inflammatory joint disease. Systemic autoimmune damage to connective tissue primarily in the joints (synovial membrane). Affects women more often than men.
Term
Rheumatioid Arthritis is...
Definition
Morning joint stiffness lasting at least on hour. Swelling of soft tissue around 3 joints, and radiographic evidence of erosion's in the joints of the hands.
Term
What are the key diagnostic features of Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Definition
Physical exam for typical signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.
Term
What is the progression of Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Definition
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Malaise, fever, weight loss, and joint pain lasting a day. Moves from small joints to large joints, muscle spasms leading to joint deformity, and nodules (necrotic areas) on the bones.
Term
What is Gout?
Definition
Abnormal metabolism of purine necleotides (adenine, guanine) resulting in accumulation and elevation of uric acid in the blood (hyperuricemia) and body fluids.
Term
How does high levels of Uric acid affect the body (Gout)?
Definition
The acid usually forms crystals deposits in the joints and connective tissue. Triggers inflammatory response.
Term
What are the Gout crystals called?
Definition
Tophi (urate crystal granuloma).
Term
Where do the uric acid stones form (Gout)?
Definition
In the Kidney?
Term
What is secondary muscle dystrophy?
Definition
Stress induced muscle tension. Caused by an increased activity of the reticular activating system (RAS) and chronic anxiety.
Term
What is Fibromyalgia?
Definition
Chronic non-inflammatory musculoskeletal syndrome. Vague painful symptoms. Etiology is unknown.
Term
With fibromyalgia what is the only effective treatment?
Definition
Antidepressants.
Term
What is disuse atrophy?
Definition
Reduction in muscle the normal size of muscle cells due to prolonged inactivity and muscular deconditioning.
Term
What is the treatment for disuse atrophy?
Definition
Isometric movements and muscle lengthening exercises.
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